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Anthropology Paper 1 - Sources
Topic Source(s)
Introduction to Anthropology
1.1 Meaning, scope and development of Anthropology. Muniratnam
1.2 Relationships with other disciplines : Social Sciences, Behavioural
Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Muniratnam
Humanities.
1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance :
(a) Social-cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological Anthropology. Muniratnam
(c) Archaeological Anthropology.
(d) Linguistic Anthropology.
Physical Anthropology
1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man :
(a) Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution.
(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and P. Nath, IGNOU,
Post-Darwinian). Telugu Academy
(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of
evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism,
convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution).
1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate
Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate P. Nath, IGNOU,
Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary fossil Telugu Academy
primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and
Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.
1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution
of the following :
(a) Plio-pleistocene hominids in South and East
Africa—Australopithecines.
(b) Homo erectus : Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus P. Nath, IGNOU,
(heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus Telugu Academy
pekinensis)
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(c) Neanderthal man—La-chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt.
Carmel (Progressive type).
(d) Rhodesian man.
(e) Homo sapiens—Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelade.
1.7 The biological basis of Life : The Cell, DNA structure and
replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Khan Academy, MIT
Division.
Archaeology
1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology : Relative and
Absolute Dating methods.
(b) Cultural Evolution—Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures :
(i) Paleolithic IGNOU
(ii) Mesolithic
(iii) Neolithic
(iv) Chalcolithic
(v) Copper-Bronze age
(vi) Iron Age
Socio-Cultural Anthropology
2.1 The Nature of Culture : The concept and characteristics of culture IGNOU, Madan and
and civilization; Ethnocentrism vis-a-vis cultural Relativism. Majumdar
2.2 The Nature of Society : Concept of Society; Society and Culture; IGNOU, Madan and
Social Institution; Social groups; and Social stratification. Majumdar
2.3 Marriage : Definition and universality; Laws of marriage
(endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo); Type of
marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage). IGNOU, Madan and
Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive Majumdar
and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry).
2.4 Family : Definition and universality; Family, household and
domestic groups; functions of family; Types of family ( from the IGNOU, Madan and
perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence and Majumdar
succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and feminist
movements on family.
2.5 Kinship : Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of
descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral Ambilineal); Forms of descent IGNOU, Madan and
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groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and kindred); Kinship Majumdar
terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent, Filiation and
Complementary Filiation; Descent and Alliance.
3 Economic Organization : Meaning, scope and relevance of economic
anthropology; Formalist and Substantivist debate; Principles
governing production, distribution and exchange (reciprocity, IGNOU, Ember and
redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting on hunting and Ember
gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and
agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic systems.
4 Political Organization and Social Control : Band, tribe, chiefdom, IGNOU, Ember and
kingdom and state; concepts of power, authority and legitimacy; social Ember
control, law and justice in simple Societies.
5 Religion : Anthropological approaches to the study of religion
(evolutionary, psychological and functional); monotheism and
polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals; forms of religion in IGNOU, Ember and
tribal and peasant Societies (animism, animatism, fetishism, naturism Ember
and totemism); religion, magic and science distinguished;
magico-religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man,sorcerer
and witch).
6 Anthropological theories :
(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer)
(b) Historical particularism (Boas) Diffusionism (British, German and
American)
(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural—Functionalism
(Radcliffe-Brown)
(d) Structuralism (Levi-Strauss and E. Leach) Upadhyay and Gaya
(e) Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Pandey, University
Cora-du Bois) of Alabama
( f) Neo—evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service)
(g) Cultural materialism (Harris)
(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz)
(i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)
(j) Postmodernism in anthropology.
7 Culture, Language and Communication : Nature, origin and IGNOU, Ember and
characteristics of language; verbal and non-verbal communication; Ember
social context of language use.
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8 Research methods in Anthropology :
(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology
(b) Distinction between technique, method and methodology
(c) Tools of data collection : observation, interview, schedules, IGNOU
questionnaire, case study, genealogy, life-history, oral history,
secondary sources of information, participatory methods.
(d) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
Biological Anthropology
9.1 Human Genetics : Methods and Application : Methods for study of
genetic principles in manfamily study (pedigree analysis, twin study,
foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and Khan Academy,
karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, Telugu Academy
D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.
9.2 Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, Khan Academy,
lethal, sub-lethal and polygenic inheritance in man. Telugu Academy
9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian
population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring
down frequency-mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding Khan Academy,
and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, Telugu Academy
genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages.
9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.
(a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders).
(b) Sex chromosomal aberration- Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super
female (XXX), intersex and other syndromic disorders.
(c) Autosomal aberrations- Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Telugu Academy,
Cri-du-chat syndromes. IGNOU
(d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic
counseling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study.
9.5 Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of
non-metric and characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to Telugu Academy
heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification,
racial differentiation and race crossing in man.
9.6 Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker : ABO, Rh
blood groups, HLA Hp, transferrin, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological BM Das, P Nath
characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and
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sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups.
9.7 Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology : Bio-cultural
Adaptations—Genetic and Non-genetic factors. Man’s physiological Telugu Academy
responses to environmental stresses: hot desert, cold, high altitude
climate.
9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology : Health and disease. Infectious and
non-infectious diseases, Nutritional deficiency related diseases. Telugu Academy
10 Concept of human growth and Development : Stages of
growth—pre-natal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity,
senescence.
—Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental,
biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic. Telugu Academy
—Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations
—biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and
somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
11.1 Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Telugu Academy, P
Fertility patterns and differentials. Nath
11.2 Demographic theories-biological, social and cultural. BM Das
11.3 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, BM Das
fertility, natality and mortality.
12 Applications of Anthropology : Anthropology of sports, Nutritional
anthropology, Anthropology in designing of defence and other
equipments, Forensic Anthropology, Methods and principles of IGNOU, P Nath,
personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human Internet
genetics—Paternity diagnosis, genetic counselling and eugenics, DNA
technology in diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in
reproductive biology.
