CHAPTER - “9”

Health Psychology: Branch studies the relation between psychological variables & health, reflects the
view that both (mind & body) are important determinations of health & illnesses.
Health Psychology: Is the study of how the mind & physical health interact.
Stress: Is defined as pressure or force exerted on a body.
Stress: Is the demand made on an organism to: adapt, cope, or adjust.
Stressor: Is an event situation that causes stress.

Characteristics of Stress:
Common, everyday event Subjective Embedded in environment Influenced by culture

Common, Everyday Event:

 Both major & minor problems can be stressful.
 Event daily can have negative effects on our well-being.
 Stressful events have a cumulative impact
Stress Is Subjective: Not everyone feels the same degree of stress from the same event.
Stress May Be Embedded In Environment: “Ambient” stress refers to chronic negative environmental
conditions. Such as noise in the workplace.
Stress Is Influenced By Culture:
 Culture affect which types of stress we experience.
 Culture change is a major source of stress in most cultures.

Note: Stress can be Positive

Types of Stress:
Eustress Stress (Positive Stress): Is a short-term stress that strengthens people for immediate physical
activity, creativity & enthusiasm. EX: experienced during a work.
Eustress: Is type of stress you experience right before you have the need to exert physical force.
Hypo Stress (Negative Stress): When person is forced to undertake more than he/she can take. Note: this
type of stress can cause mood swings, crying, jags, and burnout).
Distress (Negative Stress): Can be termed the bad stress & can lead to many illnesses & diseases. It is
caused by a change in one’s routine like: losing a job. Below types of Distress:
 Acute Stress: Is and intense stress that arrives & disappears quickly.
 Chronic: Will occur if there is a constant change of routine for week after week.
Sources of Stress:
 Daily Hassles: Is the tittle hassles or annoyances that occur practically every day, such as:
arguing with friends & family.
 Life Changes: Major changes in life circumstances such as: getting married, starting/losing job.
 Conflict: is an unavoidable feature of everyday life. It occurs when two or more incompatible
motivation or behavior impulses compete for expression. Conflict is frustrating and stressful.
Types of Conflict:
Approach – approach: conflict in which the individual must choose between two positive goals. Ex:
Which college should you attend? What job should you take? Is to make a decision.
Avoidance – avoidance: conflict in which the individual must choose between two negative goals. This
type of conflict is more stressful because you are motivated to avoid each negative goal.
Approach – avoidance: in which achieving a positive goal will produce a negative outcome as well.
Multiple approach – avoidance: conflict that requires the individual to choose between two alternatives,
each which contains both positive & negative consequences.
Stressors: Is an event situation that causes stress.
Characteristics of Stressors:
 They are so intense that they produce a state of overload
 They evoke incompatible tendencies in us, such as tendencies both to approach & avoid some object.
 They are uncontrollable. Indeed, a great deal of evidence suggests that when people can predict,
control or terminate an event.
Stress Responses: Environmental events alone do not create stress; the individual must perceive the
stressor and most respond the stressor in some way.
 The alarm reaction: in response to a stressor the individual experiences an increase a state of
arousal.
 The stage resistance: is when the body is adapting to the demands of the environmental.
 The stage of exhaustion: this only happens when stress is prolonged.
How Does Stress Affect Health? The stress is effecting on the health with elevated heart rate, elevated
blood pressure, muscles tense up …etc.
Impaired task performance: its toll on the ability to perform effectively on a task at hand. Stress
increased subject’s tendency to:
 Jump to conclusion to quickly without considering all their option.
 Do an unsystematic, poorly organized review of their available option.
Effects of stress on the immune system:
Internal factors such as stress have been implicated in causing a deficient immune system because of the
nature of the body’s response in dealing with this problem.
How do we Cope: Coping refers to active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by
stress.
Two dimensions of coping serve two different function:
 Emotion-focused coping involves handling your own emotion in regard to the situation.
 Problem-focused coping is employed when the situation is appraised as changeable.
 Stress Management: Slow down, Take it easy, Go outside, Enjoy life, Relax
 Chapter 7

1. Memory:
a. The processes that are used to acquire, store, retain and later retrieve
information.
2. Memory Basic Tasks?
a. Encoding
b. Storage
c. Retrieval
3. Maintenance rehearsal?
a. Mentally repeat the information
4. Elaborative rehearsal?
a. Encode the information by relating it to something that you already
know
5. The Atkinson-shiffrin model human memory stages?
a. Sensory memory
b. Short term memory
c. Long term memory
6. Sensory memory?
a. Information which comes first to us through our sense
7. Sensory memory types?
a. Iconic memory (visual sensory memory) – less than one second
b. Echoic memory (auditory sensory memory) – less than four seconds
8. Forgetting?
a. The loss of information from long term memory.
9. Subsystem of long term memory?
a. Explicit memory (like birthday or what you ate last night)
b. Implicit memory (like riding a bike)
10.Types of Explicit memory
a. Semantic memory (Ideas and meanings and concept which are not
related to personal experience)
b. Episodic memory (you see yourself as an actor in the event)
11.Forgetting theories?
a. Encoding failure theory (information was never put in long term
memory)
b. Retrieval failure (information in the long term memory but an not be
accessed)
c. Storage decay theory (memory trace fade with time)
d. Interference theory (newly learned material interfere with old ones)
e. Motivated forgetting theory (forget painful memory)
12.Types of interference memory?
a. Retroactive interference (new learning interference with the retrieval
of old learning)
b. Proactive interference (older learning interference with the capacity to
retrieve more recently learned material)
13.How to improve memory?
a. Repeat
b. Rehearse
c. Make material personally meaningful
d. Use mnemonic (reminder) device
e. Activate retrieval cues
f. Recall events while they are fresh
g. Minimize Interference
h. test your own knowledge
14.Intelligence?
a. Mental ability to learn and apply knowledge to manipulate the
environment
15.Intelligences Gardner theory defines?
a. Logical- Mathematical Intelligence (think Logically)
b. Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence (ability to use words)
c. Visual-spatial Intelligence (perceive the visual- spatial world)
d. Musical Intelligence (ability to recognize and produce rhythm)
e. Bodily-Kinaesthetic Intelligence(expertise to use one’s body
f. Interpersonal Intelligence (ability to understand and deal with other
people)
g. Intrapersonal Intelligence (ability to understand and access one’s inner
self and life)
h. Naturalist Intelligence (ability to recognize and classify living things)
i. Existential Intelligence (ability to recognize issues about human
existence)
 Chapter 8

*Personality: An individual’s unique patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists
over time and across situations.
*
*Personality characteristics
Consistency People act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of situations.
Psychological Personality is a psychological construct, but it also influenced by biological
& processes.
physiological
Impact Personality does not just influence how we move and respond in our
behaviors & environment; it also causes us to act in certain ways
actions
Multiple Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It can also be seen in our
expressions thoughts, feelings, close relationships, and other social interactions

*Theories of Personality
Trait theories Viewed personality as the result of internal characteristics that are genetically
based
Psychodynamic Are heavily influenced by the work of Freud, and emphasize the influence of
theories the unconscious on personality
Behavioral Suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and
theories the environment.
Humanist Emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the
theories development of personality
*Freud’s 3 Personality Structures
Completely unconscious, present at birth. contains primitive drives or “instincts”
including life instincts “eros” and death instincts “thanatos”
Id • libido: energy generated by the sexual drive, a life instinct
• pleasure principle: the id seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
• primary process thought: id operates on a very basic primitive type of thought
Mostly conscious, develops to deal with reality. operates at all 3 levels of
consciousness
• reality principle: ego strives to satisfy id needs within the constraints of the
Ego
real world and the superego
• secondary process thought: ego uses a more sophisticated, realistic way of
thinking and solving problems
The moral center. operates at all 3 levels of consciousness
• contains the internalized values of family and society
• it is highly moralistic, like a strict parent
Superego
• GUILT originates in the superego
• EGO IDEAL - part of the superego, an idealized image of what we think we
should be

*Freud’s 3 Levels of Consciousness

Conscious ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are aware
Preconscious material that can be easily brought into awareness
Unconscious material that we can become aware of “only” with great effort and difficulty “if
at all”

*Freudian Theory
Anxiety occurs when:
1. Impulses from the id threaten to get out of control
2. The ego perceives danger from the environment

*The ego deals with the problem through:

1. coping strategies
2. defense mechanisms
*Defense mechanisms refer to unconscious mental processes that protect the conscious person
from developing anxiety
Definition Example
The acknowledge that an event has A man hears that his wife has been
occurred. The person affected simply acts killed, and yet refuses to believe it,
Denial as if nothing has happened, behaving in still setting the table for her and
ways that others may see as bizarre keeping her clothes and other
accoutrements in the bedroom
Shifting of actions from a desired target to The boss gets angry and shouts at
a substitute target when there is some me. I go home and shout at my wife.
Displacem
reason why the first target is not permitted She then shouts at our son. With
ent
or not available nobody left to displace anger onto,
he goes and kicks the dog
Is a defence mechanism that involves If you have a strong dislike for
Projection taking our own unacceptable qualities or someone, you might instead believe
feelings and ascribing them to other people that he or she does not like you
Is a defence mechanism that involves A man buys a expensive car and
Rationaliza explaining an unacceptable behavior or then tells people his old car was
tion feeling in a rational or logical manner, very unreliable, very unsafe, etc.
avoiding the true reasons for the behavior
Occurs when a person behaves immaturely, A child suddenly starts to wet the
or in ways that are more characteristic of bed after years of not doing so (this
Regression
children than adults is a typical response to the arrival of
a new sibling).
Involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in A man has a phobia of spiders but
Repression relatively inaccessible areas of the cannot remember the first time he
subconscious mind was afraid of them.
Sublimatio The transfer of an acceptable impulse into A person with great deal of hostility
n social acceptable form can be a hunter
To take anger on a person or an object After having a problem at work you
Displacem
come to home and fight with your
ent
family
Fantasy or A person Imagine that he achieve his goals
day
dreamer
Reaction Acting opposite how you feel A person doubt his faith may act as
formation a religious person

Carl J Jung
Definition Example

The collective unconscious is made up of A Norwegian guy dream about the kaaaba
archetypes which are primordial images
inherited from our ancestors
Eysenck personality theory (Super traits)
a. Extraversion – introversion
b. Neuroticism - stability

Types of personality test?

a. Objectives (Form of questionnaires)
b. Projective (Rorschach inkblot test)
1- What is Psychology?
 Is a science that study mind and behavior of people

Phycology

"Psyche"
"Logos"
Soul or spirit
Knowledge

2- What do we hope to gain from studying psychology?

a. Gain insight into the mind
b. Understanding of people
c. Understanding yourself

3- Levels of the inner world of internal experiences:

a. Conscious
b. Preconscious
c. Unconsciousness
4- Elements of psychology
a. Scienfic enterprise
b. Studying behaviour
c. Studying mind
5- goals of Psychology
a. Describe how people act in different situations
b. Explain why people think, feel, or act as they do
c. Predict behavior
d. Control mind to solve problems
6- Unconscious level dominates
a. Actions
b. Thoughts
c. Feelings
7- Conscious level plays a minor role in
a. Actions
b. Thoughts
c. Feelings
8- Psychology VS Psychiatry
a. Psychology : have a degree in psychology , can not prescribe
medicine
b. Psychaitry : has a medical degree, can prescribe medicine
9- Schools of thoughts
a. Structuralism
b. Functionalism
10- What is Strutualism
a. that the task of Psychology is to identify the basic elements of
consciousness
11- What is functionalism
a. that the task of Psychology investigate the function, or purpose of
consciousness rather than its structure
12- psychological approaches
a. Psychodynamic Approach
b. Behaviorist Approach
c. Humanistic Approach
d. The Cognitive Revolution Approach
e. Biological Approach
13- Psychodynamic Approach (Freud)
a. events in our childhood impact our behavior as adults
b. people have little free will to make choices in life
c. unconscious influence our mind

14- Freud used three main methods of accessing the unconscious mind
a. free association
b. dream analysis
c. slips of the tongue
15- Behaviorist Approach
a. No free will to choose
b. study individual through observing their behaviour
c. People (and animals) are controlled by their environment
d. Ignore individuals’ mental process
16- The behaviorist approaches proposes two main processes whereby
people learn from their environment:
a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
17- Humanistic Approach had the desire to understand
a. conscious mind
b. free will
c. human dignity
d. capacity for self-reflection & growth
18- Humans’ basic needs:
a. hunger, thirst, sleep
b. safety & security, belonging & love
c. self-esteem & achievement

19- The Cognitive Revolution Approach

a. Interested in cognition instead of strict behaviourism
20- Biological Approach
a. Genetics & evolution influence behaviour
b. Most behavior is inherited
c. studied the structure of the brain& its influence on behavior
21- Fields of psychology
a. Clinical Psychology
b. Counselling Psychology
c. Community Psychology
d. Developmental Psychology
e. Educational Psychology
f. Experimental Psychology
g. Environment Psychology-
h. Family Psychology
i. Forensic Psychology
j. Health Psychology
 k. Industrial- Organizational Psychology
l. Neuroscience Biopsychology and Psychobiology
m. Investigates brain-behavior relationships
n. Psychometric Psychology- specialized in behavior measurement
(intelligence, job skills, handling stress)
o. Rehabilitation Psychology – help people overcome both
psychological &situational barriers like death, depression in hospitals,
clinics & schools
p. School Psychology- concerned with school children (elementary &
secondary)- intelligence, social and emotional development
q. Social Psychology- how social conditions affect the behavior of
individuals
r. Sport Psychology- scientific study associated with participation and
performance in sport, exercise, physical activities
s. Practical Application of Psychology- health, education, business, law,
environment,
22- research strategies that psychologists usually apply
a. Research design
b. The setting of the research
c. Data collection Method
23- Research design:
a. descriptive (describe)
b. Correlation (relations)
c. Experiments Studies (conduct experiments)
24- The setting of the research
a. Laboratory
b. field (home, workplace, university)
25- Data collection Method
a. Self- report methods (survey)
b. Observational methods (case study – Natural observation)
26- The four different types of survey research methods
a. Personal interviews
b. Mail surveys
c. Telephonic Survey
d. Internet Survey
1. Sensation: is gather information and send it to the brain
2. Sensory receptor: is a specialized cell that respond to a particular type of
energy
3. Types of thresholds?
a. Absolute threshold
b. Diffrence threshold
4. Absolute threshold : is the point where something become noticeable to
our senses.
5. Diffrence threshold (example) : If you can carry 10 kg, if I add extra 100g
you will not notice it because it is only 1%.
6. Sensory adaption ‫ التكيف‬: balance with the surrounding and respond to
changes
7. Sensory adaption (example) : if you stay a while in the dark your eyes
adapt and can you can see.
8. Perception: process by which organisms interpret and organize sensation to
produce a meaningful experience
9. Characteristics of perception?
a. complex mental process
b. influenced by past experience
c. sometimes accompanied by feeling
d. accompanied and followed by actions
e. determined by a set
f. requires attention
g. determined by habitual set due to past training
h. determined by a context
i. single unitary experience
j. perceive an object as a figure in ground
k. always selective
l. subjective
m. organizing activity
 10.Characteristics of perception (examples)

Characteristic example
A child sees a fruit, touches it, smell it, tastes it and then combine
complex the different sensations and perceives the fruit to be mango
mental process

influenced by Suppose you are given two apples one green and the other is red,
past if you already tasted a green apple and experienced the bitter
experience taste, you will definitely choose the red apple.

We experience a flower and feel pleasure,

sometimes
accompanied
by feeling

When a bell rang in school the students leave their seats

accompanied
and followed
by actions

A doctor hears the sound of a telephone while he is sleep at

determined by night because he is set to hear it , but his wife may not be able
a set to hear it so she is not set to hear it.

requires
attention

determined by A chemist perceives much more in common objects which are

habitual set chemical substance
due to past
training
 The same man is perceived taller by the side of short man,
determined by and shorter by the side of a tall man
a context

We precive a chair as a chair not as seat, legs, back and arms.

single unitary
experience

perceive an We precive the moon in the sky

object as a
figure in
ground

11.How Sensation and perception work together?

a. Sensation occurs
i. Sensory organs – energy from environment
ii. Sensory receptors – organs- brain
b. Perception follows
i. brain - information to something meaningful
ii. select attention- important- relevant
iii. reaction- perceive world- past experiences- culture
1- Motivation: factors that cause an individual to behave in particular way at a
particular time.
2- Aspect of motivation?
a. Energize behaviour
b. Direct behavior
c. Sustain behavior
3- Type of motivation?
a. Intrinsic motivation
b. Extrinsic motivation
4- Intrinsic motivation : desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to
be effective
5- Extrinsic motivation: desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards
or threats of punishment
6- Theories of motivation
a. Instinct theory (Biological Approach)
b. Drive-Reduction theory (Biological Approach)
c. Psychoanalysis theory
d. Behavioral Theory
e. Cognitive theory (example : Expectancy theory)
f. Humanistic theory
7- Primary factors in the behavioral theory?
a. Classical Conditioning : the primary factor is biological response
b. Operant learning: the primary factor is consequences
8- Expectancy theory (Motivation = Expectancy x Instrumentality x
Value):
a. Expectancy: Perceived Probability of Success(if I try hard, I can do
better)
b. Instrumentality : Connection of Success and Reward (if I do better, I
get better rewards)
c. Value : Value of Obtaining Goal (Value of the outcomes to the person
vs indifference or aversion)
9- Humanistic Theories

10- Emotions theories?

a. James-Lange theory
b. Cannon-Bard theory
c. Schachter-singer theory
d. Lazarus theory
e. Facial feedback theory
 11- Example of Emotion theory?

Theory examples
Event →Arousal →Interpretation → Emotion
James-Lange I see a bear, I run away , I am afraid because I run away.
Theory

Event →Arousal
→ Emotion
Cannon-Bard I see a bear, my body reacts to get me ready to run away and in the
Theory same time I recognize I am in danger and feel afraid.

Event →Arousal →Reasoning → Emotion

I see a bear, recognize the danger, and use my body reaction to tell
Schachter’s me how strong my feel is.
Two-Factor
Theory

Event →Thought →Arousal

→ Emotion
Lazarus I see a bear, recognize the danger, start to run away, reappraise the
Theory situation realize it is a small bear, my reevaluation decrease my
fear and I don’t run away.
Event →Facial change → Emotion
Facial You walk in a dark alley, you hear footstep behind you, your eye
Feedback widen and your teeth clench, your brain interprets these facial
Theory changes as expression of fear.