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Rtfi Book - 220911 - 114903

Rtfi book

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Ramakrishna Kittu
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332 views24 pages

Rtfi Book - 220911 - 114903

Rtfi book

Uploaded by

Ramakrishna Kittu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RBeaS S&B SE SB SES BST SB SE SBS SS Se Se SE (an WIRE NO. | WIRE NO. | PEN.NO. | WIRE NO. | WIRE NO. | PEN. NO. : mel m DIN WIRE TYPE PENETRAMETER SELECTION DIN Pack Wire Diameter (mm) Designation Corresponding Wire Number 3.2 25 z 1.25 1 08 4FEDIN 4 2 3 5 6 7 1 08 0.63 04 0.32 0.25 pores 6 7 8 to | 44 | 12 04 0.32 0.25 0.16 0.125 01 focnen to | 11 | 22 14 | 4 16 ISO WIRE TYPE PENETRAMETER SELECTION ISO Pack Wire Diameter (mm) Designation Corresponding Wire Number 3.2 25 2 1.6 1.25 1 08 bea 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 08 0.63 05 04 0.32 0.25 Serie 6 z 8 9 | 10 | 14 | 42 04 0.32 0.25 02 0.16 0.125 O41 ese to | 14 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 15 | 46 ASTM WIRE TYPE PENETRAMETER SELECTION ASTM Set Wire Diameter (mm) Designation Corresponding Wire Number x 0.081 0.102 0.127 0.16 0.203 0.254 a Z 8 * s & 0.254 0.33 0.406 0.508 0.635 0.813 i ia] #)4¢| wi « c 0.813 1.016 1.27 1.6 2.03 2.54 m | i | rs | ty | is | ts D 2.54 3.2 4.06 5.08 6.35 8.13 ic tog 3 9 2 ay PEER R RE RR ERR ER RRR ES “aiqeidespeun aie suaisnpul ua3s8um pauliiy pue pareBuol3 ‘Ts-rAn} 4ad suoneaIpul papunos se parenjens| 89,03 248 suo}sniaur uays8un} papunoy| paainbar | Loneulwiexe 1yderBo1pea ins ssajun Joe} e you aue suone>qpu) papunoy| ‘Ydd¥ HIN SINSY 02 29)24 Vdd INA 3INSV 0829}9% dd INA SY 99 39)0H dd INA AWSY 91 22508 suoysnoul vossund} suonea1pu papunoy} ‘sau}NA 27eIG| ‘Aue 304 ajqeydance aq jjeys win <2’9| uuew, sayoys uone>tpul ypns AU} ‘ww o°6T 24 neus uoRea!oUl aiqedezoe Jo yysuo wnwuixew 244] uoneaipul ys0u0} auf Jo ynBuay oun 517 as3y" TE] ‘Ag panesedas axe suonesiput 3s08u0} au 73 19 Jo UdUa] e UI > st suoReaIpul Yons| l1e Jo suosuawip ysa8u9} aun jo wins ayal -dnos8 aup| ‘u, uoneoipul aso8u0} aun 51 a104m ‘ 79] ‘p399x9 suoH{2o!pu! anssazans uaamieq| souersip ayy uaya idanxe ‘Z1 Jo urdu 2 UL ueYs s9320.8 yiBuay are82188y| “dno:8 a} woneotpur aso8u0] aun 517 21244 “19 spavoxa suosieaypul anyssonans vaesteq soup aif vay idaoxe 42T Jo u38U] 2 ula vet 1012019 wd] aye80188y| ien aun si2 a1ayrn 3 €/2| ‘BUON ‘BUON ‘BUON quawreri0jures pamojre aa ‘ZS-M\N eed T ANG IA 935 IS WHG'ZS 10n0 ¥ 10} LG'S wu 925 0% wu o'r wo1}3 1053 €/1 ww o'6r o3dn 130} wus 0] BUN 300N SUN Oe9 1a 059 1dV IS-Mn eed FANG IIA DAS AWS WILLS 18N0 40) WL OTE wu g's 03 wu g'6T WOH} 3105. €/1] ius o'er 04 dn a 404 wi 0° = SuON ‘BUON SUON tea awsy as aWsv ‘POMOTIY 9215 AyNUAUODSIG LANUIIXEYY LON VINBLIND SONVLd399V JIHdvEDOIave BREREREREUREREREBESBS! suone2ipuy paresuor3 wORERSued 79|dw0>U oRAy ay9|duwoDu *BeID| 089 1d ‘029 lav earu ons aWS¥ Trea awsW ‘| uonDas aWSY 2007 SECTION Vu MANDATORY RADIOGRAPHICAL) 4 APPLICABILITY OF THESE STANDARDS ‘These standards are applicable to ferrtic, austenitic, and ‘nonferrous materials. 42 TERMINOLOGY (a) Rounded Indications. Toications with a maximum length of three times the width or less on the radiograph are defined as rounded indications. These indications may be circular, elliptical, conical, or irregular in shape and may have tails. When evaluating the size of an indication, the tal shall be included. The indication may be from any perfection in the weld, such as porosity, slag, or tungsten, ications. A sequence of four or more rounded indications shal be considered tobe aligned when they touch a line parallel to the length of the weld drawn through the center of the two outer rounded indications, (0) Thickness 1. tis the thickness of the weld, excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two ‘members having different thicknesses at the weld, is the thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall he includ: 43 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA (a) Image Density. Deasity within the image of thei ‘may vary and isnot a eriterion for acceptance of S@P Relevant Indications. (See able 4-1 for examples) those rounded indications which exceed the following shall be considered relevant. (2) “ot for # less than in. @ mm) Yogin. for ¢ from % in. to % in, (3 mm wo an — DIVISION 1 APPENDIX 4 ROUNDED INDICATIONS CHARTS ACCEPTANCE STANDARD FOR LY DETERMINE! ROUNDED INDICATIONS IN WELDS (3) “%z in. for ¢ greater than % in. to 2 in. (6 mm to 50 mm), ine (4) Yo in. for ¢ greater than 2 in, (50 mm) (c) Maximum Size of Rounded Indication. (See ‘Table 4-1 for examples.) The maximum permissible size of any indication shall be Yt, or %o in, (4 mm), whichever is smaller, except that an isolated indication separated from an adjacent indication by 1 in. (25 mm) or more may be %, ot % in. (6 mm), whichever is less, For ¢ greater than 2n, (50 mm) the maximum permissible size of an isolated indication shall be increased to % in. (10 mm). (d) Aligned Rounded Indications. Aligned rounded indi- cations are acceptable when the summation of the Giameers of the indications is less than ¢ in a length of 12t. See Fig. 4-1. The length of groups of aligned rounded indica tions and the spacing between the groups shall meet the requirements of Fig. 4-2 (e) Spacing. The distance between adjacent rounded indications is not a factor in determining acceptance or rejection, except as required for isolated indications or ‘groups of aligned indications. () Rownded Indication Charts. The rounded indications characterized as imperfections shall not exceed that shown, in the charts, The chars in Figs. 43 through 4-8 illustrate various types of assorted, randomly dispersed and clustered rounded indications for different Weld thicknesses greater than in, (mm). These charts represent the maximum, acceptable concentration limits for rounded indications. The charts for each thickness range represent full-scale 6 in, (150 mm) radiographs, and shall not be enlarged or reduced. The distributions shown are not necessarily the Patterns that may appear onthe radiograph, but are typical of the concentration and size of indications permitted. (g) Weld Thickness t less than '/y in. (3 mm). Fort less than in. (@ mm) the maximum number of rounded indications shall not exceed 12 in a6 in, (150 mam) lengt ‘of weld. A proportionally fewer numberof indications shall 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 TABLE 4-1 bbe permitted in welds less than 6 in. (150 mm) in length, Customary Unie (h) Clustered Indications. The illustrations for clustered indications show up to four times as many indications in ‘Maximum Sze of tone 2 local area, as that shown in the illustrations for random ‘Acoptable Rossed ie alte Row Maximum Sie of indications. The length of an acceptable cluster shall not Wee fe gamed NRMEIEMAM exceed the lesser of 1 in. (25 mm) or 2. Where more than Cone cluster is present, the sum ofthe Jengths ofthe clusters es than ‘ut %4e 7 shall not exceed 1 in. (25 mm) in a 6 in. (150 mm) a length wel. 4 oom mee cis %e usr te ans B03 nes ans % core 8 aos oon ozs 03 Te 0209s o.031 % ona ase 0031 Ye oases 02 {ose oto 0.023 % 01560280 e031 %t02 ic. 0.560.250 oa, Owe? 015 0375 0.065 SL Unis Maximum Size of Acceptable Rounled — \axieum Size of Thickness 4 _aticaton, wm _— "Neen em Random Isolated netion im lesthans Met Hat 307 1b os 5 13160 038 6 tbo aan 038 3 19826 axe 30 2313 079 nora a9 Boas ar 079 3647 079 % 386838 07 738658 079 19.0050, 3.96 o7 Qrerso 336 GENERAL NOTE: This Tale contains examples ony. 373 “72 0 Wu © w YEN ss] 29 eu *7 O47 Jo LINS ALON TWEBNID 2007 SECTION VIIL— DIVISION 1 ¢ + s am SNOLLVOIQNI G3GNnOY GaNSTIY TY “DId i i i 2007 SECTION Vit — DIVISION 1 “¥2L 40 up6ua] © u17 VEN 389] 09 je4s S4IBUO] dn036 ov Jo WINS :31L0N TWHINID 375 eS ee SNOLLVOTONI 3GNNOY G3NOTTY 40 SANOYD ZF “DIS 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 FIG. 4-3 CHARTS FOR F EQUAL TO % in, to ¥ in. (mm to 6 mm), INCLUSIVE et Randone Rosindad ndicetns (Soe Made CF? ms eae ] ‘in mend | | in (25 mm) (b)fsolated indication {See Nove (2 {e) Cluster Notes: (1) Typical concentration end size permitted in any 6, (160 mm} length of wel. (2) Maximum size per Table 41. FIG. 44 CHARTS FOR ¢OVER % in. to % in. (61mm to 10 mm), INCLUSIVE ne : ih eta He ee (el Rendom Rounded inications {See Note (11 : a Baie 1 in. (28 mm) 1 in. (25 mm) (6) Isolated indication {See Note (2) (©) Cluster Notes: (0) Typical concentration and size permitted in any 6 in. (160 mm) length of weld (2) Maximum size per Table 4. 316 2007 SECTION VIL — DIVISION 1 FIG. 4-5 CHARTS FOR ¢OVER % in. to % in. (10. mm to 19 mm), INCLUSIVE (b) Isolated Indication (See Note (2)) (6) Cluster NoTEs: (1) Typiesl concentration and cis permitted in any 6 in, (180 mm length of weld (2) Maximum size per Teble 41. 377 2007 SECTION Vin — DIVISION 1 FIG. 4-6 CHARTS FOR ¢ OVER % in. to 2 in. (19 mm to 50 mm), INCLUSIVE. (a) Random Rounded indications (See Note (1) : 4 : @ an, sci ‘ine 25 mm) {in 25 men) (b)Icolated Indication {See Note (211 {o) Cluster ores: (1) Typical concentration and size permitted in any 6 i, (150 mm) length of weld. (2) Maximum size per Table 41, 378 BRERSRREREERSRERRER EEE 2007 SECTION VIL — DIVISION 1 FIG. 4-7 CHARTS FOR f0VER 2 in. to 4 in, (50 mm to 100 mm), INCLUSIVE : : viet ete olechian et sees * . bs! co wade a near oo ae aaa eae . ae, ae: (2) Random Rounded ications (Sao Note (1 eae = cei ef. | anzsnm | {b} Isolated indication (See Noto (2)1 (1 Cluster NoTEs: (1) Typical concentration and size permitted in any 6 i. (150 mm) length of weld (2) Maximum size per Table 41, 319 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 FIG. 4.8 CHARTS FOR LOVER (2100 mn ‘ ’ . een cane "9 ae ol . Hak re aria theives erat tar tare att - : e : ‘ a Teme at alee fried y ‘ é ’ pee@ rl es get Ose alt e ’ nae nie * ‘ (a) Random Rounded indications [See Note (1)} . fie Af o 1.6 ” uae ee @ oe . . a oo o oo 9 (25 me) in (25 men) (b) Isolated incieation [See Note (2) {e) Cluster Notes: (2) Typical concantration and si (2) Maximum size per Table 41, Permitted in any 6 in. (150 mm) length of weld 380 [ASME 831.3-2008 “CHINE “PIrTVE ‘se1ed uw poyads se uaN spoxneU uoneunUED jo sadky a4 Jo s10UJ0 240 Ay payenjenD ave suONPO}OdL| PA @) ‘SON THEN ‘spoyiany uoneuwES 7 was ‘To §> oe) oslo] esc eu s0 wousnjues PA ris anpns xfowm} xf oaf wl xf af wm] oa] on songs yar a0 , uy eons wm | wmf ww] vm] orf eft] wm Pow] vim , 9): a ileev | iceey, [esis |oca| avi u|anty , Wl al leet gale wlth , we] ww} wm] vm] ww} oa] a] ww} oo] 8 , Ayr ous vm | vn vw] ww} vw} oa) a] wwf oa] a 7] 2] voneaued seu a} wil vf of wi vf ov] wl vl a aoe von 0 Salford eve as aslo vil eevee auars fence Zari pen Mee | yee vif vil ew |e vill av| a sl zlele Tomayedul pe z| ates! el] #les eel 2les lee t) ¢) eli i }72) #] 2) FE) Ef) 2) FE) 82 3) #| 2 Sieg | ge s| Flee ls! lee] bs Z| #| = Q a | TF cE B)"z)ege| & z| ge a] 2 a s g g| § g|zs| § @ | 2? Ale 5 sojace il et il ii ? i “3 “s pram go aA, lant Jo eA Prom 40 adAL Topas pia haan Taare 309 ons aes pn fee pe ean TG =ienl svonipuoy ooaL9s 20) pu spam Jo 5908.24 W OAV) EHD 10 spoyray uoy ‘suop2apsodw plan 2upenjeng Jwexy PUB SPIA~A 40} BUILD doUEIda20y Z'EEHE MITEL 0) 260d au uo mop) s210N ‘hdd ou Soop ( o10N 7 w PoRREEP SE ge 110 age amon a op se =n wap our 19 Woueaa. fo WIR " CH ss as< Ces wsesmee -sonyne nuouodute ap oy Aypous mes (A ELSA 9< aBsau TeyS [12 Plan “(6) AION U) PaplAoid se yd20%9 CYSTS Mos J2 UONEINGEY ay) UF an}eA wSlay a[qe2dde Sys ce pete 0 si 99 845 Pam a) BRON ued ae Ta aw en wee Ta 1 1@) sen ore ust n oka Yo 1 41.2 14p1 pom pa SSDNA HOLL Anne oars 019 90 a 1P9¥0 IWSY 8d 005 = ssouyines sans 1 (cae) a 0 5 pee Cu vrnpun soo ; W745 ue co xo.ppun doa i oun pom Cu 9) ot fue way wey anne Ths pum Cu Y) a eS pas ° cau pan tye hue Ls i813 oe curt) amg? > eas i uw 9 <2 04 ti 9 5 Le 3 ue2s p00 na 95 a uy pom 5) ws ost A a 53) Be “eos > «Supe Cu 5) wus ost Au wu 54) ww BE Mieos pve (uw t : (ora yop oy ong opsapadu o 2809 ¥ TO) onl Sa ome AREA aaa ale wera ‘ASME 631.3-2004 ZETDNE ATaeL 10) SAION aMTEA WOE wo) 34nk2-301.5.1 ASME 891.2-2008 Table 341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Welds and Examination Methods for Evaluating Weld Imperfections (Cont'd) NorEs: (2) Cetera given are for required examination. More singent ceria may be specified inthe engineering design. See also paras. 341.5 and 361.5. Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam. Citeria are not intended to apply to welds made In accordance wth a standard listed in Table A of Table 326.1. altematve Leak Test requires examination of these weld: see pare. 345.9. (0) Filet meld includes socket and seal welds, and attachment welds for slip-on flanges, branch reinforcement, and supports. (@) Branch connection weld includes pressure contalning welds in branches and fabricated laps (5) These imperfections are evaluated ony for welds < 5 mm CZ in) in nominal thickness. (6 Where two tinting values are separated by “and,” the lesser of the values determines acceptance, Where two sets of Values are separated by “ox” the lager value is acceptable. Ty i the nominal wal thickness af the thinner of two components joined by 2 butt wel (7) Tighty buted unfused root faces are unacceptable (B) For groove welds, height isthe lesser ofthe measurements made from the surfaces ofthe adjacent components: both reinforcement and intemal protrusion ae permitted in a weld. Fr filet welds, height is measures from the theoretical threat, Fig, 328.5.2A; intemal provusion dees not appl (9) For wees in aluminum alo only, iteral protrusion shal ot exceed the following values: (2) for thickness 2 mm Cy in} 1.5 mm Che ins (©) for thickness > 2 mm and s 6 mm CY, ind:2.5 mm Cs in). For extemal reinforcement and for greater thicknesses, see the tabulation fr Symbol L. 341.32, for Category D fluid service, unless otherwise specified 341.4.3 Examination — Severe Cyclic Conditions. Pip- ing to be used under severe cyclic conditions shall be examined to the extent specified herein or to any greater extent specified in the engineering design. Acceptance criteria are as stated in para. 341.3.2 and in Table 341.3.2, for severe cyclic conditions, unless otherwise specified, (a) Visual Examination. The requirements of para 341.4.1(@) apply with the following exceptions. (1) All febrication shall be examined, (2) All threaded, bolted, and other joints shall be examined. (3) All piping erection shall be examined to verify dimensions and alignment. Supports, guides, and points of cold spring shall be checked to ensure that movement of the piping under all conditions of startup, operation, and shutdown will be accommodated without unde binding or unanticipated constraint, (0) Other Examination. All circumferential butt and iter groove welds and all fabricated branch connection welds comparable to those shown in Fig. 328.545 shall be examined by 100% radiography in accordance with para. 3445, or (if specified in the engineering design) bby 100% ultrasonic examination in accordance with para. 344.6, Socket welds and branch connection welds which are not radiographed shall be examined by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant methods in accordance with para, 344.3 or 344.4 () In-process examination in accordance with para 344.7, supplemented by appropriate nondestructive examination, may be substituted for the examination a required in (b) above on a weld-for-weld basis if speci- fied in the engineering design or specifically authorized by the Inspector. (a) Certification and Records. The requirements of para. 341.4.1(0) apply. 341.5 Supplementary Examination ‘Any of the methods of examination described in para. ‘344 may be specified by the engineering design to sup- plement the examination required by para. 341.4. The extent of supplementary examination to be performed and any acceptance criteria that differ from those in para. 341.3.2 shall be specified in the engineering design. 341.51 Spot Radiography (@) Longitudinal Welds. Spot radiography for longitu- dinal groove welds required to have a weld joint factor F of 0.90 requires examination by radiography in accor- dance with para. 344.5 of at least 300 min (1 ft) in each 30m (100 ft) of weld for each welder or welding operator. ‘Acceptance criteria are those stated in Table 341.3.2 for radiography under Normal Fluid Service. (&) Circumferential Butt Welds and Other Welds. It is recommended that the extent of examination be not less than one shot on one in each 20 welds for each welder or welding operator. Unless otherwise specified, accept- ance criteria are as stated in Table 341.3.2 for radiogra- phy under Normal Fluid Service for the type of joint examined. (©). Progressive Sampling for Examination. The provi- sions of para, 341.3.4 are applicable. (d) Welds to Be Examined, The locations of welds and the points at which they are to be examined by spot weneo STEELTAMS FoR OLSTORAGE follows: (a) For double-welded but joints, one spot radio- ‘graph shall be taken on 10% of the radial joints; (b) For sin- sle-welded but joints with permanent or remove backup bar, one spot radiograph shall be taken on 5036 the radial joints, Extra care must be exereised inthe interpretation of Tadiograpis of single-welded joints that havea pemnenent tackup bar In some cases, addtional exposeres akon at an angle may determine whether questionable indications are acceptable. The minimum radiographic length of each ratial joint shal be 150 mm (6 in). Locations of rado- trp shall preferably be atthe outer edae ofthe joint ‘where the sell-pate and annular plate join 61.3 Technique 6.1.34 Except as modified in this section, the radiographic examination method employed shall be in accordance with Section V, Article 2, of the ASME Code, 6.1.3.2 Personnel who perform and evaluate radiographic ‘examinations according to this section shall be qualified and certfiod by the manufacturer as meeting the requirements of certification as generally outlined in Level If or Level If of ASNT SNF-TC-1A (including applicable supplements). Level I personel may be used if they are given written accep- tanceirejection procedures prepared by Level Il or Level IIL ‘personnel. These writen procedures shall contain the applica- ble requirements of Section V, Article 2, of the ASME Code. In addition, all Level I personnel shall be under the direct supervision of Level If or Level II personnel. 6.1.3.3 The requirements of 1-285 in Section V, Article 2, of the ASME Code are to be used only as a guide. Final acceptance of radiographs shall be based on the bility to see the prescribed image quality indicator (penetrameter) and the specified hole or wire. 6.1.3.4 The finished surface of the weld reinforcement at the location of the radiograph shall either be fush with the plate or have a reasonably uniform crown not to exceed the following values: Maximum Thickness of | Plate Thickness Reinforcement ‘mm (m) mum (in) =BGiD 15¢ho > 13) 0250) 250!) >25() 304) 6.1.4 Submission of Radiographs Before any welds are repaired, the radiographs shall be submitted to the inspector with any information requested by the inspector regarding the radiographic technique used. 6.1.5 Radiographic Standards Welds examined by radiography shall be judged as accept- abe or unacceptable by the standards of Paragraph UW-51(b) in Sesion VI of the ASME Code 6.1.6 Determination of Limits of Defective Welding When a section of weld is shown by a radiograph to be ‘unacceptable under the provisions of 6.1.5 or the limits ofthe Adcficient welding are not defined by the radiograph, two spots adjacent to the section shall be examined by radiography; however, if the original radiograph shows at least 75 mm (3 in) of acceptable weld between the defect and any one edge of the film, an additional radiograph need not be taken of the vweld on that side of the defect. If the weld at either of the adjacent sections fils to comply with the requirements of 6.1.5, additional spots shall be examined until the limits of ‘unacceptable welding are determined, or the erector may replace all ofthe welding performed by the welder or welding ‘operator on that joint. I the welding is replaced, the inspector shall have the option of requiring that one radiograph be taken at any selected location on any other joint on which the ssame welder or welding operator has welded. If any of these ‘additional spots fail to comply with the requirements of 6.1.5, the limits of unacceptable welding shall be determined as specified for the initial section 6.1.7 Repair of Defective Welds 6.1.74 Defects in welds shall be repaired by chipping or molting out the defects from one side or both sides of the joint, as required, and rewelding. Only the cutting out of defective joints that is necessary to comect the defects is required, 6.1.7.2 All repaired welds in joints shall be checked by repeating the original inspection procedure and by repeating ‘one of the testing methods of 5.3, subject to the approval of the purchaser. 6.1.8 Record of Radiographic Examination 641.84 The manufacturer shall prepare an as-built radio- graph map showing the location of all radiographs taken along with the film identification marks. © 6.4.8.2 After the structure is completed, the films shall be te property ofthe purchaser unless otherwise agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer 62 MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION 6.2.1 When magnetic particle examination is specified, the ‘method of examination shall be in accordance with Section V, ticle 7, of the ASME Code, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE, WELDED, LONFPRESSURE STORAGE TANKS 7 7.45 Examination Method and Acceptance Criteria TAS. Radiographic Method 7.A8.A.4 Except as modified in this section, the radiographic examination method employed shall be in accordance with Section V, Article 2 of the ASME Code. The requirements of T-285 in Section V, Article 2, ate to be used only as 2 guide. Final acceptance of radiographs shall be based on the abilty to see the prescribed image quality indicator ((Qh (penetrameter) and the specified hole or wire. The finished surface of the reinforcement at the location of the radiograph shall either be flush with the plate or have a reasonably uniform crown that does not exceed the values listed in Table 7-4 Table 7-1—Maximum Thickness of Reinforcement on Welds for Radiography Examined Joints Maximum Thickness Plate Thickness. ‘of Reinforcement (in) (n) sie ths Pant Sha m1 Ye 7ABA.2_ Before any welds are repaired, the radiographs shall be submitted to the inspector 7.15.1.3 The acceptability of welds examined by radiography shall be judged by the standards of Paragreph UW- 51(b) in Section Vill of the ASME Code, 7.15.14. Sections of welds that radiography has revealed to be unacceptable shall be repaired in accordance with 6.15 and re-radiographed repeating the orginal radiograph frequency and with examination procedure in accordance with 7.15.1.1. Their acceptabilty shall be determined by the standards of 7.15.1.3, 7.15..5 Alter the structure is completed, the fms shall be the property of the Purchaser unless otherwise agreed Upon by the Purchaser and the Manufacturer. 7.45.1.6 Personnel who perform and evaluate radiographic examination according to this section shall be qualified ‘and certfied by the Manufacturer as meeting requirements of certification as generally outlined in ASNT SNT-TC-1A (including applicable supplements), Level Il or Level lll. Level | personnel may be used if they are given written acceptancelrejection procedures prepared by Level Il or Ill personnel. This written procedure shall contain the applicable requirements of Section V, Article 2, ofthe ASME Code. In addition, all Level | personnel shall be under the direct supervision of Level I or Ill personnel. 7.18.2 Magnotic-particle Method Examination 7.48.24 When magnetic-particle examination is specified, the method of examination shall be in accordance with Section V, Article 7 of the ASME Code. 7.4.2.2. Magnetic-particle examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure, which shall be in accordance with the requirements of T-150, Section V, Article | of the ASME Code. [ASME 831.1-2007, Table 136.4.1 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination ‘Magnetic guid Imperfection Vieual Patile Penetrant Radiography __Uitrasonie cack — surface 2 Note x Note (2) x Note (2) x 3 Crack ~ internal Es 2 x x Undercut — surfece X ote (1 XK Note) KiNote (01 x Weld reinforcement x [Note (2) . x Porosity XIMotes (0), @] Notes (D, @N_ Notes (2), 2} x we Slag inclusion X Note (2 X Note X Note x x eck of fusion XiNotes (1), 1X Motes . QMX Notes (1), IE x x (on surface) Incomplete penetration __X [Note (3) Note XiNete x x ores: (@ Discontnuties ae detectable when they are open to the surface. @) Apples only when the inside surface is readily accessible. (@) Acceptance Standards, Indications whose major dimensions are greater than Ye in. (2.0 mm) shall be considered relevant. The following relevant indications are unacceptable (B11) any cracks or linear indications (82) rounded indications with dimensions greater than % in. (5.0 mm) (B.3) four or more rounded indications in a line separate! by Ye in. (20 mn) oF less, edge to edge (B4) ten of more rounded indications in any 6 in? (3870 mm?) of surface with the major dimension of this. area not to exceed 6 in. (150 mm) with the area taken in ‘the most unfavorable location relative tothe indications being evaluated 336.4.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination. Whenever required by this Chapter (S00 Table 1364), liquid pene- ‘rantexamination shal be performed inaccordance with the methods of Article 6, Section V, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. (A) Evaluation of Tdications (4.1) Mechanical discontinuities atthe surface will be indicated by bleeding out ofthe penetrant; however, localized surface imperfections, such as may oceur from machining marks or surface conditions, may produce similar indications which are nonrelevant to the detec tion of unacceptable discontinuities. (A2) Any indication that is believed to be nonrele- vant shal be regarded as a defect and shall be reexam- ‘ned to verify whether or not actual defects are present. Surface conditioning may precede the reexamination. Nonrelevant indications and broad areas of pigmenta- #on which would mask indications of defects are unac- ceptable. (A3) Relevant indieations are those which result Som mechanical discontinuities. Linear indications are ‘ose indications in which the length is more than three ‘Gmes the width. Rounded indications are indications {@) Apples when the outside surface is accessible for examination and/or when the inside surface is readily accessible. which are circular or elliptical with the length less than three times the width. (A) Anindication of discontinuity may be larger than the discontinuity that causes it; however, the size of the indication and not the size of the discontinuity is the basis af acceptance or rejection. (8) Acceptance Standards. Indications whose major dimensions are greater than Mg in. (2.0 mum) shall be considered relevant. The following relevant indications are unacceptable: (B.1) any cracks or linear indications (B2) rounded indications with dimensions greater than %g in. (60 mim) (B3) four or more rounded indications in a line separated by Mig in. (2.0 mm) or less edge to edge (B4) ten or more rounded indications in any 6 in? (6870 mm) of surface with the major dimension of this area not to exceed 6 in. (150 mm) with the area taken in the most unfavorable location relative tothe indications being evaluated 136.45 Radiography. When required by this Chap- ter (see Table 136.4), radiographic examination shall be performed in accordance with Article 2 of Section V of the ASME Boller and Pressure Vessel Code, except that ‘the requirements of T-285 are to be used as a guide but rot forthe rejection of radiographs unless the geometsi- ‘al unsharpness exceeds 0.07 in. (2.0 mm). (A). Acceptance Stendards. Welds that are shown by radiography to have any of the following types of dis- continuities are unacceptable: (4.1) any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration (4.2) any other elongated indication which has a length greater than (A21) %in. (60 mm) fort up to % in. (19.0 mm), inclusive a) A — A — Ah — om ASME B31.1-2007 (4.22) Jp for from % in. (19.0 mm) to 2% in (670 mm), ind. (4.2.3) Yin, (19.0mm) for t over 24 in. (67.0mm) ‘here tis the thickness of the thinner portion ofthe weld NOTE: # referred to in (A21), (A.22),and (A23) above pertains to tho thicknoss of the weld being examined; fa weld joins two members having different thickness at the weld te thinner of these two thickness. (A) any group of indications in line that have an aggregate length greater than in a length of 121, except ‘where the distance between the successive indications exceeds 6L where Lis the longest indication in the group (A.4) porosity in excess of that shown as acceptable in Appendix A-250 of Section I of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (A.5) root concavity when there is an abrupt change in density, as indicated on the radiograph 136.4.6 Ultrasonic Examination. When required by this Chapter (see Table 136.4), ultrasonic examination (UT) shall be performed in accordance with Article 4 oF Section V of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and the following additional requirements. (A) The following criteria shal also be met when per- forming ultrasonic examinations: (A.1) Theequipment used to perform the examina- tion shall becapable of recording the UT data to facilitate the analysis by a third party and for the repeatability ‘of subsequent examinations, should they be required. ‘Where physical obstructions prevent the use of systems capable of recording the UT data, manual UT may be ‘used with the approval of the Ovrner. (2) NDE personnel performing and evaluating UT examinations shall be qualified and certified in accordance with their employer's written practice and. the requirements of para. 136.32 ofthis Code. Personnel, procedures, and equipment used to collec and analyze UT data shall have demonstrated thir ability to perform, an acceptable examination using test blocks approved. by the Owner (B) Acceptance Standards. Welds that are shown by ultrasonic examination to have discontinuities which produce an indication greater than 20% of the reference level shall be investigated to the extent that ultrasonic examination personnel can determine their shape, iden- tity, and location so that they may evaluate each disconti- ruity for acceptance in accordance with (B.1) and (B2) below. {(B.1) Discontinusites evaluated as being cracks lack of fusion, or incomplete penetration are unacceptable regardless of longth. {B.2) Other discontinuities are unacceptable if the indication exceeds the reference level and their length excoads the following: (B21) ‘in. (60mm) for t up to% in. (19.0 mm). 95 (8.22) %t for t from % in. (19.0 mm) to 2% in, (670 mm) (B23) %in. (19.0mm) for t over 2%in. 67.0 mm) ‘where tis the thickness of the weld being examined. If the weld joins two members having different thicknesses at the weld, tis the thinner of these two thicknesses. 137 PRESSURE TESTS 137.1 General Requirements, 137.1.1 Subassemblies. When conducted in accor dance with the requirements of this Code, the pressure testing of piping systems to ensure leak tightness shall bbe acceptable for the determination of any leaks in pip- ing subassemblies. 137.1.2 Temperature of Test Medium. ‘The tempera ture of the test medium shall be that of the available source unless otherwise specified by the Owner. The test pressure shall not be applied until the system and the pressurizing medium are approximately at the same temperature. When conducting pressure tests at low ‘metal temperatures, the possibility of britle fracture shall be considered. 137.1.3 Personnel Protection. Suitable precautions in the event of piping system rupture shall be taken to climinate hazards to personnel in the proximity of ines being tested. 137.14 Maximum Stress During Test. At no time during the pressure test shall any part of the piping, system be subjected to a stress greater than that permit- ted by para. 1023.3(8). 137.1.5 Testing Schedule. Pressure testing shall be performed following the completion of postweld heat treatment, required by para. 132, nondestructive exami nations required by Table 136.4, nd all other fabrication, assembly and erection activities required to provide the ‘system or portions thereof subjected to the pressure test ‘with pressure retaining capability. 137.2 Preparation for Testing 137.2.1 Exposure of Joints. All joints including welds not previously pressure tested shall be left uninsu- lated and exposed for examination during the test. By prior agreement the complete system or portions thereof ‘subject to test may be insulated prior to the test period. provided an extended holding time pressurization of the system is performed to check for possible leakage through the insulation barrier. 1372.2 Addition of Temporary Supports. Piping systems designed for vapor or gas shall be provided ‘with additional temporary supports ifnecessazy to sup- port the weight of the test liquid. Such supports shall ‘meet the requirements for testing and system cleanup ‘procedures described in para, 123.10. 2007 SECTION FIG. PW.9.2 PROHIBITED WELDED JOINT PW.9.3.2 Circumferential Welds in Tube and Pipe. When components of different diameters or thick- nesses are welded together, the transition shall not exceed a slope of 30 deg from the smaller to the larger diameter. ‘The wansition may be formed by any process that will provide a uniform taper, Alignment shall meet the provi- sions of PW-34, PW.94 Prohibited Welded Joints. Comer joints as depicted in Fig. PW-9.2 are prohibited PW-10 HEAT TREATMENT ‘Vessels and vessel parts shall be prebeated and postweld heat treated in accordance with the requirements in PW-38 and PW-39. PW-11 RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED BUTT JOINTS. PW-11.1 Welded butt joints requiring radiogra ultrasonic examination are specified in Table PW-1 1, Expe~ rience has demonstrated that welded butt joints not requir- ing radiographic and ultrasonic examination by these rules have given safe and reliable service even if they contain imperfections that may be disclosed upon further examina- tion, Any examination and acceptance standards beyond the requirements of this Section are beyond the scope of| this Code and shall be a matter of agreement between the ‘Manufacturer and the user. PW-11.2 Definitions, For use with Table PW-11, the following definitions apply. ‘butt joint: a joint between two members aligned approxi- ‘mately in the same plane. circumferential butt weld: includes circumferential welded Dutt joints in drums, headers, pipes, and tubes, and welded Dutt joints attaching formed heads to drums, shells, and headers. Jongitudinal butt weld: includes longitudinal and spiral ‘welded butt joints in drums, shells, headers, pipes, and B ‘tubes; any welded butt joint within a sphere or within a formed or flat head or tube sheet; and welded butt joints attaching insert-nozzles of the type shown in Fig. PW- 161, illustrations (@-1) through (q-4. (NPS: nominal pipe size. RT. radiographic examination. UT: ultrasonic examination. PW-11.3 Foruse with Table PW-11, the size and thick- ness of welded butt joints is defined as the larger and thicker of the two abutting edges after edge preparation, ‘The geometric unsharpness Uis defined by the equation U, = FaiD where D = distance from source of radiation to the weld = distance from the source side of the weld to the film F = source size; the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or effective focal spot) in the plane perpendicular to the distance D from the weld U, = geometric unsharpness PW-13 HEAD-TO-FLANGE REQUIREMENTS: ished heads, other than hemispherical, concave to pres- sure to be attached by butt welding, and flanged heads or flanged furnace connections to be filet welded, shall have ‘length of flange not less than 1 in, (25 mm) for heads ‘or furnace openings not over 24 in, (600 mr) in external diameter and not less than 17% in. (38 mm) for heads or fumace openings over 24 in. (600 mm) in diameter. PW-14 OPENINGS IN OR ADJACENT TO WELDS ‘Any type of opening that meets the requirements for compensation given in PG-32 through PG-44 may be Tocated in a welded joint PW-15 WELDED CONNECTIONS PW-15.1 Nozzles, other connections, and their com- pensation may be attached to vessels by are or gas welding, Sufficient weld and compensation shall be provided on either side of the plane through the center of the opening, pparallel to the longitudinal axis of the vessel, to develop the required strength, as prescribed in PG-37, in shear ‘or tension, whichever is applicable (see Fig. PW-15 for ‘example calculations, where, if a fillet weld has unequal 2007 SECTION 1 TABLE PW.1L REQUIRED RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED BUTT JOINTS Presse Part Service Conditions (Note GD Subject to Furnace Radiant Weat Not Subject to Furnace Radiant Hest {ote (200 Note (293 Butt Weld Type Contains Steam anion Water ‘Contains Water Contains steam Longitudinal ar Rr RT ail sizes all sizes al sizes and thicknsees and thienessos and trikrasees Circumferential wale ar Rr RT le eums and shalis > NPS 10 (ON 250) > NPS 10 (OM 250) oF > NPS 20 (DN 250) of o > jin (29 me) 32% In (29 en) thick > gn 29 mm thek Circumferential welds ar er RT in pipes, tubes, and > NPS 4 (ON 100) or > NPS 10 (OH 250) oF > NPS 26 (DN 400) oF headers > Yen (13 mim thick > pin (29 ma) thi 22% In (41 a) thlek GENERAL NOTES: (@) Unless exempted by this table, al fogitucinal and circumferential welded but joints are to be radiographically examined (RT) thoughout ‘heir entire length. Ultrasone examiration (UT) of the welds shall be performed in ie of RT when its impracticable to use a combination ‘of radiographic parameters such Wat a geometric unsharpress of 0.07 in. (8 an) wil Rot be exceeded. When RT fs required for wel in ferrtc materials using the eletrosiag process, UT shall also be performed in addition to RT, When RT Is required for welds made In any material usr te ineta er continves civ fetlon welding processes, UT shall be performed in adition to RT. 1a grain refinieg(austeritzing) heat reatrint is used for eecreslag welds, the UT examination shall be performed after he heat treatment Is complete. If an austenitizing heat treatment Is pt used, the UT examination shall be done after an intermediate pastveld hea treatment or after the fal posted hea treatment i completed. Radiographic exasination stall be perfrmed in accardance with ticle 2 of Section V. UT examination shal be gerfarmed in accordance with Article # of Section. (@) Acceptance criteria forthe nondestructive examination performed are PWS for RT and PW/-S2 for UT. (©) Personnel performing the ratiograchic or ultrasonic examination requires ty tis Table shal be qualified and certified in acordarce wlth Pw-s0, (RF is eequeed when etter the size or wall thickness imi is exceeded (i, the diameter and thickness limitations any independent) (@) For electric belles, RT isnot required wher the ersvimurs allowable working psu if < 100 pig (700 kPa), and tha shell LD. f= 26, (400 mm) (see PES-9.1. (t) For Frette bolle, RT is not required for (A) legitudina welded but Jers in furnaces mace with the addition of flee metal, provided bend test of sample ofthe welded joint for each section ofthe frrace meets the requires of PW53 (2) circufrenial weld but joins In furnaces (see PET-24) (5) butt welds and corner jis meeting the eaulerers of PET-21. thraugh PFT-21.3 for waterlegs, furnaces, and frees (© For miniature balers, RT isnot reulred (ee PMI) (RT isnot quire forthe lngitusial weld in ERW pregucts that comply with an acceptable material pecficaton when used for construction thin the limitations of °69.5. ores: (2) Service conditions and pressure part contents areas determines by the design. (2) A weld wil not be considered subject t rasan heat from the furnace wer In a portion of @ pressure part that has five or mare ras of tubes Setwoen fe an the furnace © © v INSPECTION AND TESTS PW-46 GENERAL PW-46.1 The rules in the following paragraphs apply specifically to the inspection and testing of power boilers and power boiler parts that are fabricated by welding and shall be used in conjunction with the general requirements for inspection and tests in Part PG as well as the specific requirements for inspection and tests in the applicable Parts of this Section that pertain to the type of boiler under consideration PW.-46.2 Inspection During Fabrication, The Manu- facturer shall submit the vessel or other pressure part for inspection at such stages ofthe work as may be designated by the Inspector. PW47 CHECK OF WELDING PROCEDURE, PW-47.1_Itisthe duty of the Inspector to assure himself that the welding procedures employed in construction have been qualified under the provisions of Section IX, The ‘Manufacturer shall submit evidence to the Inspector that ‘those requirements have been met PW-47.2 The Inspector has the right at any time to call for and witness the test welding and testing although it is not mandatory that he witness the test welding and the testing unless he so desires, PW-48 CHECK OF WELDER AND WELDING OPERATOR PERFORMANCE (QUALIFICATIONS PW-48.1. Ttisthe duty of the Inspector to assure himself that all welding is done by welders or welding operators {qualified under the provisions of Section IX. The Manufac- turer shall make available to the Inspector a certified copy Of the record of performance qualification tests of each, \welder and welding operator as evidence that these requite- ments have been met. PW-482 The Inspector has the right at any time to call for and witness the test welding and testing although it is not mandatory that he witness the test welding and the testing unless he so desires. PW-49 CHECK OF HEAT TREATMENT PRACTICE, ‘The Inspector shall satisfy himself that all beat treating ‘operations required by the Code have been correctly per formed. 106 20084 SECTION PW.50 QUALIFICATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION PERSONNEL PW-50.1 The Manufacturer shall be responsible for «assuring hat nondestructive examination (NDE) personnel have been qualified and certfed in accordance with their «employer's writen practice prior to performing or evaluat ing radiographic or ultrasonic examinations required by this Section, SNT-TC-LA? or CP-189 shall be used as a guideline for employers to establish their written practice. National or intemational Central Certification Programs, such as the ASNT Central Certification Program (ACCP), ‘may be used to fulfil the examination and demonstration requirements ofthe employer's written practice, Provisions for waning, experience, qualification, and certification of NDE personnel shall be described in the Manufacturer's quality control system (see PG-105.4) PW-50.2_ NDE personnel shall be qualified by examina- tion. Qualification of NDE Level Il personnel certified prior to the 2004 Edition of Section I may be based on demonstrated ability, achievement, education, and experi- ence. Such qualification shall be specifically addressed in the written practice. When NDE personnel have been cert fied in accordance with a written practice based on an edition of SNT-TC-LA or CP-189 earlier than that refer- ‘enced in A-360, their certification shall be valid until their next scheduled recertification, PW-803 Recertification shall be in accordance with the employer's written practice based on the edition of SNT-TC-IA or CP-189 referenced in A-360, Recertfica- tion may be based on evidence of continued satisfactory performance or by reexamination(s) deemed necessary by the employer. PW4S1 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR RADIOGRAPHY PW-51.1 All welds for which a complete radiogra ‘examination is required by PW-L1 shall be radiographically examined throughout their entire length by the X-ray or ‘gamma-ray method in accordance with Article of Section V, except that the requirements of T-274 are to be used 16 a guide but not for the rejection of radiographs unless the geometrical unsharpness exceeds 0.07 in. (1.8 mm). PW-51.2 A single-welded circumferential butt joint with backing stip may be radiographed without removing the backing strip, provided it is not to be removed subse~ quently and provided the image of the backing strip does not interfere with the interpretation of the resultant radio- graphs. SNT-TC-IA, ACCP, aud CP-189 ae published by the American Society or Nondesracve Testing, 71 Afingat Lane,P.O. Bax 28518, Columbus, OH 43208-0518. BEBE 2007 SECTION 1 PW-51.3 Indications shown on the radiographs of Welds and characterized as imperfections are unacceptable under the following conditions, and shall be repaired as provided in PW-40 and the repair radiographed to PW. PW-51.3.1 Any indication characterized as a erack, ‘of zone of incomplete fasion or penetration, PW-51.32 Any other elongated indication on the radiograph that has a length greater than (a) % in. (6 mm) for Fup to % in. (19 mm) (0) % 1 fort from % in, (19 mm) to 2% in. (57 mm) (c) % in, (19 mm) for t over 2% in. (57 mm) where fs the thickness of the weld PW-S133 Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater than 1 in a length of 124, ‘except when the distance between the successive imperfec: tions exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection in the group. PW-51.3.4 Rounded indications in excess of those shown in A-250. PW.51.4 A complete set of radiographs for each job shall be retained by the Manufacturer and kept on file for 1 period of at least 5 years. PW.52. ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION PW52.1. Technique and standards for ultrasonic exam- ination shall follow Seetion V, Article 4. PW-52.2 The Manufacturer's report, as required by ‘T-490 of Section V, shall be retained by the Manufacturer for a minimum of 5 years. PW-523 Acceptance-Rejection Standards. Imperfec- tions that cause an indication greater than 20% of the reference level shall be investigated to the extent that the ultrasonic examination personnel can determine their shape, identity, and location, and evaluate them in terms of PW-52.3.1 and PW-52.32. PW-523.1 Cracks, lack of fusion, or incomplete penetration are unacceptable regardless of length, PW-52.32 Other imperfections are unacceptable if the indication exceeds the reference level and their length exceeds the following: (a) % in. (6 mm) for ¢ up wo % in. (19 mm) (b) et for t from % in. (19 mm) to 2% in. (57 mm) (©) % in. (19 mm) for ¢ over 2% in, (57 mm) Where 1 is the thickness of the weld being examined. If the weld joins two members having different thicknesses at the weld, ris the thinner of these two thicknesses, Sey oon a AS 107 PW.s3 TEST PLATES PW-S3.1 Vessel Test Plates. Cylindrical pressure parts ssuch as drums and shells that are subject to internal pressure and are fabricated by fusion welding, shall meet the test requirements in PW-53.2 through PW-53.10, Cylindrical pressure parts such as pipe, tubes, and headers that are subject to internal pressure, and all cylindrical pressure parts constructed of P-No. I materials, as defined i Section TX, are exempt from these requirements, PW-53.2 Welded Test Plates. A welded test plate hav- ing the dimensions shown in Fig. PW-53.1 shall be pre- pared from plate of the same material specification, the same or greater thickness as the weld at the joint and using, the same welding procedure as used for the shell plates that it represents. The plate shall be welded by one of the following methods. PW-53.2.1 Attach the test plate as shown in Fig. PW-53.2 to one end of one longitudinal joint of each vessel so that the edges to be welded are a continuation of the ‘corresponding edges of te longitudinal joint. In this case the weld metal shall be deposited in the weld joint ofthe test plate continuously with that deposited in the shell joint. ‘This procedure is not applicable to vessels with eireumfer- ential joints only. PW-53.2.2 Weld the joint in the test plate without attaching it as a continuation of a joint in the shell plate. PW.533 When noncylindrical pressure parts are not {integral with the vessel, atest plate shall be provided having a thickness not less than that of the parts. PW.53.4 Where there are several pressure parts of any one design being welded in succession, and in which the plates are of the same material that is covered by the ‘Welding procedure, test plate shall be furnished for each 200 fe (60 m), or fraction thereof, of the main welded Joints. The thickness ofthe thinnest plate and of the thickest plate shall noc differ by more than \ in. (6 mm), W535. Where more than one welder or welding oper- ator is used on a vessel, the inspector may designate the welder or welding operator who shall make the required test plate, PW-53.6. The test plate shall be so supported that the welding does not warp the plate out of line by an angle ‘greater than 5 deg. The plate shall be straightened before Postweld heat treatment to remove any warping that has ‘occurred. The test plate shall be given the same preheat treatment and the same postweld heat treatment as the vessel that it represents. In no case shall the temperature “Tobect te same specification asthe sel beng welded the hemi ‘composition must be whi the spesieaton limite and te alse ‘ee, Le, klled, semilled, or ued, it he the sme

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