Corporate Partner ASNT NDT LEVEL II Specific Examination _ arAstech ENGINEERS PRIVATE LIMITED (AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY) Website: www.armstechtraining.in E-mail: armstechtraining@gmail.com Helpline: 9495923365|9846798904| 8086678999 NEGAMMA RAY RADIOGRAPHY PROCEDURE TBS Procedure specifies the minimum requirements for radiography of welds and other components for Inspection, NOT 2nd Radiography Services at Offshore and Offshore Location. Gamma Radiography will be performed only for ‘Jenks where material thickness is 6.4 mm and above, and X-ray Radiography is impractical. It is mandatory to obtain [Brtor permission from the Client to perform Gamma Radiography. 2.0 REFERENCES 2) PPI Written Practice '5) PPI Radiation Safety Manual ¢) AERB Regulations '@) ASME Section V Article 2, 2010 Edition '©) ASME Section VIII DIV, 1, 2010 Edition A) ASME / ANSI B 31.3, 2008 Edition ‘Q)ASNT SNT-TC-1A, 2011 Edition 2.1 Acceptance Criteria +2) ASME Sec. VIII DIV. 1 , 2010 Edition 3.0 RADIOGRAPHIC PERSONNEL 3.1 Qualification 2) Personnel conducting radiography shall be qualified to ASNT Level Il as per SNT-TC-1 A and PPI Written Practice. ‘All personnel shall be examined for their vision acuity. 3.2 Safety Radiogrephy shall be carried out strictly following AERB Rules and Regulations under the supervision of RSO/RPO. 4.0 EQUIPMENT ‘Cameras containing 11-192 or Se-85 sources shall be used with tungsten collimators and all accessories, Radiation Survey Meters shall be calibrated every 6 months and shall have valid calibrations. Radiation Safety Equipment, warning lights, signs, pennants and barrier tapes shall be used to ensure safety of classified and unclassified personnel, 5.0 SURFACE CONDITION Any surface irregularities like weld ripples spatter grinding and chipping marks that interfere with interpretation of the radiograph shall be removed. The surface area to be radiographed shall be visually inspected and accepted prior to radiography. 6.0 METHOD 6.1 Parameters This procedure is intended to cover Gamma Radiography of welds in plates and pipes using Ir-192 or Se-85 sources, 6.2 Techniques ‘The techniques employed for different configurations of joints shall be as per Client's Specifications. 6.3 Identification of Radiographs A system of radiographic identification shall be used to produce a permanent and traceable record of radiographs to individual welds. The radiograph shall contain the following information as per the requirements of the Client, 2) Client's identity b) Contractor's identity©) Drawing Number / Line Number / Vessel Number 4) Welder Number €) Diameter and schedule £) Date of Radiography 49) Weld Joint Number hy) Contract Number Weld repairs shall be indicated by the use of Ri, R2 or RW1, RW2 to indicate first or second repair and reweld respectively as applicable. 6.4 Location Markers Lead Markers shall be in the form of tapes marked in mm placed on the part being radiographed, 2) Welds in pipes having outer diameter 89 mm or less shall have individual exposures identified by letters‘ °C’, Each location shall be marked with steel marker for reference. b) Welds in pipes having outer diameter 90 mm or more shall have continuous lead marker tapes wrapped around circumference of weld with zero marked at 120 clock position with steel marker for reference. Image Quality Indicator 2) IQIs conforming to DIN 45109 Part 1 or BS 3971 or ASTM E747 shall be used to verify the radiographic sensitivity. Selection of IQI s shall be in accordance with the sensitivity requirements of the material and the thickness of the material under examination (Refer Appendix V). ) IQIs shall be selected for single wall thickness plus reinforcement and placed on the source side of the weld under examination. Where itis not practical, IQI shall be placed on the film side with lead marker °F’ placed adjacent to the QI. IQls shall be placed at 90 degrees to the weld axis. When panoramic exposures are taken minimum 3 1QIs shall be placed at 120 degrees apart around the circumference of the weld. 6.6 Sensitivity a) Radiographic sensitivity achieved shall be 2% or better wherever practicable. This shall be demonstrated on the procedure radiograph and accepted by Qatar Petroleum before commencement of Radiography. b) Sensitivity shall be calculated by dividing the diameter of the thinnest wire visible on the radiograph by the thickness of the material including reinforcement and is expressed as percentage when using wire type IQIs. 6.7 Density ‘The film density through the area of interest of the radiographic image shall be within the range of 2.0 to 3.0. Viewing conditions shall be suitable for viewing films up to a maximum density of 4.0. A densitometer shall be used for ‘measuring the density of radiographs. 6.8 Geometric Unsharpness It is calculated as follows: Ug =ftyd Where, Ug = Geometric Unsharpness f = Physical size of the source in mm {t= Thickness of the object in mm, when the film is in contact with object d = Source-to-object distance in mm 6.9 Screens Lead intensifying screens 0.125 mm thick shall be placed in immediate contact with front and back of the film in the cassette. Screens shall be clean and free from all defects and contamination.6.10 Scattered Radiation ‘Alead symbol "B” with minimum dimensions of 13 mm (1/2 in.) in height and 1.5 mm (1/6 in.) in thickness shall be ‘attached to the back of each film holder during each exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the film. If a light image of B appears on 2 darker background of the radiograph, protection from backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. In such cases, lead screens or suitable shielding shall be used to absorb backscatter. : 7.0 FILM CONTROL 7.1 Film Selection Radiographs shall be made using films conforming to ASTM/ASME spec.£94 / SE 94 Table2. Films stored properly and are within the expiry date shall be used. ‘Type: Low speed or medium speed films KODAK MX 125 or KODAK AA 400 or equivalent shall be used. 7.2 Film Overlap The minimum film overlap shall be 20 mm, 7.3 Processing Films shall be processed in accordance with ASME Section V Article 22 SE 999 by observing the time and temperature for developing, fixing, drying and washing. The radiographs shall be free from flm handling and processing defects. When the activity of the developer solution becomes week, replenisher shall be added as per the directions of the ‘manufacturer, such that the activity of the developer solution is maintained and the density through the area of interest is within the acceptable range. 7.4 Artifacts All radiographs shall be free from the following mechanical, chemical or other artifacts that may mask or be confused with the image of the object being radio graphed. a) Fogging b) Scratches, finger marks, crimps, static smudges or tears. ©) Processing defects such as water or chemical marks 4) Loss of detail due to poor screen-film contact. 2) False indication due to defective screen. 8.0 INTERPRETATION OF RADIOGRAPHERS. 8.1 Facilities Viewing facities shall provide subdued back ground lighting of intensity that will not cause troublesome reflection on the dry radiograph. Interpretation shall provide a variable high intensity light source. The room shall be maintained at 2 comfortable temperature and shall be well ventilated. 8.2 Acceptance Criteria Interpretation of the radiographs shall be done in accordance with 2.1 of this Procedure. 9.0 DOCUMENTATION 9.1 Reports Each set of radiographs for each weld shall be reported as required by the Client and interpreted and sentenced to accept / reject criteria as per relevant specification 9.2 Film Storage PI shall submit radiographs and radiographic exemination reports to the Client dally and the radiographs and reports shall become the property of the client. 10.0 RADIOGRAPHY PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION Radiography procedure qualification films shall be submitted to the Client for review and approval before starting the Radiography.APPENDIX I 1.0 SCOPE ‘This procedure specifies the technique for a Double Wall, Single Image Exposure for pipes with outside diameter above 89 mm. 2.0 REFERENCES Radiography Procedure 3.0 PERSONNEL Classified personnel only shall work to this procedure. 4.0 METHOD The exposure set up shall be asin the Sketch on Page 11 and the folowing parameters shall be maintained. 1a) Image Quality Indicators used shall be of DIN 45109 Part 1 or BS 3971 or ASTM E747. The IQI shall be placed on the film side of the specimen across the weld. For determination of the sensitivity achieved, the wall thickness shall be single wall plus maximum permissible reinforcement. ) Location Markers shall be placed on the source side and positions marked on the specimen for later reference as in paragraph 6.4 ©) The radiograph shall have the identification as in paragraph 6.3 and 6.4. d) Source to film distance shall be the outside diameter of the pipe as minimum. 5.0 VIEWING Personnel qualified as specified in paragraph 3.lshall interpret the radiographs. Acceptance Criteria shall be as per paragraph 2.1. 6.0 DOCUMENTATION Radiographer shall submit the report with the results to the Client for approval APPENDIX II 1.0 SCOPE ‘This procedure specifies the technique for a Double Wall, Double Image Exposure, ‘Superimpose for pipes with outside diameter 89 mm and below. 2.0 REFERENCES Radiography Procedure 3.0 PERSONNEL Classified personnel only shall work to this procedure. 4.0 METHOD ‘The exposure set up shal be as in the Sketch on Page 12 and the following parameters shall be maintained. 2) Image Quality Indicators used shall be of DIN 45109 Part 1 or BS 3971 or ASTM E747. The 1Q1 shall be placed on the source sie ofthe pipe across the weld. For determination of the sensitivity achieved, the wall thickness shall be double wall plus maximum permissible reinforcement. ) Location Markers shall be placed on the source side and positions marked on the specimen for later reference as in paragraph 6.4 «) The radiograph shall have the identification as in paragraph 6.3 and 6.4. 4) Source to film distance shall not be less than 400 mm which being the practical limit considering the exposure time and quality requirements.5.0 VIEWING Personnel qualified as specified in paragraph 3.1 shall interpret the radiographs. Acceptance Criteria shall be as per paragraph 2.1. 6.0 DOCUMENTATION Radiographer shall submit the report with the results to the Client for approval. APPENDIX IIT 1.0 SCOPE This procedure specifies the technique for a Double Wall, Double Image Exposure, and Elliptical for pipes with outside diameter 89 mm and below. 2.0 REFERENCES. Radiography Procedure 3.0 PERSONNEL Classified personne! only shall work to this procedure. 4.0 METHOD ‘The exposure set up shall be as in the Sketch on Page 13 and the following parameters shall be maintained. 2) Image Quality Indicators used shall be of DIN 45109 Part 1 or BS 3971 or ASTM E747. The IQI shall be placed on the source side of the pipe across the weld. For determination of the sensitivity achieved, the wall thickness shall be double wall plus maximum permissible reinforcement. ) Location Markers shall be placed on the source side and positions marked on the specimen for later reference as in paragraph 6.4. ©) The radio graph shall have the identification as in paragraph 6.3 and 6.4, 4) Source to film distance shall not be less than 400 mm which being the practical limit considering the exposure time ‘and quality requirements. 5.0 VIEWING Personnel qualified as specified in paragraph 3./shall interpret the radiographs. Acceptance Giiteria shall be as per paragraph 2.1. 6.0 DOCUMENTATION Radiographer shall submit the report with the results to the Client for approval. APPENDIX IV 1.0 SCOPE This procedure specifies the technique for a Single Wall, Single Image Exposure, and Panoramic for pipes/ shells of ‘outer diameter above 300 mm. 2.0 REFERENCES Radiography Procedure 3.0 PERSONNEL Classified personnel only shall work to this procedure. 4.0 METHOD ‘The exposure set up shall be as in the Sketch on Page 14 and the following parameters shall be maintained. a) Image Quality Indicators used shall be of DIN 45109 Part 1 or BS 3971 or ASTM E747. The IQI shall be placed on the source side of the specimen across the weld. For determination of the sensitivity achieved, the wall thickness shall be single wall plus maximum permissible reinforcement.) Location Markers shall be placed on the source side and positions marked on the specimen for later reference as in paragraph 6.4. ©) The radiograph shall have the identification as in paragraph 6.3 and 6.4. 4) Source to film distance shall be the radius of the pipe/shell when the full weld is ragio graphed in one exposure, However, for individual exposures taken, if the source to film distance is less than the radius, then the SFD shall not be less than 1.4 times the diagnostic length of the weld radio graphed. 5.0 VIEWING Personnel qualified as specified in paragraph 3.lshall interpret the radiographs. Acceptance Criteria shall be as per paragraph 2.1. 6.0 DOCUMENTATION Radiographer shall submit the report with the results to the Client for approval. APPENDIX V ‘Image quality indicator wire dia selection ‘QE Wire Visible 150 & DIN QE Wire Visible ASTM. Material Thickness (mm) Source Side Film side Source Side Film side Up to 6.35, Inducing 4 5 5 4 Over 6.35 Through 9.52 3 “ 6 5 ‘Over 9.52 Through 12.7 2 B 7 6 (Over 12.7 Through 19.05 n 12 8 7 ‘Over 19.05 Through 25.4 10 u 8 8 (ver 25.4 Through 38.1 9 10 10 9 (Over 38.1 Through 50.8 8 9 i 10 (ver 50.8 Through 63.5 7 8 12 n ‘Over 63.5 Through 101.6 6 7 13 2 DIN Pack Wire Diameter (mm) Designation Corresponding Wire Number 320 250 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 FEDIN 1.00 0.80 0.68 0.50 00 032 025 6 7 8 9 10 n 2 0.40 032 025 0.20 0.16 0.125 oa 10 u 2 2B 4 | 4 16 6FEDIN 10FEDINCODES AND STANDRADS Acceptance standards for ASME Section VIII Division 1 For joints required to be 100% radio graphed: The following indications are nat acceptable 1. Any type of crack, or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration: 2. Any elongated indication, which has length greater than, 6 mm (1/4 in.) for t up to 19 mm (34 in.) 1/3 t for t from 19 mm to 57 mm (3/4 in. to 2% in.) 19 mm (3/4 in.) for t over 57 mm (2% % in.) Where t = Thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, tis the thinner of these two thicknesses. If full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness ofthe throat of the filet shall be included int, 3. Any group of slag inclusions in line that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12 t, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 61 where L is the length of the longest imperfection in the group. 4, Rounded indications in excess of that specified by the acceptance standards given in Appendix 4 of ASME VIII. For joints required to be Spot Radio graphed: 1, Welds in which the radiograph shows any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration shall be unacceptable. 2. Welds in which the radiographs show slag inclusions or cavities shall be unacceptable if the length of any such imperfection is greater than 2/3 T, where T is the thickness of the thinner plate welded. If several such imperfections. exist in line, the welds shall be judged acceptable if the sum of the longest dimensions of all such imperfections is not more than T in a length of 6T (or proportionately for radiographs shorter than 6T) and if the longest imperfections considered are separated by at least 3L of acceptable weld metal, where L is the length of the longest imperfection. ‘The longest length of acceptable indications shall be % in. Any such imperfections shorter than Y¥ shall be acceptable for any plate thickness, 3. Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds not required to be fully radio graphed. ACCEPTANCE STANDARD for ASME/ANSI B31.1 The following indications are not acceptable : 1. Any type of crack, or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration 2. Any elongated indication which has length greater than 6 mm (1/4 in.) for t up to 19 mm (3/4 in.) 1/3t for t from 19 ram to 57 mm (3/4 in. to 2 % in.) 19 mm (3/4 in.) for t over 57 mm (2% in.) Where, t= Thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement: For a butt weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, tis the thinner of these two thicknesses, If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the filet shall be included int. 3, Any group of indications inline that have an aggregate length greater than tin a length of 12 t, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 6L where Ls the length of the longest imperfection in the group: 4. Porosity in excess of that specified by the acceptance standards given in Appendix A-250 of ASME Boller &Pressure Vessel Code, '5. Root concavity when there is an abrupt change in density as indicated in the radiograph,ASNT NDT LEVEL IT RADIOGRAPHIC FILM INTERPRETATION SPECIFIC EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER REFERENCE NO. AEPL/RI-S/O1 1. The procedure utilizes: A Ir-192 D. all of the above 8. 300 KV (maximum) X-rays E. both A and C C. Se-85 2. Gamma Radiography will be performed only for joints _ ‘A, material thickness is below 50 mm 8, material thickness is 50 mm and above D. Xray Radiographry is impractical. C. material thickness is 6.4 mm and above E, both C and D 3. Radiation survey meters should be calibrated every_ month. A2 C6 Ba D.12 4. As per ASME section V, for back scatter check what is required minimum dimension of a lead symbol? A, 6.5 mm (1/4 in.) in height and 1.5 mm 1/16 inch in thickness. B, 13 mm (1/2 in.) in height and 0.75 mm (1/32 in.) in thickness. C. 13 mm (1/2 in.) in height and 1.5 mm (1/16 in. in thickness. D. any of the above. 5. Which of the following statements is true? A. viewing facilites shall provide subdued back ground lighting of intensity that will not cause trouble some reflection, on the dry radiograph. B. interpretation shall provide a variable high intensity ight source. C. the room shall be maintained at a comfortable temperature and shall be well ventilated. D. all of the above, 6. As per ASME Section V, geometric unsharpness (Ug) is calculated by using the formula Ate (td) ctud B.ftd D.ft 7. According to ASME/ANST B31.1 which of the following indication is unacceptable? A. crack 8, elongated indications which has length lesser than 6 mm . lack of root penetration, incomplete fusion D. all of the above E, both A and C 8, ___is the result of gas entrapment in the solidifying metal and can take many shapes on a radiograph but often appears as dark round or irregular spots or specks appearing individually, scattered, in clusters, in aligned rows, and elongated (often with a tail). Acrack C. porosity 8, tungsten inclusion D. melt-through9. All radiographs shall be free from: ‘A. scratches, finger marks, crimps, static smudges or tears B. loss of detail due to poor screen-film contact. false indication due to defective screen . processing defects such as water or chemical marks E.all of the above 10. A radiograph of a welding does have chemical stains at the area of interest. The radiograph Is A. acceptable . give repair to that joint B. rejectable D. none of the above 11, ASME BPVC SECTION V Article _ deals with RT? A2 ca B3 DS 12, The radiation related regulatory authority in India is ‘A. Baba Atomic research center . Atomic Energy Regulatory Board B. International commission of Radiological Protection D. Both A&C 13. 1QI s shall be as per ADIN 45109 ASTM E747 8B, BS 3971 D. any of the above 14, For panoramic exposures, what is the minimum number of IQIs to be used? AL D4 B2 ES cs 15. What is the acceptable range of density on the radiograph? A15t04 C15 to3 B.2to4 D.2to3 16. For pipes having outer diameter above 300 mm, the following technique shall be used AA. single wall single image D. panoramic exposure B, double wall single image E.AorD C. double wall Double image 17. DWDI shall be only applicable to the following A. pipes with outer diameter greater than or equal to 89 mm B. pipes with outer diameter equal to less than 89 mm . pipes with outer diameter greater than 300 mm. D. DWDI shall not be used in any case 18. For DWDI techniques, for determination of sensitivity, the wall A. double wall plus maximum permissible reinforcement B. single wall plus maximum permissible reinforcement double wall D. single wall 19. What is the minimum sensitivity level required? A. 1% C. 2.5% 8.2% D. 3% 20. Which is the maximum sensitivity level in the following? A227 BIT CHT D. 1-27 E447