Module 2: Introduction to

Internet of Things

IoT Communication
  Principle technologies driving IoT
system

 IoT Communication

 Communication technologies
Contents
 Communication models

 Communication Protocols
IoT Architecture
Principle  Wireless Sensor Networks
Embedded Systems
technologies 
 Communication Protocols
driving IoT
 Cloud Computing
system  Big Data Analytics
Wireless Sensor Networks
 Embedded Systems Development board
IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

 Arduino
 Open source microcontroller development board
used to read sensors and control devices.
 Program can be uploaded on this board to
interact with things in the real world.
 Various Arduino boards-
 Arduino Uno
 Arduino NG, Diecimila and the Duemilanove
(Legacy Versions)
 Arduino Mega 2560
 Arduino Mega ADK
 Arduino LilyPad
 Arduino UNO R3 features

 Microcontroller: ATmega328P
 32 KB of Flash memory
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (6 pins provide PWM
output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 ARM mbed Platform

 Microcontroller based IoT platform providing the

operating system, cloud services, tools and developer
ecosystem.
 A web browser needs to be installed on local PC since
the IDE is developed on the cloud using online code
editor and compiler.
 The mbed IDE provides private workspaces with ability
to import, export and share code with distributed
Mercurial version control.
 Both Software Development Kit (SDK)s and Hardware
Development Kit (HDK)s available.
 Several mbed compatible boards:
 mbed LPC1768
 mbed LPC11U24
 Seeduino-Arch
 FRDM KL25Z
 NXP LPC800-MAX
 Linux based IoT Platform

 Higher end IoT nodes require application

processors running Linux and Windows.
 Linux based end points are used when there
is a need for local processing and also run a
web version or HMI screen.
 Raspberry Pi is such a Linux OS development
board with a series of small single board
computers developed in the UK.
 An SD card is inserted into the slot on the
board that acts as the hard drive for the
Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi is powered by USB
and the video output can be hooked up to
a monitor using the HDMI port.
 IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

 IDE is a software application that combines all of the features and tools
needed for software development.
 It has a graphical user interface workbench with menus and toolbars
which help developers to write, build and test programs.
 IDE is not a programming language but can be used to program in one
or more programming languages like
 Python
 C and C++
 Java
 Node.js and Java script
 Some popular IDEs are Microsoft Visual Studio, NetBeans, Eclipse, Xcode
  SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS

Communication  LONG- RANGE

WIRELESS
technologies
 WIRED
 QR codes and barcodes
Storage capacity:
Short-range wireless QR codes: 3kb
Barcode: 1.5kb

Bluetooth low energy (BLE)

Standard: Bluetooth 4.2 core specification
Frequency: 2.4GHz (ISM) Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi)
Range: 50-150m (Smart/BLE) Standard: IEEE 802.15.7
Data Rates: 1Mbps (Smart/BLE) Frequency: visible light band
Range: <10m based on light intensity
Near-field communication (NFC) Data Rates: 1Gbps
Standard: ISO/IEC 18000-3
Frequency: 13.56MHz (ISM)
Range: 10cm
Data Rates: 100-420kbps Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
Range: 12m/40ft

Thread protocol
Standard: Thread, based on IEEE802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN
Frequency: 2.4GHz (ISM)
 Long-range wireless

Low-power wide-area networking (LPWAN)

• Cellular LPWAN
• Ultra narrow band
• Spread spectrum
• Telegram splitting
Very small aperture terminal (VSAT)
Antenna range: 75cm-1.2m
Frequency: 6/4 GHz, 14/11-12 GHz and 30/20 GHz bands
Data rates: 4kbits/s – 16Mbits/s
 Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Direct
Standard: Based on 802.11n (P2P)Peer-to-peer
Frequencies: 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands communication
Range: 50m (indoors) & 300m (outdoors)
Data Rates: 150-200Mbps (max. 600 Mbps) (latest
802.11-ac standard offer 500Mbps to 1Gbps) Z-Wave
Standard: Z-Wave Alliance ZAD12837 / ITU-T G.9959
ZigBee Frequency: 900MHz (ISM)
Standard: ZigBee 3.0 based on IEEE802.15.4 Range: 30m
Frequency: 2.4GHz /915MHz Data Rates: 9.6/40/100kbit/s
Range: 10-100m
Data Rates: 250kbps HaLow
Twice the range provided by wi-fi
Neul Frequencies: 900MHz
Standard: Neul
LoRaWAN Frequency: 900MHz (ISM), 458MHz LTE-Advanced
Standard: LoRaWAN (UK), 470-790MHz (White Space) Faster version of LTE reducing
Frequency: Various Range: 10km latency to 10ms
Range: 2-5km (urban environment), Data Rates: Few bps up to Frequency: 100MHz
15km (suburban environment) 100kbps Data Rates: 1Gbps
Data Rates: 0.3-50 kbps
Sigfox 6LoWPAN
Standard: Sigfox Standard: RFC6282
Frequency: 900MHz Frequency: Adapted and used over a variety of
Range: 30-50km (rural environments), 3-10km (urban environments) other networking media including Bluetooth Smart
Data Rates: 10-1000bps (2.4GHz) or ZigBee or low-power RF (sub-1GHz).
 Wired

Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA) Power-line communication (PLC)

Ethernet
  HUMAN TO
MACHINE (H2M)

 MACHINE TO
MACHINE (M2M)

Communication
types  MACHINE TO
HUMAN (M2H)

 HUMAN TO HUMAN
(H2H)
IoT  REQUEST – RESPONSE
 PUBLISH – SUBSCRIBE
Communication  PUSH – PULL

models  EXCLUSIVE – PAIR

Request - Response
Publish - Subscribe
Push - Pull
Exclusive - Pair
Communication
Protocols

Layer-wise
classification
 Link Layer- determines how the data is physically sent over the
network's physical layer

 802.3 - Ethernet  802.15.4 – LR-WPAN  802.16 – WiMax

 802.3 – Coaxial cable  Low-rate wireless personal area  Collection of broadband standards
 802.3i – Copper twisted pair connections networks ex: LoRa
 Provides low-cost, low-speed Data rate - 1.5Mbps to 1Gbps
 802.3j – Fibre optics connections 
communication
 802.3ae – Fibre
 Data rate - 40bps to 250Kbps
 Data rate- 10 MB/s to 40Gb/s

 802.11 – Wi-Fi  2G/3G/4G – Cellular Mobile Communication

 Wireless LAN; 802.11 b/g/n  2G - GSM and CDMA
 2.4GHz / 5GHz band  3G - UMTS and CDMA2000
 4G – LTE
 802.11a – operates at 5GHz  Data rates -9.6Kbps (2G) to up to
 802.11b/g - operates at 2.4GHz 100Mbps (4G)
 802.11n - operates at 2.4/5GHz
 802.11ac - operates at 5GHz
 802.11ad - operates at 60GHz

 Data rate- 1 Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s

 Network Layer - The Network layer is responsible for sending IP
datagram from a source network to the destination

 Ipv4

 32 bit address scheme. Total  Ipv6  6LoWPAN

(2)32 addresses are available  128 bit address scheme.  IPv6 over Low power Wireless
 Addresses got exhausted in Personal Area Network
2011 Guaranteed Delivery and  Total (2)128 addresses are available
data integrity handled by  Operates in 2.4GHz range
upper layer protocols e.g. TCP  3.4x10th = - frequency data transfer rate
340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,432, of 250Kbps
 Formally described as RFC 791 768,211,456 IPv6 Addresses
 Works With 802.15.4.4 link
 Formally described as RFC 2460 layer protocols
 Transport layer protocols provide end-to-end
Transport Layer - message transfer capability independent of the
underlying network.

Sender side Receiver side

 UDP
 TCP
 User Datagram Protocol
 Transmission Control Protocol  Smaller packet sizes
 Connection oriented and stateful protocol.  Connectionless and stateless protocol
 Ensures reliable transmission,  Transaction oriented
 Provides error detection,  Time sensitive application
 Flow and congestion control  NO guaranteed delivery & in – order delivery
 defines how the applications interface with
Application Layer - lower layer protocols to send data over a
network.

 HTTP
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 Foundation of WWW
 Request – response model
 Stateless protocol
 Users URI (Universal Resource Identifiers) to
identify http resources.
 Send command to control an output

 MQTT
 Message Queue Telemetry Transport
 Simple messaging communication
between multiple devices.
 Light weight protocol for constrained
environment Read and publish data
 Based on Publish-Subscribe model
 Low data rate, low packet size,
requires low bandwidth
 CoAP  AMQP
 Constrained Application Protocol  Advanced Message Queuing
 Machine to Machine(M2M) Protocol
 Constrained devices and networks  Supports both point-to-point and
 Follows a request-response model publish subcribe model
 Connection-less  Routing and queuing
 Runs over UDP instead of TCP
 DDS
 Data Distributed Service
 M2M communication
 Based on publish – subscribe model
 QoS control and configure reliability
 XMPP
 Extensible Messaging and Presence
Protocol  Web Sockets
 Used for real-time communication  Based on TCP
and streaming XML data
 Duplex Communication
 Publish-Subscribe model
 QoS control and configure reliability  Allow streams of messages to be
sent back and forth between client
and server
IoT  REST-based
Communication
APIs  WebSocket-based