WECHSLER MEMORY SCALE (WMS-III)

Memory refers to the cognitive processes that involves acquiring, storing, retaining, and
later retrieving of the information. There are three major processes involved in memory, they are
encoding, storage, and retrieval. Scientists have proposed different models of memory but the
stage model of initially proposed in 1968 by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin memory is
often used to explain the basic structure and function of memory. This model outlines three
separate stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Sensory memory holds information, derived from the senses, less than one second after an item
is perceived.

The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a split second of
observation, or memorization, is the example of sensory memory. Short-term memory is also
known as working memory. Short-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a
minute without rehearsal. Its capacity, however, is very limited. George A. Miller formulated the
capacity of short-term memory as 7±2 items. Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage
of information. The information in long term memory is largely outside of our awareness but can
be retrieved into working memory. Some of this information is fairly easy to recall, while other
memories are much more difficult to access. Later Baddeley and Hitch proposed a "working
memory model" that replaced the general concept of short-term memory. In this model, working
memory consists of three basic stores they are the central executive, the phonological loop and
the visual-spatial sketchpad. The central executive essentially acts as an attention sensory store.
It channels information to the three component processes: the phonological loop, the visual-
spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer. The phonological loop stores auditory information by
silently rehearsing sounds or words in a continuous loop. The visuospatial sketchpad stores
visual and spatial information. It is engaged when performing spatial tasks or visual ones .The
episodic buffer is involved in linking information across domains to form integrated units of
visual, spatial, and verbal information and chronological ordering.

Memory disorders occur when damage to certain parts of the brain prevents or reduces the
ability to store, retain, or remember memories. Memory disorders also impact cognitive
capabilities and social behaviors, affecting language, problem-solving skills, and the ability
to perform simple tasks. They can range from mild to severe and progressive to immediate.
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Trauma, stroke, and other conditions such as an infection or reaction to medicine, can lead
to dementia and other memory problems. Dementia affects people of all ages, but is more
commonly found in elderly people. Major and commonly found types of memory disorders
include Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, Dementia with lewy bodies, Frontotemporal
dementia, Mild cognitive impairment and mixed dementia. The most common form of
dementia caused by changes to nerves in the brain that become tangled, form plaques, and
lose their connections to other nerves. Alzheimer’s disease gets worse over time.
Vascular results from decreased or blocked blood flow damages brain tissue. This is the second-
most common form of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. As brain tissue breaks down,
abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies form, causing dementia symptoms, and this
pathology is identified as dementia with lewy bodies. Frontotemporal dementia is a
condition that affects nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Mild cognitive
impairment is characterized by noticing changes or a decline in memory, language,
thinking or judgments, but this does not interfere with regular activities. Mixed dementia is a
combination of dementia symptoms caused by Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia.

Introduction to Wechsler memory scale-III (WMS III)

Wechsler memory scale is an individually administered, composite batteries designed to

understand the various components of a person’s memory better. The current version is the
fourth edition (WMS-IV) which was published in 2009 and which was designed to be used
with the WAIS-IV. WMS-IV is made up of seven subtests including Spatial Addition, Symbol
Span, Design Memory, General Cognitive Screener, Logical Memory, Verbal Paired Associates,
and Visual Reproduction. WMS-III is based on current theories of memory and plays a pivotal
role in cognitive assessment. There is clear evidence that the WMS differentiates clinical groups
from those with normal memory functioning and that the primary index scores can distinguish
among the memory-impaired clinical groups. There are three editions of the WMS, each has
incorporated advances in theoretical understanding of memory. WMS composed of brief
procedures on memory

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for paired words, simple visual designs, texts and sequences. The WMS-R had significant
improvements such as including age-related norms. The WMS-IV effectively addresses issues of
behavior and brain relationships involved in memory and learning. The WMS has three primary
indexes including Immediate Memory (immediate recall scores from Logical Memory, Faces,
Verbal Paired Associates, and Family Pictures), General Memory (Auditory Recognition Delay)
and Working Memory (Letter or Number Sequencing and Spatial Span) .The additional subtests
include Orientation, Word List learning, and Visual Reproduction. Administration of the
complete WMS should take around 45 to 55 minutes and is used for age group 16-90years. The
WMS-IV is designed to measure different memory functions in a person including logical
memory, verbal paired associates, visual reproduction, spatial addition, symbol span, design
memory. WMS tests for conditions such as dementia or mild learning difficulties. helps to assess
global cognitive functioning such as memory deficits, neural, psychiatric, developmental
disorders WMS is also widely used to differentiates clinical groups that is dementia vs. normal
memory functioning.

There are mainly five primary indices in the WMS III they are as follows

i) Auditory Immediate; indicates the examinees ability to remember information immediately

after it is already presented. Scores from logical memory I and verbal paired associates I
contribute to this index.
ii) Visual Immediate: indicates the examinees ability to remember information immediately
after it is visually presented. scores from faces I and family pictures I contribute to this index.
iii) Immediate Memory: indicates the examinees ability to remember both visual and auditory
information immediately after it is presented. scores from logical memory I verbal paired
associates I, Faces I and Family pictures I contribute to this index.
iv) Auditory Delayed: indicates the examinees ability to remember orally presented information
after 25 to 35 minutes delay. scores from logical memory II and verbal paired associates
contribute II this index.
v) Visual Delayed: indicates the examinees ability do remember visually presented information
after a 25 to 35 minutes delayed. Scores from Faces II and family pictures II contribute to this
index

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vi) Auditory recognition Delayed: indicates the examinees ability to remember auditor
information after a 25 to 35 minutes delayed. Recognition scores from logical memory II and
verbal paired associates II contribute to this index.
vii) General Memory: indicates examinees delayed memory capacity. Scores from logical
memory II, verbal paired Associates II, faces II and family pictures II contribute to this index.
viii)Working Memory: indicates the examinees capacity to remember and manipulate both
visually and orally presented information in short term memory storage. scores from spatial span
and letter number sequencing contribute to this index.

WMS-III has a total of 11 subtest seven subtest retained from the WM Sr and four
new subtest faces, family pictures, word list and letter number sequencing.

1) Information and orientation:

A series of photo bio and that so as a general score allowing the clinicians to detect significant
disorientation. Information that may affect test results( hearing difficulty) has also requested. The
questions are orally presented to the examining who responds already.

2) logical memory:
i) Two short stories are already presented and the second please present it twice. The examinee is
asked to re tell the story from memory.
ii) the examinee is asked to retell both story from the immediate condition. Then the examiner is
also asked yes or no questions about both stories.

3) Faces:
Faces l: A series of 24 photographs of faces is presented and the examinee is told to remember
each face. The examining is then presented to the second series of 48 faces and asked to identify
the phases he or she was asked to remember.
Faces II: the examiner presented 40 photographs of faces and asked to identify the faces she was
asked to remember earlier.

4) verbal paired associates:

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Verbal paired associates 1: task requiring the examinee to learn normal word associations. After
eight word pairs are read. The first word of each pair is given and the examiner is asked to
provide the corresponding pair. There are four trials of the same test.
Verbal paired associates II: the examinee is already presented with the first word of each pair
learned in the immediate condition and are asked to provide the corresponding word. The
examinee then read the 24 word pairs and asked to identify each as either one of the word pair he
or she was asked to remember or a new word pair.

5) family pictures:
Family pictures I; photographs and a series of team are presented, the examinee hey call
information such as who was in each team were and what they were doing.
Family pictures II: the delayed condition is identical to the immediate condition except that the
scenes are not shown again.

6) word list:
Word list I; daily stuff done semantically unrelated birds is orally presented and the examiner is
asked to record as many words he or she can. This process is repeated over four learning trial.
Eight new 12 word list is presented with the same procedure as before. The examining is no
asked to recall as many words from the first list as he or she can.
Word list II: the examiner is asked to recall the first list learned in the immediate condition then
the examiner is read 24 word and asked to indicate if each word was on the first list.

7) visual reproduction:
Visual reproduction I;A series of five design has shown one at a time. After each design is
presented the examining is asked to draw the design from memory.
Visual reproduction II; numerous tasks make up the delayed condition, first the examining is
asked to draw the designs learned in the immediate condition from memory in any order for
stroke second the examinee is shown a series of four design one at a time and asked to identify
the design he or she learned in the immediate condition. Third the examiner is asked to draw the
design while looking at them. Fault the examinee is asked to choose which of these design match
the target design at top of the page.

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8) letter number sequencing:
A string of alternating letters and numbers is presented and the examiner is asked to repeat the
string by putting the numbers together in ascending order and letters in alphabetical order. The
length of the string is gradually increasing.

9) Spacial Span:
A series of Spacial is presented on a 3D board. On first task the examinee .2 series of blocks at
one block per second for the second task the examinee points to this series of blogs and
examining poems to the same bloke in the reverse order.

10) Mental control :

the examining performs overlearned task such as saying the alphabet as well as noble multi
skilled tasks such as alternating between saying the days of the week and counting by 6 .

11) Digit Span:

The examiner writes the series of digits and ask the examiner do say the digits in the same order.
Next to examiner read a series of digits and ask the examiner to say them in the reverse order.

METHOD

Aim: To assess different memory functions of the subject using WMS-III.

Subject:
Name - AA
Age -23
Gender -Female
Educational Qualification – Masters level education

Experimenter:
Name: AB
Gender: Female

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Administration and Scoring of the Subtests

1. Information and orientation

Materials
Record form
Stimulus booklet 1

ADMINISTRATION
Read each question exactly as it is presented in the record form. The examinees response he’s
not clear, ask for clarification but avoid leading questions. Recode the examinees responses
verbatim in the spaces provided in the record form.

Scoring
Four items 1- 14 , score one point for each character response and zero points for each incorrect
response. For items four and five score as correct any specific response that is not obviously
incorrect first job for item 14 record the difference in minutes between the examinees response
and the actual time for stroke score as correct any response that is within 30 minutes of the actual
time. Do not score responses to items15-18. Total score is sum for items 1- 14. The score range
is 0 to 14 points.

2. Logical memory
I Materials
Tape Recorder and Cassette tape
Record form
Stimulus booklet 1

Administration
The examinee listens to two different strings read by the examiner and immediately after
hearing each string the examining is fast to read tell it from memory. The examinee is called

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 on the accuracy of his or her retelling of the string and on his or her ability to record the story
themes.

Scoring
Score one point for each correctly recorded story unit and thematic unit. Scored zero points
for each incorrectly record or omitted story unit and thematic unit. To tell the story unit and
thematic unit scores for story A and for each recall of story B.

3.Faces I
Materials
Record form
Stimulus booklet 1

Administration
Administer this subtest from stimulus booklet one. For each of the 48 recognition items the
examiner must give an answer of yes or no. If an exam and it does not give an answer say
make your best guess. For each item circle yes or no in the record form to indicate the
examineES response.

Scoring
Score one point for each correct response and zero point for each incorrect response. Current
responses are indicated in the color type .recognition total score is the sum of the scores for
items 1- 48. The score ranges 0 to 14 points.

4. Verbal paired associates I

Materials
Stopwatch
Record form
Stimulus booklet 1

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Administration

administer this subtest from stimulus booklet one. Read the list of words players from the record
form. Place a tick in the response column for each correct association. Record in character
responses verbatim in the response.

Scoring
Score one point for each character response and zero points for each incorrect response. Correct
responses are indicated in parantheses.Recall Total is the sum list A-D recall scores. Record total
score is the sum list E2D records course. The score ranges 0-32 points.

5. Family pictures
I Materials
Stopwatch
Record form
Stimulus booklet 1

Administration
Administer this subtest from stimulus booklet I. For each scene circle in the record form the
characters named by the examinee. Circle the number of the grid quadrant to record the location
indicated for each character. Record verbatim the activity named for each character.

Scoring
Score one point for each correct character named and zero points for each correct character not
named. Correct responses are indicated in color type score one point for a correct location named
for the correct character and zero points for an incorrect location. Correct responses are indicated
in the color type. Score two points for a complete correct activity named for a correct character
and one point for a partial correct activity. Score 0 points for an incorrect activity named for a
correct character. Total the character, location, and activity scores for each correct character to
obtain the character based score. Their recall total score is the sum of the character based scores
for all four scenes. The score range is 0 to 64 points.

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6.Word Lists I
Materials
Record form
Stimulus booklet 1

Administration
Administer this subtest from stimulus booklet I. Read the word lists from the record form. For
each trial, place a tick mark on the appropriate line in the responses column for each word record
first job record intrusions verbatim in the space provided . Inclusions are responses that are not
on the trials word list.

Scoring
Total the number of character responses for each trial. Note that each word record is given credit
only once for each trial that is reputations of correct words do not receive additional credit in any
trial.

7. Visual reproduction
I Materials
Two pencils with eraser
Visual reproduction response booklet
Stopwatch

Stimulus booklet 1

Administration
Administer this subtest from stimulus booklet 1. Write the examinees name, date, and your name
in the spaces provided on the front of the visual reproduction response booklet. Examiner do not
need to record any information in the record form. The examinee will record his or her responses
in the response booklet.

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Scoring
Refer to appendix C for complete scoring criteria. For each design, write the examinees scores
in the VR1 record column of the visual reproduction scoring page in the record form. Transfer
the total score for each design from the visual reproduction scoring page to the subtest page for
visual reproduction I. A recording and scoring example for visual reproduction one is shown in
figure
4.3. Recall total score is the sum scores for design A-E. The scores range from 0-104 points.

8.Letter Number
Sequencing Materials
Record form
Stimulus booklet 1

Administration
Administered this subtest from stimulus booklet one. Read the items from the record form. Record
the examinees response to each trial verbatim in the response space in the record from.

Scoring
Score one point for each correct response and zero points for each incorrect response. Correct
responses are indicated in parenthesis forced joke errors bones is incorrect if a number or letter is
permitted or if the numbers or letters are not said in the specified sequence. As long as the
numbers and letters are in sequence give credit if the examiner says the letters before the
numbers. Total score of the letter number sequencing is the sum scores for all trials of items 1-7.
The score range is 0 to 21 points.

9.Spacial Span

Materials
Spatial Span board
Record form
Stimulus booklet 1

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Administration
Spatial span is a visual analogue to the familiar digit span test. The spatial span bored features
Bing cubes with numbers1-10 printed on the sides of the cube facing the examiner. For spatial
span forward the examiner tabs the cubes in a specified sequence and ask the examiner to tap the
same sequence. Photo spatial span backward examining tap the cubes in a specified sequence
and ask the examining in reverse order. trials are administered for each trial. With digit span test
sequence of digit span are administered fourth and back. Both trials are administered even if the
examining pass the first trial.

Scoring
For each trial score one point if the exact sequence is tapped. Score zero point if to examine it
does not tap all the specified cube or makes an error in the tapping sequence. Total score is the
sum of forward total score and backward total score. The score range is zero 232 points. Forward
total score is sum of scores for all the trials of items 128. The score ranges 0-16 points. The
backward total score is sum of scores for all trials of items 1-8. The score ranges 0 to 12 points.

10. Mental Control

Materials
Stopwatch
Record form
Stimulus booklet 1

Administration
For this subtest the examiner is asked to mentale sequence or manipulate information ask you
play as possible. In the response space for each item, heart any elements omitted and right
elements set in the wrong sequence. Record the response time in in seconds and circle the
number of errors for each item
For each item, circle the accuracy score that corresponds to the number of errors. Circle an
accuracy score of 0 if the examiner refuses to attempt or to complete an item even after
encouragement. If an error is made within a sequence and the examiners subsequent responses
are
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made within a sequence and the examiners subsequent responses are consistent with the new
sequence, this counts as only one error. If an item has an accuracy score of two points, also circle
the number of bonus points that corresponds to the response time. Examinees can receive up to
three bonus points for an item only if that item has an accuracy score of two. See the record form
to determine the appropriate number of bonus points for each item. Total the accuracy score and
bonus points, if any, for each item for stop the total score is the sum the item scores for items 1-
8.The score range is 0-18 points.

11. Digit Span

Materials
Record form
Stimulus booklet 1

Administration
For digit span forward, the examiner rates a sequence of digits and ask the examiner to repeat the
digits in the same sequence. 4 digit span backward, the examiner rates a sequence of digits and
ask the examinee to repeat the same digit but in reverse order. Sequences of increasing length are
administered in both conditions. Both trials of an item or administered even if the examiner
passes the first trial.
For each trial, score one point if the examining says the exact sequence. Score 0 points if the
examiner does not say every digit or makes an error in the sequence total score is the sum
forward total score and backward total score. The score range is zero to 30 points.

12.Logical Memory
II Materials
Tape Recorder and cassette
Record form
Stimulus booklet 2

Administration

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For recall, the examiner is asked to retell stories and B from logical memory one. The stories are
not re read to the examining. For recognition, the examining is asked to yes or no questions about
stories A and B. Administered this subtest from stimulus booklet to. Read the recognition items
from the record form. If you are using a tape recorder say for this task I am going to use a tape
recorder so that I can write down your exact words later on. For recall, you may provide a single
prompt for each story as indicated in the stimulus booklet. Indicate in the record form if you give
this prompt for stop for recognition, the examiner must provide an answer of yes or no for each
question. If the examiner does not respond with yes or no coma say make your best guess. This
recording procedure for recall is identical to that for logical memory one for each story, place a
tick in the record form next to each story unit recalled verbatim. place a tick next to each
correctly recallel thematic unit. Foreach item in recognition circle yes or no in the record form to
indicate the examiner’s response the examinees response.

Scoring
Scoring for recall is identical to logical memory1.Score 1 point for each correctly recalled story
unit and thematic unit. Score 0 points for each incorrectly recalled or omitted story unit and
thematic unit. Refer to appendix a for one and 0 point responses. Refer to instructions for logical
memory one for further information and a recording and scoring example. To tell the story you
meet and thematic unit scores for each story for stroke for recognition, score one point for each
correct response and zero point for each incorrect response. Correct responses are indicated in
color type. Record total score is the sum story A recall and story B recall unit scores. the score
range is zero to 50 points. recognition total score is the sum scores for item 1-30. the score range
is 0 to 30 points.

13.Faces II

Materials
Record form
Stimulus booklet 2

Administration

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For this subtest, the examining presented with a series of photographs of faces one at a time. The
examiner is crossed to say yes if the face is one that he or she was asked to remember earlier or
no if it is not. Administer this subtest from stimulus booklet 2. The examinee must give an
answer off yes or no for each item. If the examiner does not give an answer, say make your best
guess. For each item circle yes or no in the record form to indicate the examiners response.

Scoring
Score one point for each correct response and zero point for each incorrect response. Correct
answers are indicated in color type. Recognition total score is the sum scores for items 1-48. The
score range is 0-48 points.

14.Verbal Paired Associates II

Materials
Record form
Stimulus booklet 2

Administration
For record the examining is given only the first word of each word pair presented earlier and is
asked to record the second word Saber. For recognition, the examiner is read a list of word pairs
and asked to say yes if the word pair is one he or she was asked to remember earlier or no if it is
not administer this subtest from stimulus booklet 2. Read the recall and recognition items from
the record form. For recognition, the examinee must give an answer of yes or no for each item. If
the examining does not give an answer say make your best guess.

Scoring
Score one point for each correct bones and zero for each incorrect response for stop character
responses appear in parenthesis for record and in color type for recognition. Record total score is
the sum the scores for items 1- 8. The score range is 0-8 points.Recognition total score is the
total score for item 1-24. The score range is 0-24 points.

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15.Family Pictures II

Materials
Record form
Stimulus booklet 2

Administration
For this subtest, the examiner is shown at quadrant grid and asked to remember the characters,
their positions, and their activities from the four scenes and presented earlier for stop the four
scenes are not re- presented to the examining. For each scene, circle in the correct code form the
characters named by the examining. Circle the number of the grid quadrant to record the location
indicated for each character. Record verbatim the activity named for each character.

Scoring
Scoring is identical to that for family pictures. Score one point for each correct character named
and Score 0 points for each correct character not named. Correct responses are indicated in color
type. Score one point for a correct location named for a character character, and zero points for
an incorrect location. Correct responses are indicated in color type. Score two oils for a complete
correct activity named for a correct character, and one point for a partial correct activity . Score
zero points four an incorrect activity named for a corrupted character. Refer to instructions for
family pictures one for further information and a recording and scoring example. Total the
character, location and activity scores for each correct character to obtain the character- based
score.Recall total score is sum the character based score for all for scenes. The total score range
from 0-64 points.

16.Word List
II Materials
Record form
Stimulus booklet 2

Administration

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For recall, the examinee is asked do record list a from word list one. List a is not rewrite to the
examining. For recognition, the examinee is read a list of words and asked to say yes if each
word was on list a or no if it was not. Administer this subtest from stimulus booklet two full
stock rate the recognition items from the record form. For recognition the examining is given an
answer yes or no for each item. If the examining does not give an answer, say make your best
guess.

Scoring
For recall, the number of ticks. Note that each word recalled is given credit only once that this
repetition of characters do not receive additional. For recognition score one point for each correct
response and zero points for each incorrect response. Correct responses are indicated in color
type. Record doctors score is the door 10 number of tips for record for stop the score range is 0-
12.

17. Visual Reproduction II

Materials
Visual Reproduction Response
Booklet Two pencils with erasers
Record form
Stimulus Booklet 2

Administration
Four distinct tasks make up this subtest. Photo record, the examiner is asked to record and draw
the five pages of designs presented earlier for stop the designs are not re- presented to the
examining. The examining may draw the pages of designs in any order for stop the examining
draws each page of designs on a new page in the response booklet. For recognition, the examinee
is shown a series of designs, Items 1- 48, one at a time, and is asked to say yes if the design is
one he or she was asked to remember earlier or now if it is not. For copy, the examining is shown
designs A- E from visual reproduction one coma in the same order as before, and is asked to
copy each one into the response booklet as he or she views the design. For each item of
discrimination, the examining he’s shown a page with seven designs. the examinee is asked to
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identify which of six numbered designs matches the target design at the top of the page.

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9