Introduction to World

Religions and Belief

Systems
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Understanding the Nature of Religion
(Part II)
Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Understanding the Nature of Religion (Part II)
First Edition, 2020

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Introduction to World
Religions and Belief
Systems
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Understanding the Nature
of Religion (Part II)
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems – Grade 11

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Understanding the Nature of Religion (Part
II).

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or
strategies that will help you in guiding
the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners
as they do the tasks included in the module.

1
For the learner:
Welcome to the Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Understanding the Nature of Religion (Part
II).
Religion is a set of belief systems, cultural systems, and worldviews that link
people to the divine. It gives people the sense of spiritual connection with the being who
is above them. It makes people express their hunger to know and understand the very
meaning of their existence. Hence, this module seeks to explain the nature of religion in
order for you to understand the tenets of religion itself.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
This will give you an idea of the skills or
What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to
What I Know check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
What’s More practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled into process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
2
 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.
This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing
this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

3
 We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can
do it!

What I Need to Know

This module is designed and written to help you demonstrate an

understanding of belief system or worldview, religion, spirituality, philosophy of
religion, and theology.

At the end of this module, you are expected to

differentiate the concept, elements, and characteristics of belief system,

worldview, religion, and spirituality. (HUMSS_WRB12-I/IIIa-1.2)

4
 Lesson
Origin of Religion
3
In this lesson, you will learn theories on the origin of religions. Religions
did not exist out of the blue. They are products both of human experience and
worldview, as well as man’s never-ending search for meaning. What is
incomprehensible is seen as transcendent, or that which is beyond human
understanding.

What’s In

Answer the following questions is your notebook.

1. In your opinion, how do you think religion emerged?

2. What do you think are the things or factors that contributed for man to
believe in a god or a deity?

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.
4 The question was answered clearly and definitively
3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.
2 The question was poorly answered
1 The question was not answered well.

5
 Notes to the Teacher
This lesson will give the learners the idea on how they
will understand the origin of religion.

What’s New

Have you ever wondered how religions sprouted and when they all began
existing? Definitely, nothing existed in this world out of nothing. But thinking
about how religions began could make you realize that religion also played a big
role in the development of human life, cultures, and civilizations. Likewise, as it
poses questions about their origin, you may also want to consider asking yourself
these questions:
Does life have any purpose or meaning? Where did life come from? How
does one live well? Is there a form of existence beyond this earthly life? Do gods
or other spiritual beings exist? If so, how do human beings are related with them?
Humanity is in a never-ending search for meaning quest. That is why from
time to time, you may be asking yourself these certain questions to satisfy your
longing for a meaningful and bearable life. Life has never been easy. Challenges
and difficulties always go together with human existence. It is also because of
this that people began questioning who governs the existences in the world. The
“how’s” and the “why’s? make people think deeply about the origin of all the
things that they have.

6
 What is It

Origin of Religion

As cited from Ong and Jose (2016), the tables below are some of the many
theories on the origin of religions and their respective proponents.

Animistic Theories

Edward Burnett Tylor

(1832-1917),
English Anthropologist Primitive people believed in souls or anima found
in people (seen in dreams) and in all of nature.
Since spirits could be helpful or harmful to human
beings, early people had to pray to these spirits,
offer sacrifices, and appease or avoid them.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/
Edward_Burnett_Tylor.png

Robert Henry Codrington

(1830-1917), Anglican priest
and anthropologist
In his investigation, he found out that the
Melanesian people believed in mana, a mysterious
force that inhabited all of nature. All early people
began their religion in cognizance of such force; the
destructiveness of the mana can be avoided by
establishing taboos.

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/gCELKqPD2
QODk7IRav3UXjQJP62KcbvzRN91nR1OhyFehSsEYwNn
3LmIeEqg44Ue-M5etZsYlHRcSeTViir2utbjANOIy5Y-
tvbpAdzh3fOdF5_u

7
 Nature-Worship Theory

The Stonehenge in Wiltshire, England Human beings first developed their religion
from their observations of the forces of
nature. Early people became aware of the
regularity of the seasons, tides and the
phases of the moon, and began
personalizing them by giving them names,
describing the activities with tales that
transformed into mythology. Primitive
people identified the forces in nature,
https://p0.pxfuel.com/preview/76/827/759/history-ritual-
personalized them, created myths, and
antique-worship.jpg
developed religions around them.

Theory of Original Monotheism

In Australia and Africa, cultures held

Wilhelm Schmidt (1868-1954), Austrian
anthropologist and ethnologist a common belief in a distant high
god, that originally there had been
one great god above all others, and
that they may have been the creator
of the world or the father of the
many lesser deities. Primitive
societies were originally
monotheistic, but because it was
difficult to worship just one god,
religion was corrupted to polytheism.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Engineer_Wilhelm_Schmidt.jpg

Magic Theory

James George Frazer (1854- People had gone three phases of

1941), Scottish social anthropologist
development concerning the spirit world: (1)
primitive magic (wherein people attempted
to control nature in the hope that nature will
cooperate if rituals are done properly); (2)
religion (wherein people implored nature to
cooperate since they have realized that
nature cannot be coerced); (3) science
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/
(wherein a rational understanding of nature
Sir_James_George_Frazer_%281854–1941%29.jpg
is operative).

8
 Wish Fulfilment Theory

Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach

(1804-1872), German philosopher
and anthropologist
There were no gods and that belief in gods
was simply wish fulfillment. Troubled people
who could not cope with the difficulties in life
projected their wishes and developed gods
and religions.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Ludwig_feue
rbach.jpg

Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883), Religions were developed by the few as a

German philosopher and sociologist
means to control the masses and suppress
revolution as a result of the continuing
struggle between classes. Rulers and allied
priests wished to control all wealth, so they
had to create a scheme of gods, heavens, and
hell. Masses were persuaded to accept
poverty and be obedient to inherit bliss in
another life.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_
Marx.jpg/410px-Karl_Marx.jpg

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939),

Austrian neurologist and founder
father of psychoanalysis Religion originated from the guilt that
individuals supposedly feel in hating their
fathers. All males possess a similar tendency
to desire our mothers and hate our fathers. As
a result of this subconscious hatred and
ensuing guilt, a great father image was
projected in the sky called God. A healthy
mature person can face problems without the
need for gods or religions.
https://live.staticflickr.com/2678/4451502862_7aa7c47841_z.jpg

9
 What’s More

Direction: Identify among the theories presented above what you agree and disagree
with. Write your answers in your notebook.

Theory you agree with:

Why?

Theory you disagree with:

Why?

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.
4 The question was answered clearly and definitively
3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.
2 The question was poorly answered
1 The question was not answered well.

10
 What I Have Learned

Direction: Explain briefly the following theories. Write your answers in your
notebook.
Name of Theory Explanation

Animistic Theory

Nature-Worship Theory

Theory of Original Monotheism

Magic Theory

Wish Fulfilment Theory

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.
4 The question was answered clearly and definitively
3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.
2 The question was poorly answered
1 The question was not answered well.

11
 What I Can Do

Direction: Go out of your house and look for a place where you can see nature.
Observe everything that you see (trees, birds, flowers, plants, sky,
etc.). Try noticing their structure and build. Sit down, close your eyes,
take a deep breath, and reflect by asking yourself these questions:

1. Who could have made all of these things around me?

2. How am I connected to them?

3. How am I related to their Creator?

4. What can I do to protect them?

Write your reflection in your notebook.

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.
4 The question was answered clearly and definitively
3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.
2 The question was poorly answered
1 The question was not answered well.

12
 Assessment

A. Match column A to Column B and write the letter of your answer in the
notebook.

Column A Column B
1. In his investigation, he found out A. Animistic Theory
that the Melanesian people believed
in mana, a mysterious force that B. Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach
inhabited all of nature.
2. There were no gods and that belief
C. Karl Heinrich Marx
in gods was simply wish fulfillment.
3. Austrian neurologist and founder
D. Sigmund Freud
father of psychoanalysis.
4. Religions were developed by the few
as a means to control the masses E. Robert Henry Codrington
and suppress revolution
5. Primitive people believed in souls or F. Magic Theory
anima found in people (seen in
dreams) and in all of nature.

B. Answer the following questions and write your answer in the notebook. (5
points each):
1. What is your basic understanding about the origin of religions?
2. How do you see yourself in relation to the religion you belong to?

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.
4 The question was answered clearly and definitively
3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.
2 The question was poorly answered
1 The question was not answered well.

13
 Additional Activities

Direction: Take at least 3 pictures from your album, from any printed materials, or
draw anything that reminds you of God’s presence. Take time to reflect and
imagine how God works in your life. Paste or draw those pictures in your
notebook and write a short description for every picture you have chosen or
drawn.

__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

14
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.
4 The question was answered clearly and definitively
3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.
2 The question was poorly answered
1 The question was not answered well.
Assessment:
1. E
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. A
Answer Key
 Lesson
Spirituality
4
In this lesson, you will learn the importance of spirituality in religion.
Accordingly, spirituality is very much related to religion, for it is the very ground
to connect with the realm which is beyond human existence. Hence, religiosity
and spirituality always go hand in hand, for they are like to wings that support
each other. In as much as spirituality is all about a deeper connection with the
divine, religiosity on the one hand is the people’s expression of faith and belief.

What’s In

Directions: Think of any song related to religion and spirituality. Write down
your favorite line. Explain briefly why you have chosen such piece
and what is striking in the line or verse you have identified.
Song title:

Favorite line/verse:

Brief Explanation:

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.
4 The question was answered clearly and definitively
3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.
2 The question was poorly answered
1 The question was not answered well.
 Notes to the Teacher
This lesson will give the learners the idea on how they
will understand the concept of spirituality.

What’s New

What does it mean to be spiritual? What does it entail to be religious?

Most of the time, people take spirituality and

religiosity to be one and the same thing. Taking the
literal meaning of spirituality, it is derive from the Latin
word “spiritus” which means breath. Like the air you
breathe, you cannot see your spirit. It is a divine reality
that goes beyond the things that you can see, hear, or
even touch. Although you can feel in your heart the
presence of God even though He is spiritual by nature,
your basic senses cannot recognize his totality.
https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/06/07/18/ Spirituality springs from the heart and can be felt from
05/spirituality-2381114_960_720.jpg
within.

On the one hand, religiosity could be the very

expression of man’s spiritual longing. It is shown in the
way a person acts according to the prescribed actions of
a religious system. This outward disposition gives man a
believer a sense of connectedness between the spiritual
and the physical realm, although not all people can be
considered as spiritual in their religious actuations.
https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcQBk
R17T3Vd1TyE_9agVXT7SfOVwYqyWYJgbQ&usq

In your own understanding, how can you tell whether a person is

spiritual or religious? Can a person be both spiritual and religious? How do you
express your own sense of spirituality and religiosity in your life?
 What is It

In the study of world religions and belief systems, it is important to

understand the different fields such as Theology, Philosophy of Religion, and
Spirituality, in order to see religion in all its facets. These three are related with
each other but are different in methods. Which is why, one can help the other in
obtaining the substance of the study of religion.

THEOLOGY is the systematic study of the existence and nature of the

divine. It seeks to study the existence and nature of the divine by using a
particular method or theological perspective. (Ong and Jose, 2016)

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION is more concerned regarding some issues

where religion is involved, including the analysis of divine texts and the existence
of the divine. It also elaborates the explanation of the people’s religious
experiences, as well as their acts of worship and meditation. (Ong and Jose,
2016)

SPIRITUALITY is described as the integration of a person’s point of view

in life and their search for its real meaning and value in relation to the existence
and presence of the divine which can also be described as one’s capacity for self-
transcendence.

The Four Non-negotiable Pillars of Spiritual Life according to Ronald

Rolheiser as cited by Manaloto and Rapadas (2016).

1. Proper interiority (prayer) and personal moral integrity.

2. Social Justice
3. Active participation in a community of fellow adherents
4. Mellowness of heart and spirit

Now, can a person really become religious and not spiritual? Or

spiritual without being religious? Spirituality, as defined, is a phenomenon that
involves a human being’s capacity to transcend in order to connect to reality
beyond human conditions. That is why it is said that the only way for a person
to connect to the divine is through prayer, for prayer is the very language of the
soul.
 On the other hand, religiosity without spirituality is vain and nonsense,
for there is nothing with pious acts and worship without putting heart into it.
Any action without faith and love is a lavish show of actions without essence.
Thus, according to Fr. Joey Rapadas, “when the heart is far from God, worship
and religious rituals clearly become an empty and ridiculous human gesture
incapable of nurturing loving relationship with God” (Manaloto and Rapadas
2016).
Filipinos are known to be both
spiritual and religious. Even in the midst
of poverty, difficulties, and struggles in
life, they still seek God in the way they
could express both their inward and
outward devotion as depicted by the Black
Nazarene procession in Quiapo and the
Feast of Sto. Nino in Cebu. For some
people, this is a negative expression of
faith. But for these people, their
awareness of the presence of God in their
devotion expresses how deep their faith is.
In this sense, Filipinos are also known for
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Black_N
their resilience and courage because they
constantly turn to God in the trying times
of their lives.
Moreover, since every person has a
unique sense of spirituality and religiosity,
it is but necessary to respect each other’s
faith and beliefs. No matter how
unnecessary in your eyes what other
people are doing, it is always essential that
respect must be given to them because
that is how they express their faith and
trust in God. This is also one of the main
purposes of this subject matter, that is, for
you not to be converted into another
religion. Rather, by knowing and
understanding their faith and beliefs, you
may also learn the value of respect and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Batobalani_sa_Gugma.jpg
tolerance towards them.
 What’s More

Direction: Written below is a statement related to the topic. Encircle whether

you agree or not. Write your explanation in your notebook. (Ong and
Jose, Teacher's Manual 2016)

A person can be spiritual without being religious, and a person can be

religious without being spiritual.

Opinion: Agree / Disagree

Explanation:

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.
4 The question was answered clearly and definitively
3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.
2 The question was poorly answered
1 The question was not answered well.
 What I Have Learned

Direction: Explain each concept in your notebook.

1. THEOLOGY

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

2. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. SPIRITUALITY

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.
4 The question was answered clearly and definitively
3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.
2 The question was poorly answered
1 The question was not answered well.
 What I Can Do

Direction: Answer the following questions in your notebook.

1. How are you going to show your being a spiritual person in your life?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. What do you consider yourself: a spiritual or a religious person? Why?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.
4 The question was answered clearly and definitively
3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.
2 The question was poorly answered
1 The question was not answered well.
 Assessment

Direction: Answer the following questions clearly and definitively in your

notebook. Each question is equivalent to 5 points based on the
rubrics below:

1. What is the difference between Theology and Philosophy of Religion?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What does it mean to be religious and to be spiritual?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. How will you describe spirituality as part of your life?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.

4 The question was answered clearly and definitively

3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.

2 The question was poorly answered

1 The question was not answered well.

 Additional Activities

Direction: In your notebook, write your own Mantra that will remind you of the
presence of God in your life. This Mantra could be composed of
phrases or a sentence that you will repeat either verbally or mentally
over and over again. Write a short reflection as to why you have
written/ chosen such mantra.

Example:

My Mantra: God is always with me; I

have nothing to fear.

Reflection:
Whenever I am afraid, I always repeat these words to help me boost my
morale, as well as my courage. There are times that I feel alone and sad because
of the many trials that come along the way. Yet, whenever I say these words in
my heart and in my mind, or sometimes with my lips, I really feel that God is at
my side and that there is nothing to be afraid of.
My mantra:

Reflection:

Rubrics for Essay

5 The question was answered very clearly and definitively.

4 The question was answered clearly and definitively

3 The question was treated quite clearly and definitively.

2 The question was poorly answered

1 The question was not answered well.

Activities/
Assessment:
Rubrics attached to
the questions
Answer Key
References

Ong , Jerome A., and Mary Dorothy dL. Jose. 2016. Introduction to World
Religions and Belief Systems: Textbook. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.
Reese, William L. 1996. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and
Western Thought. New York: Humanity Books.
Ellwood, Robert S., and Gregory D. Alles. 2007. The Encyclopedia of World
Religions: Revised Edition. New York: DWJ Books LLC.
St. Anselm. 1926. Proslogium; Monologium: An Appendix In Behalf Of The Fool
By Gaunilo; And Cur Deus Homo. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing
Company.
Manaloto, Christian B., and Maria Teresita R. Rapadas. 2016. Pilgrimage to
Sacred Spaces: An Introduction to World Religions. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House Inc.
Mother Teresa of Calcutta. 2000. Stories Told by Mother Teresa. Element Books
Ltd .
Ong, Jerome A., and Mary Dorothy dL. Jose. 2016. Teacher's Manual. Quezon
City: Vibao Group, Inc.
John Paul II, Pope. 1994. Catechism of the Catholic Church: Definitive Edition
Based on the Latin "Editio Typica". Makati: Word and Life Publications.
Ong , Jerome A., and Mary Dorothy dL. Jose. 2016. Introduction to World
Religions and Belief Systems: Textbook. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.
Reese, William L. 1996. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and
Western Thought. New York: Humanity Books.
Ellwood, Robert S., and Gregory D. Alles. 2007. The Encyclopedia of World
Religions: Revised Edition. New York: DWJ Books LLC.
St. Anselm. 1926. Proslogium; Monologium: An Appendix In Behalf Of The Fool
By Gaunilo; And Cur Deus Homo. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing
Company.
Manaloto, Christian B., and Maria Teresita R. Rapadas. 2016. Pilgrimage to
Sacred Spaces: An Introduction to World Religions. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House Inc.
Mother Teresa of Calcutta. 2000. Stories Told by Mother Teresa. Element Books
Ltd .
Ong, Jerome A., and Mary Dorothy dL. Jose. 2016. Teacher's Manual. Quezon
City: Vibao Group, Inc.
John Paul II, Pope. 1994. Catechism of the Catholic Church: Definitive Edition
Based on the Latin "Editio Typica". Makati: Word and Life Publications.
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph