PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Ahead of its time A chance discovery in New Zealand has challenged the country's recorded history One October afternoon, a young New Zealander, Sam Tobin, called his dogs and went for a walk down to the nearby Ruamahanga River. Having been very high for days, the river had at last fallen, and Tobin was eager te see what changes the floods had brought. The family farm borders the river and a four-metre-high flood bank testifies to its natural tendency to flood. Tobin stepped out onto a broad shoulder of river sand, where he noticed what he initially took to be a whitish rock, lit by the sun. Then, getting closer, he realised it was a bone, Such a thing was not uncommon in these parts - he had often come across bone fragments, or even whole skeletons, of cows and sheep. But as he scraped aside the stones he realised it was a human bone, something quite new in his experience. As he picked was a skull, discoloured with age. up, he saw it Tobin replaced the skull and hurried home to tell his mother what the river had delivered to their doorstep. It would prove to be a spectacular find, setting in motion an investigation by some of the country's most respected specialists, and ultimately challenging our most firmly held assertions about the human settlement of New Zealand. The police were immediately called, but despite a thorough search could find nothing that might shed light on the identity of the Ruamahanga skull, or the circumstances of its sudden appearance. The skull was then taken north to be examined by forensic pathologist Dr Ferris, at Auckland Hospital, Despite being hampered by its damaged and incomplete condition -the jawbone and lower left portion of the cranium were missing - Dr Ferris determined that the skull was that of a female. He then consulted with a colleague, Dr Koelmeyer, who believed that the deterioration of the bone placed the time of death before living memory’ and, most significantly as it would turn out, the skull appeared to be European in origin. Wellington-based forensic anthropologist Dr Watt also examined the skull, and suggested it belonged to a 40-45 year-old. He believed that it could be the remains of an old farm burial, but was not certain, and proposed the use of radiocarbon dating to make sure it wasn'tarecent death. As a result, the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (GNS) in Lower Hutt was contacted, and provided with a sample of bone that had originated in the top of the skull. In a little over three weeks the seemingly astonishing results from the GNS laboratory came back. Cutting through the bewildering complexity of the scientific analysi was a single line reading: conventional radiocarbon age approximately 296 years. This was staggering, for the skull was abut 200 years ulder tan Di Kuehueyer bad believed Of course, a skull of this age wasn't particularly unusual in New Zealand. The Maori people have been living in the country for at least 800 years and scientists frequently come across human remains of considerable age. The fascinating question, however, was how a skull of this race, let alone this gender, had reached these remote islands in the South Pacific at such a time, long before the arrival of the explorer Captain Cook in 1769, and perhaps even before the very first European landfall — the fleeting visit of the Dutch explorer Tasman in 1642 - neither of whom had women among their crews. The first known European women in the Pacific came with a doomed colonising venture which sailed from Peru in 1595 under the command of Spanish captain Mendana, However, it is unlikely the Ruamahanga skull originated from this expedition because no evidence of Mendana's ships has ever been found in New Zealand, while a team of archaeologists working in the Solomon Islands in 1970 did discover the remains of European vessels dating from the 16th century. ‘Two centuries were to pass before the first recorded European females arrived in New Zealand, both having escaped from prison in Australia. Kathleen Hagerty and Charlotte Edgar are known to have reached the country in 1806. How then do we account for the Ruamahanga skull, which appears to be about 100 years older than that? It is impossible to say with certainty, but the most likely explanation is that a Spanish or Portuguese trading- hip was washed onto these wild shores as a result of a shipwreck and a woman got ashore. Implausible, perhaps, but the Ruamahanga skull, today resting in the Wellington Museum, could be the kind of conerete evidence tha: demands such a drastic re-evaluation of historyQuestions 1-4 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if dete iy ny inforuativn ou this 1. The Ruamahanga River often floods. 2. When Tobin first found the object in the river, he mistook it for something else. 3. Tobin could not decide what part of the body the bone came from. 4. Tobin's mother was surprised that the skull caused debate among specialists. Questions 5-9. Complete the flow-chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet. ‘The events after the river flooded Tobin found a human skull. 4 .. were initially involved in trying to explain the presence of the skull. 1 Dr Ferris believed the skull belonged to a female. Jv Dr Koelmeyer suggested it was a 6.. 4 The 5... . skull, Dr Watt recommended 7... .. to establish the skull's age. ‘ Was sent to the GNS. il The age of the skull was about 9... A bone 8. «years.Questions 10-13. Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. Problem of the skull's vrigins = old bones common in NZ - Maori living there for 800 years ~ Ruamahanga skull surprising because of its ~ age -10. ... ~ gender Mendana expedition - possible source of skull ~ but probably did not visit NZ - evidence of this expedition found elsewhere by 11. New Zealand ~ first European explorer arrived in 1642 ~ Hagerty and Edgar arrived in 1806 from 12... imprisoned . where they had been Possible solution ~ Ruamahanga skull may have reached NZ in 17th century after a 13..Ahead of its time 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. Not given, 5. police 6. European 7. radiocarbon: 8. sample 9. 296 10. race 11. archaeologists 12. Australia 13. shipwreckREADING PASSAGE I You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 con pages 2 and 3 Footprints in the muds of time The dinosaurs may have risen to power in as little as 10,000 years ... Everybody knows that the dinosaurs became extinct as a result of a large asteroid; something big hit the Earth 65 million years ago and, when the dust had fallen, so had the great reptiles. There is thus a nice, if ironic, symmetry in the idea that a similar impact brought about the dinosaurs” rise. ‘That is the thesis proposed by Paul Olsen of Columbia University. Dinosaurs first appear in the fossil record 230 million years ago, during the Triassic period. But they were mostly small, and they shared the Earth with lots of other sorts of reptile. It was in the subsequent Jurassic period, which began 202 million years ago, that they overran the planet and tumed into the monsters realistically depicted in modem books and movies. Dr Olsen and his colleagues are not the first to suggest that the dinosaurs inherited the Earth as the result of an asteroid strike. But they are the first to show that the takeover did, indeed, happen in a geological eye blink. Dinosaur skeletons are rare. Dinosaur footprints are, however, surprisingly abundant. And the size of the prints is as good an indication of the size of the beasts as are the skeletons themselves. Dr Olsen and his colleagues therefore concentrated on prints, not bones. The prints in question ‘were made in eastern North America, a part of the world then full of rift valleys similar to those in East Africa today. the moder African rift valleys, the Triassic/Jurassic American ones contained lakes, and these lakes grew and shrank at regular intervals because of climatic changes, Rocks from this place and period can be date¢ to within a few thousand years. Asa bonus, squishy lake-edge sediments are just the things for recording the tracks of passing animals. By dividing the labour between them, the research team were able to study such tracks at 80 sites, and look at 18 so-called ‘ichnotaxa’. These are recognisable types of footprint that cannot be matched precisely within the species of animal that left them. But they can be matched with a general sort of animal, and thus act as an indicator of the fate of that group, even when there are no bones to tell the story. ‘Their findings show that five of the ichnotaxa disappear before the end of the Triassic, and four march confidently across the boundary into the Jurassic. Six, however, vanish at the boundary, or only just splutter across it; and three appear from nowhere, almost as soon as the Jurassic begins. That boundary itself is suggestive. The st geological indication of the impact that killed the dinosaurs was an unusually high level of indium in rocks at the end of the Cretaceous period, when the beasts disappear from the fossil record. Iridium is normally rare at the Earth’s surface, but it is more abundant in meteorites. When people began to believe the impact theory, they started looking for other Cretaceous-end anomalies. One that turned up was a surprising abundance of fern spores in rocks just above the boundary layer ~ a phenomenon known as ‘fern spike’,‘That matched the theory nicely. Many modern ferns are opportunists. They cannot compete against plants with leaves, but ifa piece of lard is cleared by, say, a voleanic eruption, they are often the first things to set up shop there. An asteroid strike would have scoured much of the Earth of its vegetable cover, and provided a paradise for ferns. A fem spike in the rocks is thus a good indication that something terrible has happened. The surprises are how rapidly the new ichnotaxa appeared and how quickly they inereased in size. Dr Olsen and his colleagues suggest that the explanation for this may be a phenomenon, called ecological release. This is seen today when reptiles (which in modem times tend to be small creatures) reach islands where they face no competitors. The most spectacular example is on the Indonesian island of Komodo, where local lizards have grown so large that they are often referred to as dragons. The dinosaurs, in other words, could flourish only when the competition had been knocked out. That leaves the question of where the impact happened. No large hole in the Earth’s crust seems to be 202 million years old. It may, of course, have been overlooked. Old craters are eroded and buried, and not always easy to find, Altematively, it may have vanished. Although continental crust is more or less permanent, the ocean floor is constantly recycled by the tectonic processes that bring about continental drift. There is no ocean floor left that is more than 200 million years old, so a crater that formed in the ocean would have been swallowed up by now. There is a third possibility, however. This is that the crater is known, but has been misdated. The Manicouagan ‘structure’, a crater in Quebec, is thought to be 214 million years old. It is huge — some 100 kilometres across — and seems to be the largest of between three and five craters that formed within a few hours of each other as the lumps of disintegrated comet hit the Earth one by one. Such an impact would surely have had a perceptible effect on the world, but the racks from 214 million years ago do not record one. It is possible, therefore, that Manicouagan has been misdated. That will be the next thing to check,Questions 1 ~6 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the miter in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO ifthe statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN If itis impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1 ‘There iy still doubt about the theory that an astervid suike killed the dinosaurs. 2 Books and the cinema have exaggerated the size of dinosaurs. 3 Other scientists have rejected Olsen’s idea of a sudden dinosaur occupation of the Earth. 4 Dinosaur footprints are found more frequently than dinosaur skeletons. 5 Ichnotaxa offer an exact identification of a dinosaur species. 6 There is evidence that some groups of dinosaur survived from the Triassic period into the Jurassic period. Questions 7 — 13 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet. Dr Olsen’s group believe that the sudden increase in the size of dinosaurs may have been due to something known as 7 ... A current example of this can be found on Komodo Island in Indonesia, where some of the lizards are commonly called 8 .. because of their size. Apparently, they have grown this big because they do not have any 9 .. ‘The asteroid strike that may have cleared the way for dinosaurs to become the don probably occurred 202 million years ago. inant group According to the writer, there are three possible reasons why we have not found a large hole in the Earth’s crust dating back 202 million years. First, it may have been 10 .................. by scientists because craters are easily covered up. Or it could have 11. for example, if the hole had been in the ocean, it would no longer exist be the 12 + that produce continental drift. Thirdly, the hole could still exist but have been 13READING PASSAGE I ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage | on pages 2 and 3. The last man who knew everything In the 21st century, tt would be quite impossible for even the most learned man to know everything. However, as recently as the 18th century, there were those whose knowledge encompassed most of the information available at that time. This is a review ofa biography of one such man ‘Thomas Young (1773 — 1829) contributed 63 articles to the great British encyclopaedia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, including 46 biographical entries (mostly on scientists and classical scholars), and substantial essays on “Bridge” (a card game), Egypt’, “Languages” and ‘Tides’. Was someone who. could write authoritatively about so many subjects a genius, or a dilettante”? In an ambitious biography, Andrew Robinson argues that Young is a good contender to be described as ‘the last man who knew everything’. Young has competition, however: the phrase which Robinson uses as the title of his biography of Young also serves as the subtitle of two other recent biographies: Leonard Warren’s 1998 life of palacontologist Joseph Leidy (1823 — 1891) and Paula Findlen’s 2004 book on Athanasius Kircher (1602 — 1680). Young, of course, did more than write encyclopaedia entries. He presented his first paper, on the human eye, to the prestigious academic institution, the Royal Society of London™ at the age of 20 and was elected a Fellow of the Society shortly afterwards. In the paper, which seeks to explain how the eye focuses on objects at varying distances, Young hypothesised that this was achieved by changes in the shape of the lens. He also theorised that light travels in waves, and believed that, to be able to see in colour, there must be three receptors in the eye * diletante: someone who isnot serious about any one subject corresponding to the three ‘principal colours’ (red, green and violet) to which the retina could respond. All these hypotheses were subsequently proved to be correct. Later in his life, when he was in his forties, ‘Young was instrumental in cracking the code that unlocked the unknown script on the Rosetta Stone, a tablet found in Egypt by the Napoleonic army in 1799. The stone has text in three alphabets: Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and something originally unrecognisable. The unrecognisable s now known as ‘demotic” and, as Young deduced, is related directly to Egyptian hieroglyphs. His initial work on this, appeared in the Britannica entry ‘Egypt’. In another entry, Young coined the term “Indo- European’ to describe the family of languages spoken throughout most of Europe and northern India. These works are the landmark achievements of a man who was a child prodigy but who, unlike many remarkable children, did not fade into obscurity as an adult, Bom in 1773 in Somerset in England, Young lived with his maternal grandfather from an early age. He devoured books from the age of two, and excelled at Latin, Greek, ‘mathematics and natural philosophy (the 18th-century term for science). After leaving school, he was greatly encouraged by Richard Brocklesby, a physician and Fellow of the Royal Society. Following, Royal Society of London: the oldest scientific ty in BritainBrocklesby’s lead, Young decided to pursue a career in medicine. He studied in London and then moved on to more formal education in Edinburgh, Gottingen and Cambridge. Afier completing his medical training at the University of Cambridge in 1808, Young set up practice as a physician in London and a few years later was appointed physician at St. George’s Hospital. Young’ skill as a physician, however, did not equal his talent as a scholar of natural philosophy or linguistics. In 1801, he had been appointed toa professorship of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution, where he delivered as many as 60 lectures a year. His opinions were requested by civic and national authorities on matters such as the introduction of gas lighting to London streets and methods of ship construction. From 1819, he was superintendent of the Nautical Almanac and secretary to the Board of Longitude, Between 1816 and 1825, he contributed many entries to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and throughout his career he authored numerous other essays, papers and books. Young is a perfect subject for a biography — perfect, but daunting. Few men contributed so much to so many technical fields. Robinson's aim is to introduce non-scientists to Young’s work and life. He succeeds, providing clear expositions of the technical material (especially that on optics and Egyptian hieroglyphs). Some readers of this. book will, like Robinson, find Young’s accomplishments impressive; others will see him as some historians have — as a dilettante. Yet despite the rich material presented in this book, readers will not end up knowing, Young personally. We catch glimpses of a playful Young, doodling Greek and Latin phrases in his notes on medical lectures and translating the verses that a young Indy had written on the walls of a summerhouse into Greek elegiacs. Young was introduced into elite society, attended the theatre and learned to dance and play the flute. In addition, he was an accomplished horseman, However, is personal life looks pale next to his, vibrant career and studies. Young married Eliza Maxwell in 1804, and according to Robinson, ‘their marriage ‘was happy and she appreciated his work’. Almost all we know about her is that she sustained her husband through some rancorous disputes about opties and that she ‘worried about money when his medical career was slow to take off. Little evidence survives concerning the complexities of Young's relationships with his mother and father. Robinson does not credit them with shaping Young’s extraordinary mind. Despite the lack of details concerning Young’s relationships, however, anyone interested in what it means to be a genius should read this book.Questions 1-7 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there ix no information on this Other people have been referred to as ‘the last man who knew everything’. The fact that Young's childhood brilliance continued into adulthood was normal, ‘Young’s talents as a doctor are described as surpassing his other skills. Rene ‘Young’s advice was sought by several bodies responsible for local and national matters. All Young’s written works were published in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. 6 Young was interested in a range of social pastimes. 7 Young suffered from poor health in his later years. Questions 8 ~ 13 Answer the questions below: Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet. 8 How many life stories did Thomas Young write for the Encyclopaedia Britanni 9 What was the subject of Thomas Young's first academic paper? 10 What name did Young give to a group of languages? 11 Who inspired Young to enter the medical profession? 12 Atwhich place of higher learning did Young hold a teaching position? 13 What was the improvement to London roads on which Young's ideas were sought?1, TRUE 2. FALSE 3. FALSE 4. TRUE 5. FALSE 6. TRUE 7, NOT GIVEN 8. 46 9. The human eye 10. Indo - European 11. Richard Broklesby 12. The Royal institution 13. Gas lightingREADING PASSAGE 1 ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage I below. Brunel: ‘The Practical Prophet’ A Inthe frontispiece of his book on Brurel, Peter Hay quotes from Nicholson’s British Encyclopaedia of 1909 as follows: ‘Engineers are extremely necessary for these purposes; wherefore it is requisite that, besides being ingenious, they should be brave in proportion.” His father, Sir Marc Isambard Brunel (1769-1849), was himself a famous engineer, of French parents. He eventually settled in Britain and married the Sophia Kingdom, an English woman whom he had known in France in earlier days, Their only son Isambard was born on 9 April 1806, Ile was sent to France at the age of 14 to study mathematics and science and was 16 when he returned to England to work with his father. Sir Mare was then building his famous tunnel under the River Thames. Isambard was recuperating near Bristol from injuries received in a tunnel cave-in when he became involved with his own first major project. ‘The Suspension Bridge ion the Avon Gorge B The span of Brunel’s bridge was over 700ft, longer than any existing when it was designed, and the height above water about 245ft. The technical challenges of this engineering project were immense, and Brunel dealt with them with his usual, thoroughness and ingenuity. Two design competitions were held, and the great bridge designer Thomas Telford was the committee’s expert. Brunel presented four designs. He went beyond technicalities to include arguments based on, among other things, the grace of his tower design. Unfortunately, he only got so far as to put up the end piers in his lifetime. The Clifton Suspension Bridge was completed in his honor by his engineering friends in! 864 and is still in use. ‘The Great Western Railway C While Brunel was still in Bristol, and with the Avon Bridge project stopped or going slowly, he became aware that the civic author ‘ties saw the need for a railway link to London. Railway location was controversial since private landowners and towns had to be dealt with. Mainly, the landed gentry did not want a messy, noisy railway anywhere near them. The Duke of Wellington (of Waterloo fame) was certainly against it, Again Brunel showed great skill in presenting his arguments to the various committees and individuals, rune! built his railway with a broad gauge (7fi) instead of the standard 4ft 8’in, which had been used for lines already installed. There is no doubt that the broad gauge gave superior ride and stability, was fighting a standard -ceptance of new ideas overpowered good engineering judgment (at least in hindsight) when he advocated the installation of an atmospheric railway in South Devon. It had the great attraction of doing away with the locomotive and potentially could deal with steeper gradients. Since this connecting arm had to run along the slit, it had to be opened through a flap as the train progressed, but closed airtight behind it, Materials were not up to it, and this arrangement was troublesome and expensive to keep in repair. After a year of frustration, the system was abandoned. Brunel admitted his failure and took responsibility He also took no fee for his work, setting a gocd professional example.Brunel’s ships: E _ The idea of using steam to power ships to cross the ocean appealed to Brunel. When his GWR company directors complained about the great length of their railway (it was only about 100 miles), Isambard jokingly suggested that they could even make it longer—why not {go all the way to New York and call the link tie Great Western. The “Great Westem” was the first steamship to engage in transatlantic service. Brunel formed the Great Western Steamship ‘Company and construction started on the ship in Bristol in 1836. Built of wood and 236ft long, the Great Western was launched in 1837 and powered by sail and paddlewheels. The first trip to New York took just 15 days, and 14 days to return. This was a great success, a one way trip under sail would take more than a month, The Great Wester was the firsts steamship to engage in transatlantic service ard made 74 crossings to New York. F Having done so well with the Great Westem, Brunel immediately got to work on an even bigger ship. Great Britain was made of ion and also built-in Bristol, 322ft in length. ‘The initial design was for the ship to be driven by paddle wheels, but Brunel had seen one of the first propeller-driven ships to arrive in Briain, and he abandoned his plans for paddlewheel propulsion. The ship was launched in 183 and was the first screw driven iron ship to cross the Atlantic. Great Britain ran aground early in its career but was repaired, sold, and sailed for years to Australia, and other parts of the world, setting the standard for ocean travel. In the early 1970s, the old ship was rescued from the Falklands and is now under restoration in Bristol G Conventional wisdom in Brunel’s day was that steamships could not carry enough coal to make long ocean voyages. But he correctly figured out that this was a case where size ‘mattered. He set out to design the biggest ship ever, five times larger than any ship built up to that time. Big enough to carry fuel to get to Australia without refueling, in addition, it would carry 4,000 passengers. The Great Eastern was 692ft long, with a displacement of about 32,000 tons. Construction began in 1854 on the Thames at Millwall. Brunel had chosen John Scott Russell to build the ship. He was a well-established engineer and naval architect, but the contract did not go well. Among other things, Scott Russell was very low in his estimates and money was soon a problem. Construction came to a standstill in 1856 and Brunel himself had to take over the work, But Brunel was nothing if not determined and by September 1859, after a delayed and problem -ridden launch, the Great Eastem was ready for the maiden voyage, Brunei was too sick (0 go, but it was just as well because only a few hours out there was an explosion in the engine room which would have destroyed a lesser ship. Brunel died within a week or so of the accident. The great ship never carried 4,000 passengers (among other things, the Suez Canal came along) and although it made several transatlantic crossings, it was not a financial success. Shortly after the Great Eastem began working life, the American entrepreneur Cyrus Field and his backers were looking for a ship big enough to carry 5,000 tons of telegraphic cable, which was to be laid on the ocean floor from Ireland to Newfoundland. Although Brunel did not have it in mind, the Great Eastern was an excellent vessel for this work on July 27, 1866. It successfully completed the connection and a hundred years of transatlantic communication by cable began. The ship continued this career for several years, used for laying cables in many parts of the world.Questions 1-6 Use the information in the passage to match the projeet Brunel did (listed A-G) with opinions or deeds below, Write the appropriate letters A-G, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. A River Thames Tunnel B Clifton Suspension Bridge C Atmospheric Railway D_ Great Britain E_ The Great Western F Great Western Railway G The Great Eastern 1. The project of construction that 1LK.Brunel was not responsible for. 2. The project had stopped due to inconvenience and high maintaining cost. 3. The project was honored to yet not completed by Brunel himself. 4. The project had a budget problem although built by a famous engineer. 5. Serious problem happened and delayed repeatedly. 6 The first one to cross the Atlantic Ocean in mankind history. Questions 7-9 The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-G. in hoxes 7-9 on your answer sheet NB You may use any letter more than once. 7 There was a great ship setting the criteria for the joumney of the ocean. 8 Anambitious project which seemed to be epplied in an unplanned service later. 9 Brunel showed his talent of inter-personal skills with landlords and finally, the project had been gone through. Questions 10-13 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS fiom the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. ‘The Great Eastern was specially designed with a 10. for carrying more fuels and was to take a long voyage to 11 Jowever due to physical condition, Brunel couldn’t be able to go with the maiden voyage. Actually, the Great Eastern was profitable and the great ship never crossed 12. But suon afler there was an mnic opportunity for the Great Eastern which was used to carry and to lay huge 13... aon in Atlantic Ocean floor,Brunel: ‘The Practical Prophet’ LA 2.C 3.B 4.G 3.G GE TE 8.G 9.€ 10. the biggest/bigger’ | 11. Australia 12. Suez Canal | arger (size) ship 13. telegraphic cable? cablesREADING PASSAGE | You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage | below. The dugong: Sea cow Dugongs are herbivorous mammals that spend their entire lives in the sea. Their close relatives the manatees also venture into or live in freshwater. Together dugongs and manatees make up the order Sirenia or sea cows, so-named because dugongs and manatees are thought to have given rise to the myth of the mermaids or sirens of the sea A The dugong, which is a large marine mammal which, together with the manatees, looks rather like a cross between a rotund dolphin and a walrus. Its body, flippers and fluke resemble those of a dolphin but it has no dorsal fin. Its head looks somewhat like that of a walrus without the long tusks. B _ Dugongs, along with other Sirenians whose diet consists mainly of sea-grass; and the distribution of dugongs very closely follows that of these marine flowering plants. As seagrasses grow rooted in the sediment, they are limited by the availability of light, Consequently they are found predominantly in shallow coastal waters, and so too are dugongs. But, this is not the whole story. Dugongs do not eat all species of seagrass, preferring seagrass of higher nitrogen and lower fibre content. C Due to their poor eyesight, dugongs often use smell to locate edible plants, ‘They also have a strong tactile sense, and feel their surroundings with their long sensitive bristles. They will dig up an entire plant and then shake it to remove the sand before eating it. They have been known to collect a pile of plants in one area before eating them, The flexible and muscular upper lip is used to dig out the plants. When eating they ingest the whole plant, including the roots, although when this is impossible they will feed on just the leaves. A wide variety of seagrass has been found in dugong stomach contents, and evidence exists they will eat algae when seagrass is scarce, Although almost completely herbivorous, they will occasionally eat invertebrates such as jellyfish, sea squirts, and shellfish. DA heavily grazed seagrass bed looks like a lawn mown by a drunk. Dugongs graze apparently at random within a seagrass bed, their trails meandering in all directions across the bottom. This is rather an inefficient means of removing seagrass that results in numerous small tufts remaining. And this is where the dugongs derive some advantage from their inefficiency. The species that recover most quickly from this disturbance, spreading out vegetatively from the remaining tufts, are those that dugongs like to eat. In addition, the new growth found in these areas tends to be exactly what hungry dugongs like. E _Dugongs are semi-nomadic, often travelling long distances in search of food, but staying within a certain range their entire life. Large numbers ofien move together from one area to another. It is thought that these movements are caused by changes in seagrass availability. Their memory allows them to return to specific points after long travels. Dugong movements mostly occur within a localised area of seagrass beds, and animals in the same region show individuelistic patterns of movement. F Recorded numbers of dugongs are generally believed to be lower than actual numbers, due to a lack of accurate surveys. Despite this, the dugong population isthought to be shrinking, with a worldwide decline of 20 per cent in the last 90 years. They have disappeared from the waters of Hong Kong, Mauritius, and Taiwan, as well as parts of Cambodia, Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam. Further disappearances are likely. (In the late 1960s, herds of up to 500 dugongs were observed off the coast of East Africa and nearby islands. However, current populations in this area are extremely small, numbering 50 and below, and it is thought likely they will become extinct, The easter side of the Red Sea is the home of large populations numbering in the hundreds, and similar populations are thought to exist on the western side. In the 1980s, it was estimated there could be as many as 4,000 dugongs in the Red Sea. The Persian Gulf has the second-largest dugong population in the world, inhabiting most of the southern coast, and the current population is believed to be around 7,500. Australia is home to the largest population, stretching trom Shark Bay in Western Australia to Moreton Bay in Queensland, The population of Shark Bay is thought to be stable with over 10,000 dugongs.) G Experience from various parts of northern Australia suggests that Extreme weather such as cyclones and floods can destroy hundreds of square kilometres of seagrass meadows, as well as washing dugongs ashore. The recovery of seagrass meadows and the spread of seagrass into new areas, or areas where it has been destroyed, can take over a decade, For example, about 900 km2 of seagrass was lost in Hervey Bay in 1992, probably because of murky water fiom flooding of local rivers, and run-off turbulence from a cyclone three weeks later. Such events can cause extensive damage to seagrass communities through severe wave action, shifting sand and reduction in saltiness and light levels. Prior to the 1992 floods, the extensive seagrasses in Hervey Bay supported an estimated 1750 dugongs. Fight months after the floods the affected area was estimated to support only about 70 dugongs. Most animals presumably survived by moving to neighbouring areas. However, many died attempting to move to greener pastures, with emaciated carcasses washing up on beaches up to 900km away. H_ If dugongs do not get enough to eat they may calve later and produce fewer young. Food shortages can be caused by many factors, such as a loss of habitat, death and decline in quality of seagrass, and a disturbance of feeding caused by human activity, Sewage, detergents, heavy metal, hypersaline water, herbicides, and other waste products all negatively affect seagrass meadows. Human activity such as mining, trawling, dredging. land-reclamation, and boat propeller scarring also cause an increase in sedimentation which smothers seagrass and prevents light from reaching it. This is the most significant negative factor affecting seagrass. One of the dugong’s preferred species of seagrass, Helophila ovalis, declines rapidly due to lack of light, dying completely after 30 days. I Despite being legally protected in many countries, the main causes of population decline remain anthropogenic and include hunting, habitat degradation, and fishing-related fatalities. Entanglement in fishing nets has caused many deaths, although there are no precise statistics. Most issues with industrial fishing occur in deeper waters where dugong populations are low, with local fishing being the main risk in shallower waters. As dugongs cannot stay As dugongs cannot stay underwater for a very long period, they are highly prone to deaths due to entanglement. The use of shark nets has historically caused large numbers of deaths, and they have beeneliminated in most areas and replaced with baited hooks. Hunting has historically been a problem too, although in most areas they are no longer hunted, with the exception of certain indigenous communities. In areas such as northern Australia, hunting remains the greatest impact on the dugong population Questi Summary Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. Dugongs are herbivorous mammals that spend their entire lives in the sea. Yet Dugongs are picky on their feeding Seagrass, and only chose seagrass with higher 1 and lower fibre. To compensate for their poor eyesight, they use their 2 . to feel their surroundings, Itis like Dugongs are “farming” seagrass. They often leave 3 . randomly in all directions across the sea bed. Dugongs prefer cating the newly grew seagrass recovering from the tiny 4. . left behind by the grazing dugongs, 1-4 Questions 5-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is True FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN _ If the information is not given in the passage 5 The dugong will keep eating up the plant completely when they begin to feed. 6 Ittakes more than ten years for the re-growth of seagrass where it has been grazed by Dugongs. 7 Even in facing food shortages, the strong individuals will not compete with the weak small ones for food. 8 Itis thought that the dugong rarely returns to the old habitats when they finished the plant. 9 Coastal industrial fishing poses the greatest danger to dugongs which are prone to be killed due to entanglement. Questions 10-13 ‘Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. 10 What is Dugong in resemblance to yet as people can easily tell them apart from the manatees by its tail? 11 What is the major reason Dugongs traveled long distances in herds from one place to another? 12 What number, has estimated to be, of dugong’s population before the 1992 floods in Hervey Bay took place? 13. What is thought to be the lethal danger when dugongs were often trapped in?‘The dugong: Sea cow T nitrogen 2 sensitive bristles 3 trails tufts S TRUE 6 FALSE 7NOT GIVEN 8 FALSE 9 NOT GIVEN 10 dolphin TI Sea grass availability / Food shortage / seagrass shortage | 12.1750. 13 Fishing netREADING PASSAGE 1 ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage I below. Lie Detector A However much we may abhor it, deception comes naturally to all living things. Birds do it by feigning injury to lead hungry predators away from nesting young, Spider crabs do it by disguise: adorning themselves with strips ef kelp and other debris, they pretend to be something they are not—and so escape their enemies. Nature amply rewards successful deceivers by allowing them to survive long enough to mate and reproduce. So it may come as no surprise to learn that human beings-who, according to psychologist Gerald Jellison of the University of South California, are lied to about 200 times a day, roughly one untruth every five minutes-ofien deceive for exactly the same reasons: to save their own skins or to get something they can’t get by other means. B But knowing how to catch deceit can be just as important a survival skill as knowing how to tell a lie and get away with it. A person able to spot falsehood quickly is unlikely to be swindled by an unscrupulous business associate or hoodwinked by a devious spouse. Luckily, nature provides more than enough clues to trap dissemblers in their own tangled ‘webs—if you know where to look. By closely observing facial expressions, body language and (one of voice, practically anyone can recognize the telltale signs of lying, Researchers are even programming computers-like those used on Lie Detector—to get at the truth by analyzing the same physical cues available to the naked eye and ear. “With the proper training, many people can learn to reliably detect lies,” says Paul Ekman, professor of psychology at the University of California, San Francisco, who has spent the past 15 years studying the secret art of deception, C___Inorder to know what kind of lies work best, successful liars need to accurately assess other people’s emotional states. Ekman’s research shows that this same emotional intelligence is essential for good lie detectors, too. The emotional state to watch out for is stress, the conflict most liars feel between the truth and what they actually say and do. D _ Even high-tech lie detectors don’t detect lies as such; they merely detect the physical cues af emotions, which may or may not correspond to what the person heing tested is saying. Polygraphs, for instance, measure respiration, heart rate and skin conductivity, which tend to increase when people are nervous-as they usually are when lying. Nervous people typically perspire, and the salts contained in perspiration conduct electricity. That's why a sudden leap in skin conductivity indicates nervousness—about getting caught, pethaps? — which might, in turn, suggest that someone is being economical with the truth. On the other hand, it might also mean that the lights in the :elevision studio are too hot-which is one reasun polygraph tests are inadt Je in court. “Good lie detectors don’t rely on a single sign,” Ekman says, “but interpret clusters of verbal and nonverbal clues that suggest someone might be lying.” E Those clues are written all over the face. Because the musculature of the face is directly connected to the areas of the brain that process emotion, the countenance can be awindow to the soul, Neurological studies ever suggest that genuine emotions travel different pathways through the brain than insincere ones. If a patient paralyzed by a stroke on one side of the face, for example, is asked to smile deliberately, only the mobile side of the mouth is raised. But tell that same person a funny joke, and the patient breaks into a full and spontaneous smile. Very few people-most notably, actors and politicians-are able to consciously control all of their facial expressions. Lies can often be caught when the liar’s true feelings briefly leak through the mask of deception, “We don’t think before we feel,” Ekman says. “Expressions tend to show up on the face before we're even conscious of experiencing an emotion.” F One of the most difficult facial expressions to fake—or conceal, ifit is genuinely felt is sadness. When someone is truly sad, the forehead wrinkles with grief and the inner corners of the eyebrows are pulled up. Fewer than 15% of the people Ekman tested were able to produce this eyebrow movement voluntarily. By contrast, the lowering of the eyebrows associated with an angry scowl can be replicated at will by almost everybody. “If someone claims they are sad and the inner comers of their eyebrows don’t go up,” Ekman says, “the sadness is probably false.” G __ Thesmile, on the other hand, is one of the easiest facial expressions to counterfeit. It takes just two muscles-the zygomaticus major muscles that extend from the cheekbones to the comers of the lips-to produce a grin. But there’s a catch. A genuine smile affects not only the corners of the lips but also the orbicularis oculi, the musele around the eye that produces the distinctive “crow’s-feet” associated with people who laugh a lot. A counterfeit grin can be unmasked if the lip corners go up, the eyes crinkle but the inner corners of the eyebrows are not lowered, a movement controlled by the orbicularis oculi that are difficult to fake. The absence of lowered eyebrows is one reason why false smiles look so strained and stiff.Questions 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the inZormation given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes = 5 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE, if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN _ if the information is not given in the passage 1 All living animals can lie 2. Some people tell lies for self-preservation. 3. The fact of lying is more important than detecting one. 4 Researchers are using equipment to study which part of the brain is responsible for telling lies, S Tu be a good liar, one has o understand oter peuple’s emotions. Questions 6-9 Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. Write your answer in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet. 6 How does a lie-detector work? Itanalyzes one’s verbal response to a question. It records the changes in one’s facial expression. Itillustrates the reasons about the emotional change when one is tested. It monitors several physical reactions in the person undergoing the test. vaeD> Why couldn't lie detectors be used in a court of law? because the nonverbal clues are misleading. because there could be other causes of a certain change in the equipment, because the lights are too hot. because the statistic data on the lie detectors are not accurate. unas The writer quotes from the paralyzed patieats to exemplify people’s response to true feelings. to show the pathways for patients to recover. to demonstrate the paralyzed patient's ability to smile to emphasize that the patient is in a state of stroke, one According to the passage, pol an express themselves clearly. are good at masking their em: are conscious of the surroundings. can think before acti vareeQuestions 10~ 13 Classify the following facial traits as referring to A Llappiness Bo Anger CC Sadness: Write the correct letter A, B or C in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. 10 Lines formed above eyebrows 11 Movement from muscle that orbits the eye 12. Eyebrows down 13 Inner comer of eyebrows raisedLie Detector . TRUE, 2. TRUE 3. FALSE NOT GIVEN SW TRUE, 6.D B 8A 9.B 1A 12.BREADING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Pa: L Health in the Wild Many animals seem able to treat their illnesses themselves. Humans may have a thing or ovo to learn from them. A ror the past decade Dr Engel, a lecturer in environmental setences at bsitain’s Upen University, has been collating examples of self-medicating behaviour in wild animals. She recently published a book on the subject. In a talk at the Edinburgh Science Festival earlier this month, she explained that the idea that animals can treat themselves has been regarded with some scepticism by her colleagues in the past, But a growing number of animal behaviourists now think that wild animals can and do deal with their own medical needs. B_ One example of self-medication was discovered in 1987. Michael Huffman and Mohamedi Seifu, working in the Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania, noticed that local chimpanzees suffering from intestinal worms would dose themselves with the pith of a plant called Veronia, This plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes. Its pith contains a strong enough concentration to kill gut parasites, but not so strong as to kill chimps (nor people, for that matter, locals use the pith for the same purpose). Given that the plant is known locally as “goat-killer”, however, it seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans. Some consume it indiscriminately and succumb. C Since the Veronia-eating chimps were discovered, more evidence has emerged suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional reasons, Many species, for example, consume dirt a behaviour known as geophagy. Historically, the preferred explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt. But geophagy occurs in areas where the earth is not a useful source of minerals, and also in places where minerals can be more easily obtained from certain plants that are known to be rich in them. Clearly, the animals must he getting something else out of eating earth. D The current belief is that soil—and particularly the clay in it—helps to detoxify the defensive poisons that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten, Evidence for the detoxifying nature of clay came in 1999, from an experiment carried ‘oul on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at the University of California, Davis. Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids, a group of chemicals that has some notoriously toxic ‘members, such as strychnine. In the wild, the dirds are frequently seen perched on eroding riverbanks eating clay. Dr Gilardi fed one group of macaws a mixture of harmless alkaloid and clay, and a second group just the alkaloid, Several hours later, the macaws that had eaten the clay had 60% less alkaloid in their bloodstreams than those that had not, suggesting that the hypothesis E Other observations also support the idea that clay is detoxifying. Towards the tropics, the amount of toxic compounds in plants increases-and so does the amount of earth eaten by holes all year round, except in Septemher when correct. herhivares. Flephants lick clay from mu they are bingeing on fruit which, because it hes evolved to be eaten, is not toxic, And theaddition of clay to the diets of domestic cattle increases the amount of nutrients that they ean absorb from their food by 10-20%. F A third instance of animal self-medication is the use of mechanical scours to get rid of {gut parasites, in 1972 Richard Wrangham, a researcher at the Gombe Stream Reserve in ‘Tanzania, noticed that chimpanzees were eating the leaves of a tree called Aspilia. The chimps chose the leaves carefully by testing them in their mouths. Having chosen a leaf, a chimp would fold it into a fan and swallow it, Some of the chimps were notived wiinkling, their noses as they swallowed these leaves, suggesting the experience was unpleasant. Later, undigested leaves were found on the forest floor. G Dr Wrangham rightly guessed that the leaves had a medicinal purpose—this was, indeed, one of the earliest interpretations of a behaviour pattern as self-medication, However, he guessed wrong about what the mechanism was. His (and everybody else’s) assumption was that Aspilia contained a drug, and this sparked more than two decades of phytochemical research to try to find out what chemical the chimps were after. But by the 1990s, chimps across Africa had been seen swallowing the leaves of 19 different species that seemed to have few suitable chemicals in common. The drug hypothe: dubious. looking more and more a H__Itwas Dr Huffman who got to the bottom of the problem. He did so by watching, what came out of the chimps, rather than concentrating on what went in, He found that the cegested leaves were full of intestinal worms. The factor common to all 19 species of leaves swallowed by the chimps was that they were covered with microscopic hooks. These caught the worms and dragged them from their lodgings. I Following that observation, Dr Engel is now particularly excited about how knowledge of the way that animals look after themselves could be used to improve the health of livestock. People might also be able to learn a thing or two, and may, indeed, already have done so. Geophagy, for example, is a common behaviour in many parts of the world. The medical stalls in African markets frequently sell tablets made of different sorts of clays, appropriate to different medical conditions, J Africans brought to the Americas as slaves continued this tradition, which gave their ‘owners one more excuse to affect to despise them. Yet, as Dr Engel points out, Rwandan mountain gorillas eat a type of clay rather similar to kaolinite — the main ingredient of many patent medicines sold over the counter in the West for digestive complaints. Dirt can sometimes be good for you, and to be “as sick as a parrot” may, after all, be a state to be desired.Questions 1-4 Do the following statements agree with the inZormation given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 1 Its for 10 years that Dr Engel has been working un animal self 2 In order to find plants for medication, animals usually need to walk a long distance. 3. Birds such as Macaw, are seen eating clay because it is a part of their natural diet. 4. According to Dr Engel, itis exciting that research into animal self-medication can be helpful in the invention of new painkillers. redivation, Questions 5-9 Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD fiom the passage. Write your answers in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet. Date Name Animal Food Mechanism Michael Contained Huffman chemicals 1987 and Chimpanzee of Veronia named 6, Mohamedi which can Seifu Kill parasites James ck Giron a ane 1999 Macaw (contain 7. ) ” his ee the poisonous colleagues uy contents in food Such leaves can Leaves with Richard . ves wi catch and expel 1972 Chimpanzee tiny 9. on Wrangham worms from surface intestinesQuestions 10-13 Complete the summary below using words from the box. Write your answers, A-H, in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. Though often doubted, the self-medicating behaviour of animals has been supported by an. increasing amount of evidence. One piece of evidence particularly deals. with 10.. ... 4 soil-consuming behaviour commonly found across animals species, because the earth, often clay, ean neutralize the 1 diet, Such behaviour can also be found among humans in Africa, where people market stalls as a kind of medication to their illuesses. ‘content of their purchase 1 Another example of this is found in chimps eating leaves of often 13.. but with no apparent medicinal value until its unique structure came into light. taste A mineral B plants C unpleasant D toxic E clay tablets F nutritional G geophagy H harmlessHealth in the Wild 1. TRUE 2. NOT GIVEN 3. FALSE 4. FALSE 5. pith 6. terpenes 7. alkaloids 8. detoxify 9. hooks. 10.G 1.D 12.E 13.CREADING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage H AMBERGRIS ‘A. Ambergris was used to perfume cosmetics in the days of ancient Mesopotamia and almost every civilization on the earth has a brush with ambergris. Before 1,0UU AD, the Chinese names ambergris as lung sien hiang, “dragon’s spittle perfume,” as they think that it was produced from the drooling of dragons sleeping on rocks at the edge of a sea, The Arabs knew ambergris as anbar, believing that itis produced from springs near seas. It also gets its name from here. For centuries, this substance has also been used as a flavouring for food. B. During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a remedy for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other ailments. In the 1851 whaling novel MobyDick, Herman Melville claimed that ambergris was “largely used in perfumery.” But nobody ever knew where it really came from. Experts were still guessing its origin thousands of years later, until the long ages of guesswork ended in the 1720's, when Nantucket whalers found gobs of the costly material inside the stomachs of sperm whales. Industrial whaling quickly burgeoned. By 20th century ambergtis is mainly recovered from inside the carcasses of sperm whales. C. Through countless ages, people have found pieces of ambergris on sandy beaches. It was named grey amber to distinguish it from golden amber, another rare treasure. Both of them were among the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable as gold. (Ambergris sells for roughly $20 a gram, slightly less than gold at $30 a gram.) Amber floats in salt water, and in old times the origin of both these substances was mysterious. But it turned out that amber and ambergris have little in common, Amber is a fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized as jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent, wholly-organie material derived from the resin of extinet species of trees, mainly pines Ambergris D. To the earliest Western chroniclers, ambergris was variously thought to come from the same bituminous sea founts as amber, from the sperm of fishes or whales, from the droppings of strange sea birds (probably because of confusion over the included beaks of squid) or from the large hives of bees living near the sea, Marco Polo was the first Western chronicler who correctly attributed ambergris to sperm whales and its vomit E. As sperm whales navigate in the oceans, they often dive down to 2 km or more below the sea level to prey on squid, most famor ambergris forms in the whale’s gut or intestines as the creature attempts to “deal” with squid beaks. Sperm whales are rather partial to squid, but seemingly struggle to digest the hard, ly the Giant Squid, It’s commonly accepted thatsharp, partot-like beaks. It is thought their stomach juices become hyper-active trying to process the irritants, and eventually hard, resinous lumps are formed around the beaks, and then expelled from their innards by vomiting. ‘When a whale initially vomits up ambergris, itis soft and has a terrible smell. Some marine biologists compare it to the unpleasant smell of cow dung. But after floating on the salty ocean for about a decade, the substance hardens with air and sun into a smooth, waxy, usually rounded piece of nostil heaven. The dung smell is gone, replaced by a sweet, smooth, musky and pleasant earthy aroma. Ambergris F. Since ambergris is derived from animals, naturally a question of ethics arises, and in the case of ambergris, it is very important to consider. Sperm whales are an endangered species, whose populations started to decline as far back as the 19th century due to the high demand for their highly emollient oil, and today their stocks still have not recovered. During the 1970s, the Save the Whales movement brought the plight of whales to international recognition, Many people now believe that whales are “saved”. This couldn’t be further from the truth All around the world, whaling still exists. Many countries continue to hunt whales, in spite of international treaties to protect them. Many marine researchers are concerned that even the ‘rade in naturally found ambergris can be harraful by creating further incentives to hunt whales for this valuable substance. G. One of the forms ambergris is used today is as @ valuable fixative in perfumes to enhance and prolong the scent. But nowadays, since arabergris is rare and expensive, and big fragrance suppliers that make most of the fragrances on the market today do not deal in it for reasons of cost, availability and murky legal issues, most perfumeries prefer to add a chemical derivative which mimies the properties of ambergris Asa fragrance consumer, you ean assume thar there is no natural ambergris in your perfume bottle, unless the company advertises this fact and unless you own vintage fragrances created before the 1980s. If you are wondering if you have been wearing a perfume with this legendary ingredient, you may want to review your scent collection. Here are a few of some of the top ambergris containing perfumes: Givenchy Amarige, Chanel No. 5, and Gueci Guilty.Questions 1-6 Classify the following information as referring to A. ambergris only B. amber only C. both ambergris and amber D. neither ambergris nor amber White the correct letter, A, B,C, ur D in buses 1-G.on your answer sheet. 1 being expensive 2 adds flavor to food 3 used as currency 4 being see-through 5 referred to by Herman Melville 6 produces sweet smell Questions 7-9 Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage Write your answers in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet. 7 Sperm whales can’t digest the of the squids. 8 Sperm whales drive the irritants out of their intestines by. 9 The vor smell. of sperm whale gradually. ‘on contact of air before having pleasant Questions 10-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 10 Most ambergris comes from the dead whales today. 11 Ambergris is becoming more expensive than before, 12 Ambergris is still the most frequently used ingredient in perfume production today. 13 New uses of ambergris have been discovered recently.AMBERGRIS LC 2A 3.D 4B SA 6A 7. beaks 8. vomiting 9. hardens 10. TRUE. 11. NOT GIVEN 12. FALSE, 13. NOT GIVEN,