TEST 3

PART 1 QUESTIONS 1-10

Complete the notes.

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Renting an apartment
Location
 in central Sydney

Description
 a 1............... apartment (for one or two people)
 approximately 34 square meters
 a shared 2...............
 on the fourteenth floor
 views of the 3...............
 outdoor area:a 4...............

Tenants have
 a 5...............no charge for residents)
 an indoor pool
 two 6............... (reduced charge for residents)
 underground 7...............
 easy access to transport in the area

Rent
 $8...............
 include 9............... per month

Other details
 available from 10...............August
PART 2 Questions 11 - 20

Questions 11 - 14

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

The McFaddin hiking and nature trail

11 All entry points along the trail

A provide secure parking facilities for cars.

B are within easy access from public roads.
C have a regular shuttle bus service.

12 Which facility at the trail rest stations has been added as a result of a user survey?

A electric recharge points

B picnic areas
C maps and other information

13 On the Red Rock Walk, hikers are easily able to

A see many different plants.

B enjoy spectacular scenic views.
C identify a wide range of birds.

14 What does the speaker say about the River Walk in wintertime?

A There are not many other walkers in the area.

B The area does not get much ice and snow.
C It may not be possible to use this section of the trail.
Questions 15 - 20

Which information is given about each of the following facilities at the Halfway Hostel?

Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-I, next to questions 15-20.

Information

A only at weekends
B voluntary donation expected
C not yet available
D help from guests requested
E provided free
F advance booking required
G new equipment
H available on first-come-first-served basis
I special rate for children

Facilities at the hostel

15 dormitory beds .…………

16 Family rooms .…………
17 clothes washing .…………
18 meals .…………
19 hot showers .…………
20 bicycle rental .…………
PART 3 Questions 21 – 30
Questions 21 – 25
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Climate change and allergies

21 Why is Beth unconvinced that allergies are linked to vitamin D deficiency?
A because people’s diets have improved since the 1950s
B because most people get enough vitamin D
C because the evidence only applies in Britain
22 Eliot explains that rising CO₂ levels
A will mean distribution of pollen over a wider area.
B are having less impact on pollen than milder winters.
C are responsible for higher quantities of pollen.
23 What does Beth say about seasonal changes?
A There is no clear short-term trend for the arrival of spring.
B In general, spring is likely to continue arriving early.
C Springs are becoming milder and longer.
24 What point is made about the plant ragweed?
A It is spreading to more countries.
B It is the most widespread cause of allergies globally.
C It causes the most severe type of allergy.
25 Why is tree pollen a more serious problem in cities?
A Trees produce more pollen there.
B There is less to absorb the tree pollen.
C There is not enough control over tree-planting.
Questions 26 – 30
What comment is made about the seasonal changes in pollen in each of the following
European countries?
Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 26-
30.

Seasonal changes in pollen

A greatest change recorded for oak pollen

B changes identified for two pollen types only
C a longer season for grass pollen
D earlier start dates for all pollen types
E significant change in start date of birch pollen
F little difference in start dates
G information only available for birch pollen

European countries
26 Austria …….
27 France …….
28 The Netherlands …….
29 Switzerland …….
30 UK …….
PART 4 Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Gastropods (snails and slugs)

Evolution
• minerals in the bodies of gastropods are like those in the 31 …………….
• fossils date back 500 million years

Physical features
• single, muscular foot
• radula (used for feeding)
• shell (snails only)
- size: British shells range from 1.5-50 mm
- form most shells coil to the 32 …………….
- some shells have ribs. spines or 33 …………….
- they have various colours and patterns

Feeding habits
• mainly feed on rotting plants, fungi or algae
• some eat live animals, e.g. shield slugs eat 34 ……………..

Predators
• birds, frogs, flies
• humans – snails were probably introduced to Britain as food in the 35 ……………
• many gastropods have particular types of 36 …………… , e.g. glutinous snail
makes itself slippery

Habitats
• gastropods prefer dampness and shade
• 37 ……………. conditions are worst
• biggest variety is found in old, natural habitats, e.g. 38 …………….. and
meadowland
• highly specialised species live in unusual habitats, e.g. blind snail lives entirely
below the 39 ………………
• good indicators of the quality of the 40 ……………….
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3

A Brief Introduction to Pepper

Pepper, the spice, comes from the berries of a plant that is a woody climbing vine. In the
botanical world, pepper belongs to a genus of plants called Piper. This genus was
created in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist whose system for classifying
plants is still in use today. He placed seventeen species in the piper genus and probably
used the ancient Greek name for black pepper, Peperi, as the basis for the group.

Pepper isn't a fast-maturing plant. It takes several years for the branching woody vines
to mature, and during their growth the vines can reach up to thirty feet. The pepper
berries- which grow in clusters and dangle from the vines-are picked by hand when they
are ready for harvesting, which usually begins two or three years after the vine is first
planted. Black pepper is picked when the berries are still green, while white pepper is
picked later, when the berries have turned from green to red. Preparing the berries for
sale involves a lengthy process of drying, cleaning and sorting. Once the berries have
been dried, they are then referred to as peppercorns, and these are what are used in
food preparation around the world.

The pepper plant loves the warm, humid, rainy tropics, in a narrow band around the
equator. Pepper also requires well-drained soils, and its preferred habitat is forests.

Unshaded plants which are exposed too long to the sun will not yield many berries. The
colourful mixes of whole peppercorns seen in many markets today contain green and
black peppercorns. Although there are pink peppercorns, the ripest berries, these are
more fragile and are therefore more costly than other kinds. This is why there are few of
them in a peppercorn mix.

No one knows when the first human bit into a peppercorn and decided it would taste
good on a piece of meat or in a vegetable stew, but in the West it was the ancient
Romans who apparently first made pepper an essential part of their meals. Food was
only part of the reason for pepper's popularity; health played an equally important role.

In the Roman Empire, pepper was employed to relieve the pain that was a common
consequence of numerous medical conditions and complaints. If you showed signs of
a fever, it was common practice to be given a liquid that had some pepper in it.

The Romans were not the first to embrace pepper as a medicine. Belief in the spice's
considerable usefulness is reflected in India's ancient Ayurvedic system of medicine,
which is more than three thousand years old. In Sanskrit (a language of ancient India),
black pepper is known as maricha or marica, meaning an ability to get rid of poison,
which suggests it was used in patients for this purpose. Pepper was also believed by the
Indians to have other qualities as well. For example, physicians would frequently apply
pepper-based lotions to reduce the effects of decay in teeth, which made it an extremely
popular remedy.
In the Middle Ages (5th-15th centuries) black peppers renown made it a must-have item
for the European wealthy, who loved the spice. At that time, pepper was guarded by
servants in royal households and kept in the private wardrobes of the rich. It was
considered a privilege to cook with pepper and many of the recipes from the period
called for substantial quantities of pepper, which might be considered very unappetising
today. But for most people, pepper was too expensive. In the year 1439, a pound of
pepper was roughly equal to more than two days' pay in England. Meanwhile, pepper
could be exchanged for gold, and also became a form of payment for peoples work. In
some of the larger cities, it was even possible to use pepper as rent in some kinds of
accommodation. Employees in the pepper industry were not allowed to have pockets in
their jackets or trousers so that this valuable commodity would not be stolen.

The huge demand for pepper and the money it could bring encouraged people to risk
adventure on foreign oceans and in foreign lands, and it is within this context that the
story of pepper really begins.
Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1

In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Carl Linnaeus method for categorising plants has been replaced by a better
one.

2 The ancient Greeks originally took the word for pepper from another language.

3 Machines are used to harvest pepper berries.

4 Pepper berries are riper than black pepper berries when they are picked.

5 Pepper vines need a lot of sunlight to produce a large harvest of berries.

6 Pink peppercorns are more expensive to buy than other varieties.

Questions 7-13 Complete the notes

below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

The Many Uses of Pepper

Ancient Rome

• the Romans used pepper to reduce 7........................caused by many health

issues
• 8 ....................... containing pepper was used as medicine to bring down high
temperatures

India

• pepper has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years

• pepper was thought to be able to extract 9 ......................... from people, as
indicated by its name in Sanskrit.
• pepper was used to treat problems with peoples 10 .........................

Uses in Europe in the Middle Ages

• ......................................................................................................... in wealthy
households, pepper was stored in 11 ...............................................
• ............................. 12 written at that time required large amounts of pepper
• rent could be paid in the form of pepper in city areas
• people who worked with pepper had to wear clothes without 13 .............
to discourage theft
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7

Australian parrots
and their adaptation to habitat change

A Parrots are found across the tropic and in all southern hemisphere continents except
Antarctica, but nowhere, do the display such a richness of diversity and form as in
Australia. One-sixth of the world's 345 parrot species are found there, and Australia has
long been renowned for the number and variety of its parrots.

B In the 16th century, the German cartographer Mercator made a world map that
included a place, somewhere near present-day Australia, that he named Terra
Psittacorum - the Land of Parrots - and the first European settles in Australia often
referred to the country as Parrot Land. In 1865, the celebrated British naturalist and
wildlife artist John Gould said: "No group of birds gives Australia so tropical and benign
an air as the numerous species of this great family by which it is tenanted.

C Parrots are descendants of an ancient line. Due to their great diversity, and since
most species inhabit Africa, Australia and South America, it seems almost certain that
parrots originated millions of years ago on the ancient southern continent of Gondwana,
before it broke up into the separate southern hemisphere continents we know today.
Much of Gondwana comprised vast rainforests intersected by huge slow-flowing rivers
and expansive lakes, but by eight million years ago, great changes were underway. The
centre of the continent of Australia had begun to dry out, and the rainforests that once
covered it gradually contracted to the continental margins, where, to a limited extent,
they still exist today.

D The creatures that remained in those shrinking rainforests had to adapt to the drier
conditions or face extinction. Reacting to these desperate circumstances, the parrot
family, typically found in jungles in other parts of the world, has populated some of
Australia's harshest environments. The parrots spread from ancestral forests through
eucalypt woodlands to colonies the central deserts of Australia, and as a consequence
they diversified into a wide range of species with adaptations that reflect the many
changes animals and plants had to make to survive in these areas.

E These evolutionary pressures helped mould keratin, the substance from which breaks
are made into a range of tools capable of gathering the new food types favored by
various species of parrot. The size of a parrot's short, blunt beak and the length of that
beak's do curved upper section are related to the type of food each species eats. Some
have comparatively long beaks that are perfect for extracting seeds from fruit; others
have broader and stronger beaks that are designed for cracking hard seeds.
F Differently shaped beaks ate not the only adaptations that have been made during the
developing relationship between parrots and their food plants. Like all of Australia's
many honey-eating birds, the rainbow-coloured lorikeets and the flowers on which they
feed have long co-evolved with features such as the shape and colour of the flowers
adapted to the bird's particular needs, and physical a example, red is the most attractive
colour to birds, and thus flowers which depend on birds for pollination are more often
red, and lorikeets' to gues have bristles which help them to collect as much pollen as
possible.

G Today, most of Australia's parrots inhabit woodland and open forest, arid their
numbers decline towards both deserts and wetter areas. The majority are nomadic to
some degree, moving around to take advantage of feeding and breeding places.
Two of the dry country parrots, the pink and grey galah and the pink, white and yellow
corella have expanded their ranges in recent years. They are among the species that
have adapted well to the changes brought about by European settlement forest telling
created grasslands where galahs and corellas thrive.

H But other parrot species did not fare so well when their environments were altered.
The clearing of large areas of rainforest is probable responsible for the disappearance
of the double-eyed fig parrot, and numbers of ground parrots declined when a great part
of their habitat was destroyed by the draining of coastal swamps. Even some parrot
species that benefited from forest clearing at first are now comforted by a shortage of
nesting sites due to further man-made changes.

I New conditions also sometimes favour an incoming species over one that originally
inhabited the area. For example, after farmers cleared large areas of forest on
Kangaroo Island off the coast of South Australia, the island was colonised by galahs.
They were soon going down holes and destroying black cockatoo eggs in order to take
the hole for their own use. Their success precipitated a partial collapse in the black
cockatoo population when the later lost the struggle for scarce nesting hollows.

J There may be no final answer to ensuring an equitable balance between parrot

species. Nest box programmers help ease the shortage of nesting sites in some places,
but there are not enough, they are expensive and they are not an adequate substitute
by large, old trees, such as the habitat they represent and nectar, pollen and seeds they
provide. Competition between parrots for nest sites is a result of the changes we
humans have made to the Earth. We are the most widespread and dangerous
competitors that parrots have ever had to face, but we also have the knowledge and
skill to maintain the wonderfully rich diversity of Australia's parrots. All we need is the
wild to do so.
Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has ten paragraphs A-J Which

paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-J in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet

14 An example of how one parrot species may survive at the expense of another

15 A description of how plants may adapt to attract birds

16 Example of two parrot species which benefited from changes to the environment

17 How the varied Australian landscape resulted in a great variety of parrot species

18 A reason why most parrot species are native to the southern hemisphere

19 An example of a parrot species which did not survive changes to its habitat

Questions 20 - 22

Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D

Write the correct letter in boxes 22-22 on your answer sheet

20 The writer believes that most parrot species
A Move from Africa and South America to Australia B Had
ancestors in either Africa, Australia or South America
C Had ancestors in a continent which later split up
D Came from a continent now covered by water

21 What does the Writer say about parrot's beak?

A They are longer than those of other birds
B They are made of a unique material
C They are used more efficiently than those of other species
D They are specially adapted to suit the diet

22 Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the writer as a disadvantage of

nesting boxes?
A They cost too much
B They need to be maintained
C They provide only shelter, not food D
They are too few of them
Questions 23 - 26 Complete the summary below
Choose NO MORE THANH TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for
each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 23 -26 on your answer sheet

Parrots in Australia

There are 345 varieties of parrot in existence and, of these, 23 ....................... live in

Australia. As early as the 24 ...................... , the mapmaker 25 ....................

recognized that parrots lived in that part of the world. 26 ........................ , the famous

painter of animals and birds, commented on the size and beauty of the Australian

parrot family.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage on pages 10 and 11.

Insect-inspired robots
A recent conference reports on developments in biorobotics

A A tiny insect navigates its way across how reliable they are as navigational
featureless salt-pans. A cockroach aids. The landmarks are then scaled,
successfully works out how to scramble from small to large, so that the robot can
over an obstacle. The mantis shrimp recognise whether it is getting closer to
scans its aquatic world through or further away from them. Their location
hyperspectral eyes. Using the most is built into a map in its 'mind', which
basic of equipment and brains tinier than operates at different scales and instructs
a pinhead, insects constantly solve the robot whether to turn left or right at a
complex problems of movement, vision particular mark. The technology provides
and navigation - processing data that a general way for a machine to navigate
would challenge a supercomputer. How an unknown landscape.
they do it is driving one of the most
exciting new fields of technology - C For three decades, Professor
biomimetics and biorobotics, the Ruediger Wehner has journeyed from
imitation of insect systems to control Switzerland to the Sahara desert where
man-made machines. Delegates at a Cataglyphis, a tiny ant with a brain
recent conference presented some weighing just 0.1 mg, performs acts of
outcomes of their work in this area. navigational genius when it leaves its
nest, forages for food and returns
B Dr Alex Zelinsky suggested that the successfully. Cataglyphis uses polarised
method by which wasps use landmarks light, caused when air molecules scatter
to find their way back to the nest may light, to orient and steer itself. Wehner's
one day be part of a system for team found the ant has a set of
navigating cars tha t'know' where to go. specialised photoreceptors along the
A research team led by Dr Zelinsky has upper rim of its eyes that detect
shown that a robot can navigate its way polarised light, while other receptors
among 50 different landmarks by perform different navigational tasks. As
recognising them individually using a the sun moves, the ant notes its
panoramic camera. 'The inspiration direction each time it leaves the nest and
came from biology, where wasps use a updates its internal compass. Using
practice called "turn back and look" to other eye receptors it stores a 'snapshot'
orient themselves as they emerge from image of landmarks close to the nest
the nest. By flying to and fro, they lock in entrance in its eyes and compares this
images of the nest from different angles with what it sees as it returns. The ant
and perspectives, so they can recognise also has a way of measuring distance
it again,' he explained. The robot's travelled, while a "path integrator'
panoramic camera logs the surrounding periodically informs the ant of its current
area and its key landmarks, which are position relative to its point of departure.
then sorted in its computer according to Rather than integrate all the information
it receives in its brain, the ant actually without having to consult the brain.
performs a number of complex Quinn and Ritzmann are drawing on
calculations in different organs. Like a cockroach skills to create robotic walkers
supercomputer, the ant has many and control strategies that capture the
separate subroutines going on remarkable capacity of these insects to
simultaneously. Using the ant's ability to traverse complex terrain and navigate
steer by polarised light and to store and safely toward goals while avoiding
reuse landscape images, Wehner and obstacles. The team has already
colleagues have built 'Sahabot', a small designed a series of robots that run on
vehicle that uses polarisers and a digital six legs or on whegs, enabling them to
CCD camera to store 360° images of its handle surprisingly rugged terrain.
surroundings. It navigates by using
polarised sunlight and comparing the F International experts believe there are
current images of landmarks to the ones tremendous opportunities in biorobotics.
in its memory. However, delegates at the conference
had differing visions for the future of the
D Professor Robert Michelson had a science. While some were concerned
different desert challenge - to design a that the initial applications of biorobotics
flying robot that can not only navigate may be military, others, such as Dr
but also stay aloft and hover in the thin Barbara Webb, predicted swarms of tiny,
atmosphere of Mars. Drawing inspiration cheap, insect-like robots as society's
from insect flight, he has gone beyond cleaners and collectors. Sonja Kleinlogel
nature to devise a completely new hoped the study of the hyperspectral
concept for a flying machine. The eyes of the mantis shrimp might yield
'Entomopter' is a sort of double-ended remote sensors that keep watch over the
dragonfly whose wings beat reciprocally. environmental health of our oceans.
Michelson says that the flapping-wing Several delegates were concerned
design gives the craft unusually high lift about the ethical implications of
compared with a fixed-wing flyer, biorobotics, and urged that close
enabling it to fly slowly or hover in the attention be paid to this as the science
thin Martian air - whereas a fixed-wing and technologies develop.
craft would have to move at more than
400 km/h and could not stop to explore.

E Engineer Roger Quinn and

entomologist Professor Roy Ritzmann
are taking their inspiration from
cockroaches. According to Quinn and
Ritzmann, the ability of cockroaches to
run very fast over rough terrain may one
day give rise to a completely new all-
terrain vehicle with six legs, or maybe
even wheel-like legs called 'whegs'. The
key to the cockroach's remarkable cross-
country performance lies partly in the
fact that its legs do a lot of the 'thinking'
Questions 27 - 32

Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

27 positive and negative possibilities for the use of insect-inspired robots

28 how perceived size is used as an aid to navigation

29 an example of decision-making taking place in the limbs

30 a description of a potential aid in space exploration

31 the range of skills that have inspired biorobotics

32 how a variety of navigational methods operate at the same time

Questions 33 - 36 Answer the

questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write

your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

33 Which creature sees particularly well under water?

34 In addition to a computer, what technical equipment is fitted in Dr Zelinsky's
robot?

35 Where is the Cataglyphis ant found?

36 What atmospheric effect helps the Cataglyphis ant to know its direction?
Questions 37 - 40

Look at the following people (Questions 37-40) and the list of robots below.

Match each person or people with the correct robot, A-G.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37 Dr Alex Zelinsky
38 Professor Ruediger Wehner
39 Professor Robert Michelson
40 Roger Quinn and Professor Roy Ritzmann

List of Robots
A a robot that
makes use of light as well as stored images for navigational

purposes
B a robot that can contribute to environmental health
can move over difficult surfaces
c a robot that
D a robot that categories information from the environment according to its

usefulness
E a robot that can be used to clean surfaces and collect rubbish
has improved on the ability of the insect on which it is based
F a robot that
can replace soldiers in war
G a robot that
TEST 4

SECTION 1 Question 1-10

Question 1-7
Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Holiday on Jackson Island

Place Anna's Things Anna did Anna's recommendation

accommodation
Camford Example with went shopping in the need to take 1…………….
..cousin… market
Newtown bus tour visit the 2…………….
Golden Beach in a 3……………. 4……………. Stay for at least
5…………….
6……………. in a motel went 7 book some lessons in
advance

Questions 8 - 10

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

More Advice

• Try the 8……………. at the cafe on the mountain.

• Hire a 9 …………….

• Buy a 10 …………….before the holiday

SECTION 2 Questions11-20

Questions 11 and 12

Choose TWO letters, A-E

Which TWO kinds of people are the scholarships intended for?

A people working as temporary staff

B people with management experience
C people straight from college
D people with at least three years' experience
E people with or without qualifications

Questions 13 and 14

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO things does Marie say about the hospitality industry in Scotland?

A It mainly attracts UK tourists

B It pays high wages.
C It is very important for the Scottish economy
D It is highly regarded by visitors.
E It is attracting a lot of investment
Questions 15-20

Choose the correct letter, A,B or C.

15 Why did Marie start working at the Rock Hotel?

A It was the only job available

B She needed a job with flexible working hours.
C She wanted a job working with people.

16 What did the scholarship application process involve?

A giving a presentation
B writing a report about the Rock Hotel
C researching the role of hotel manager

17 What does Marie say about the other winners she met?

A They were not as old as she expected

B They were doing a variety of jobs in the hotel sector
C Most of them had applied for scholarships before

18 Marie says that at the Florida Beach Hotel, every member of staff

A takes part in annual customer service training sessions

B is responsible for providing an efficient service
C is expected to interact with visitors.

19 What did Marie find out about people's attitude to visiting Scotland?

A Most people would be interested in visiting it

B People knew a surprising amount about it
C People only wanted to see a limited number of places

20 What improvement has Marie introduced at the Rock Hotel?

A getting better feedback from customers

B providing more information for customers
C making contact with more customers
SECTION 3 Question 21-30

Question 21-26

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Farmers’ attitudes to new developments in agriculture

21 What does Dr Owen advise Joel to include in the title of his project?
A the location of the farms
B the number of farmers
C the types of farming

22 Why has Joel decided to do face-to-face interviews?

A to see the farmers’ workplaces
B to limit the time he spends on the project
C to get fuller answers

23 Joel agrees to investigate how farmers get information on new developments

A by showing them a series of pictures.
B by asking them open questions.
C by sending them a checklist in advance.

24 Concerning government communication with farmers, the speakers agree that

A much of it is irrelevant.
B it is often insufficient for farmers’ needs.
C the wording is sometimes unclear.

25 According to Joel’s reading about the cost of making changes, many British
farmers
A leave investment decisions to their accountants.
B have too little time to calculate the costs of new methods.
C are reluctant to spend money on improvements.

26 A survey of Australian sheep farmers found that most of them

A are usually reluctant to make changes.
B make changes based on limited research.
C want plenty of evidence before they make changes.
Questions 27-30

What opinion is expressed about each of the following books?

Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to
questions 27-30.

Opinions
A It’s badly organised.
B It’s out of date.
C It’s clear.
D It’s essential reading.
E It’s inaccurate.
F It’s well illustrated.
G It’s boring

Books

Contemporary Farming Manual ………….

Running a Small Farm ………….

Agriculture and Economics ………….

How to Survive in Farming ………….

SECTION 4 Questions 31-40

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Aboriginal Textile Design

Ernabella Arts Centre

• Artists produce craft and learn new techniques
• Initially, artists produced rugs made from 31…………………..
• Late artists made batik and screen-printed fabrics

Tiwi Designs
• Early designs included 32………………….. images
• Designs are linked to traditional beliefs, e.g. some designs are believed to bring
33………………….

Jimmy Pike
• Inspired by the Australian landscape, especially the 34…………………………
• Started creating art when he was in 35…………………………….
• His textiles were used to make 36……………………

Bronwyn Bancroft
• Her work is a modern look at 37………………. Nature
• 1995 – painted a successful Aboriginal athlete’s jeans with lizards and a
38…………………………
• 2001 – designed a ‘Journey of Nation’ parade outfit with part of a
39…………….
on it

Copyright issues
• Exploiting Aboriginal imagery affects the artists and the cultural group,
e.g. ‘The 40……………….. Case’
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3.

Coffee then and now

Coffee originated around the Red Sea, most probably in Africa, and there are records of
coffee cultivation in Yemen as early as the 6th century. By the 13th century, the growing,
roasting and grinding of coffee to make a strong-flavoured infusion was widespread
throughout the Arab world. News of the drink was bought to Europe by traders, but people
there were at first wary of the new drink. However, Pope Clement the Eighth gave the
drink his seal of approval after trying a cup for himself, and the trend quickly caught on.
The 17th century saw the spread of coffee drinking throughout Europe. Coffee houses
opened in Vienna, Pahs and London, and they soon became the favourite meeting places
of politicians, and were also known to attract artists of all kinds. By the 18th century,
coffee production was well established in Java in Indonesia and also throughout the
Caribbean. Coffee drinking continued to grow in popularity; one of the repercussions of
the famous Boston Tea Party of 1773 was that the USA adopted coffee as its national
beverage. Today, coffee is drunk around the world, though each nation has its own ways
of preparing and serving it.
Coffee is now grown in more than 50 countries, although production is not at all
straightforward. Because it is vulnerable to frost, coffee can only be grown successfully
between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. In addition, crop maintenance is labour
intensive. The plants require constant care and attention, and in most areas the picking is
carried out by hand.
The ripe berry-like fruits which are harvested are called ‘cherries’. These ripen over a
period of six to eight months and turn a deep red when ripe, which explains their name.
Inside there are two green beans that have to be separated from the pulp and the skin,
and dried. This process is known as curing, and it can be done by one of two methods.
For the traditional ‘dry method’ of curing, the cherries are laid out in the sun until
completely dry, and then the dried skins and pulp are removed from the beans. The ‘wet
method’ is a more recent development and it is employed for high-quality hand-picked
cherries. The outer, fleshy layer is removed, then the cherries are soaked and fermented,
followed by washing and drying. Finally, the skins are removed by a machine, revealing
the green beans.
In both cases, the green beans are sorted, graded and packed for export. Roasting tends
to be done in the country of import. The roasting process is necessary to reduce the
acidity of the beans and to develop the aromatic oils, which give the coffee its aroma and
flavour. Finally, grinding exposes a larger surface area to the water, ensuring optimum
contact between the ground beans and the water, resulting in a more satisfying cup of
coffee.
The flavour, character and quality of coffee varies tremendouslv - not only between
countries, but also between estates within the same country. The soil, altitude and climate
are all factors that contribute to the character of the bean, thereby affecting the final taste.
There are four varieties of coffee plant, but only two are sold on any commercial scale.
The most important of these is coffee arabica, which grows on steep mountain slopes at
high altitudes. The arabica bean produces coffee that is rich, aromatic and full of flavor,
and it accounts for 70% of world coffee production. Coffee experts agree that the arabica
bean is far superior in flavour to other types. The other main variety, coffee canephora,
produces the coffee bean known as robusta. Grown on the lower slopes, where cultivation
is easier, robusta beans have a higher caffeine content than arabica beans, and a
rougher, almost earthy flavour that lacks delicacy and subtlety. It costs about half the price
of arabica and is used in the cheaper blends of both fresh and instant coffee.
There are three types of instant coffee. The cheapest is made from robusta beans that
have been brewed into a concentrate. This is sprayed into a stream of hot air that instantly
evaporates all moisture, leaving a fine powder. Some of the spray-dried powders undergo
further heating to produce granular coffees; the better ones include some arabica beans.
The best instant coffees are freeze-dried. For these, an arabica coffee concentrate is
frozen and processed in a vacuum to produce crisp, dry particles of coffee.
Caffeine is a stimulant that is present in coffee. It makes the nervous system more active,
which is usually the desired effect. However, it can cause sleeplessness and therefore
some consumers prefer to buy coffee without caffeine. Decaffeinated coffee is available in
all the regular coffee forms: whole beans, ground or instant. Caffeine is removed by
soaking the beans in water, or by the use of solvents or carbon dioxide. The latter is
thought to be the best method as it does not affect the flavour and there is no residue. To
qualify as decaffeinated, coffee must contain less than 0.9% caffeine.
Questions 1 - 6
Do the following statements agree with the information give in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1 -6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Ripe coffee fruits are called cherries because of their colour.
2 The modern ‘wet method’ of curing is more efficient than the old ‘dry method’.
3 Green beans are usually roasted before being exported.
4 The roasting process improves both the smell and the taste of coffee.
5 Arabica coffee is harder to grow than robusta coffee.
6 The best instant coffee is a mix of arabica and robusta coffee.
Questions 7 - 1 3 Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
The history of coffee
• coffee originally came from the area around the Red Sea
• early 7 ...................... suggest that coffee was grown in Yemen
• Europeans first heard about coffee from 8 .......................
• coffee drinking became a 9 ...................... in Europe only after Pope Clement VIII
drank some of it
• people such as painters and 10 ..................... began to get together in cafes in
major European cities
• today coffee is grown only in tropical regions to avoid damage caused
by 11 ..................
• in coffee cultivation, the 12 ....................... is generally done manually

Decaffeinated coffee
• most people like the fact that coffee contains a stimulant, but this leads to
problems for others
• using carbon dioxide is the ideal way of removing caffeine because it maintains
the 13 ................... of the coffee
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7

Preserving Antarctic History

Protecting early buildings in Antarctica
A Few people conjuring up the 'most comfortable dwelling place imaginable are likely to
picture a wooden shelter on an island off the coldest continent on Earth. But that's how
Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott described the hut at Cape Evans on Ross Island
that was the base for his 1910-13 expedition.
The hut is nested below a small hill on a long stretch of black sand. In 2011, it looked like
a building site, but now, seals lie on the ice in front of the newly restored structure and sun
reflects off the cliffs of the nearby glacier.

B The New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust (NZAHT) and its team of conservation
workers recently announced the completion of 10 years of intensive work to save three
historic buildings on Ross Island. As well as the hut at Cape Evans, it has worked on the
Discovery Hut from Scott's 1901-04 expedition at Hut Point, and the hut at Cape Royds,
built for Ernest Shackleton's 1907-09 expedition. When work began, many of the artefacts
were temporarily removed while carpenters from the team of conservation workers
repaired the walls, floors and roof. In Scott's 'zone of command' was the table where team
member Edward Wilson made his enduring biological and botanical illustrations. In a dark
corner nearby, Edward Atkinson had once incubated his moulds and parasites. Of
particular interest is the small workbench and array of test tubes, sample jars and Bunsen
burner stands of biologist Edward Nelson, lit by sunshine through a dusty window. This
was where the young scientist preserved marine specimens as part of his search for new
species and an understanding of the Antarctic food chain.

C The NZAHT executive director Nigel Watson describes the three restored huts as
'fantastic remnants of humans first contact with the continent'. The idea for the birth of the
conservation project, he says, was the fact that we were in great danger of losing them'.
When the on-site work began in 2004, snow and ice were building up around, under and
sometimes inside the huts, damaging the structures and threatening their contents. 'We
now have three buildings that are structurally sound and watertight with a very different
feel - they are drier and lighter and the humidity is reduced. It's a much better environment
for the collection.

D As well as heritage carpenters, the NZAHT team on Ross Island has included experts in
textile, paper and metal conservation: in total, 62 experts from 11 countries have visited
Antarctica to work on the project, often spending a whole summer on-site, sleeping in
tents and popping 25km back to Scott Base for the occasional shower. It became known
as the most exciting conservation project in the world,' says Watson,
'so it attracted top heritage conservation talent.'
E Some of the most exciting discoveries were three intact crates of Mackinlay's Rare Old
Highland Mait Whisky' found encased in ice beneath Shackleton's hut, a paper notebook
that belonged to surgeon, zoologist and photographer George Murray Levick found buried
in dirt at Cape Evans and a small box of 22 cellulose nitrate negatives waiting to be
developed into photographs found in Herbert Ponting's darkroom. But most of the 18,202
items catalogued and conserved are more mundane: food, tools, clothing and other
personal items that were not precious enough to be taken home on the return voyages.

F The NZAHT team's conservation treatments involved thorough cleaning, followed by

chemical treatment to help slow, or even reverse, the deterioration. Metal items would go
through corrosion removal, followed by a chemical stabilisation treatment, then application
of an oxygen and moisture barrier to prevent further corrosion. Treatment of paper items
often involved washing to remove harmful acids and salts and to help reinforce the fibres
so that in some cases the paper was even stronger than before.

G As a result of the project, the NZAHT has become the world leader in cold- climate
heritage conservation and its members have been interviewed for numerous television
documentaries and radio reports. The Ross Island huts are the jewels in the crown', says
Watson, but there are other historic buildings needing attention. With logistics support
from Antarctica New Zealand, programme managers Al Fastier and Lizzie Meek will be
part of a small team heading to Cape Adare, an exposed site more than 700km north of
Scott Base. The two Cape Adare huts, remnants of an 1898 - 1900 British expedition, 'are
not only the first buildings on the continent', says Watson, but also the only example of
humanity's first buildings on any continent on Earth'

H The three-year restoration effort will involve construction repairs and the removal,
conservation and return of about 1100 objects. Compared with the hut sites on Ross
Island, which are relatively sheltered, Cape Adare is a very remote and challenging place
to work in', says Watson. It's set among the world's biggest colony of Adélie penguins on
an exposed spit of land, and it is important that they don't interrupt the functioning of the
colony in any way while they are there. Lizzie Meek looks forward to the challenge. But I'm
also looking forward to going back to the Ross Island huts and seeing them with fresh
eyes. After so many years of working on them, to be able to step inside and look around to
see what we have accomplished will be amazing.'

I If you can find your way to Antarctica, you'll need a permit to visit any of these huts,
which are each in an Antarctic Specially Protected Area. But there's an easier way to see
them without making the long journey: the trust has partnered with Google to offer Street
View walkthroughs of each of the dwellings, available via Google Earth or through the
NZAHT's website.
Questions 14- 19
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-l.
Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-l, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

14 a reason the early explorers left some objects behind

15 an explanation of how to see the huts without travelling to Antarctica

16 reference to the fact that Robert Falcon Scott enjoyed the time he spent living in the
hut

17 reference to how the Ross island project has received attention from the media

18 the reason the trust decided to begin conservation work at Ross Island

19 a description of the process for preserving paper

Questions 20 and 21

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO research activities were carried out by Scott's expedition team?
A collecting samples of sea life
B monitoring penguin behaviour
C studying the effects of cold on the humanbody
D keeping a record of Antarctic weather patterns
E drawing pictures of plants and animals

Questions 22 and 23

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO statements are true about the conservation workers on Ross Island?

A They lived in Scott's huts while carrying out the work.

B They were in Antarctica for months at a time.
C They had previously worked together in New Zealand.
D They restored the contents as well as the buildings themselves.
E They had no access to showers at all.
Questions 24 - 26 Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

Cape Adare
Cape Adare is located several hundred kilometres north of Scott's hut. The huts on
Cape Adare are not as 24 ...................... as those on Ross Island and the workers
have to be careful not to disturb the group of 25........................ living nearby. Visitors to
Antarctica must have a 26 ...................... to see the restored huts.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11.

WHALE CULTURE
A. Most social scientists stubbornly resist the idea that animals have culture. Even
such advanced cetacean mammals as whales and dolphins clearly don’t have art,
literature, or architecture. But patient observation over many years has begun to
reveal behaviours that can only have been learnt from other whales. And that, say
whale biologists, constitutes culture.
B. So far, humpback and killer whales provide the best evidence of culture in
cetaceans, and the song of the male humpback is among the most striking
examples. Humpback populations in different oceans sing different songs, but
within the some mean they all stick to the same one. However, during the
breeding season the sounds change, as it appears that females are drawn to
novel songs. One male might add an extra set of groans; another might drop a
series of grunts. Soon all the other males have altered their own rendition to
incorporate the changes until they are once again singing the same song. Since
this occurs among thousands of whales spread across a vast part of the planet,
the change cannot be in response to any factor in the animals’ environment.
The latest version of the song can be learnt only from other whales - almost
certainly by imitation.
c. Culture plays an even bigger part in the life of killer whales. Nowhere is this more
obvious than along the north-west coast of America, where killer whales are split
into two distinct populations - ‘residents’ and ‘transients’. They live in the same
stretch of water, but they don’t mingle. In effect, they belong to two quite separate
cultures. Residents live in stable groups, or ‘pods’, made up of two or three
mothers and their offspring - perhaps 20 whales in all. Calves stay with their
mothers throughout adulthood, and in many years of observation no one has ever
seen a whale switch pods. Transients travel in smaller, more changeable groups
of between three and six.
D. One of the most obvious distinctions between the transient and resident societies
is the way they impart information. Killer whales detect prey with a range of echo-
locating clicks, but converse with a vocabulary of squeaks, whistles and whines.
Transients have only a few such calls, and all transient societies share the same
ones. Residents have a much more extensive repertoire, and each family group
has its own unique and distinctive set of calls. Despite regular interaction between
them, each resident pod sticks firmly to its own dialect. Research shows these
dialects are maintained for at least 40 years.
E. To qualify as part of killer whale culture, dialects must be learnt from other
members of the pod. Animals with different dialects share the same waters, so the
variation can’t be a product of the physical environment. ‘And we can throw out the
notion that the dialects are inherited,’ says Lance Barrett-Lennard of the University
of British Columbia. He has spent the past seven years analysing DNA from 270
whales. His paternity tests reveal that female killer whales invariably attract mates
from outside their own pod - males with a very different dialect. If dialects were
programmed by genetics, call patterns from both father and mother would be
passed on to the calf. ‘A calf uses the calls of its maternal pod very precisely.
There’s no input from the father,’ says Barrett-Lennard.
F. The question still remains - is this culture? It is, according to Frans de Waal of
Emory University in Atlanta, who argues that culture is just another biological
adaptation that has evolved in many creatures. One benefit of viewing culture in
this way is that you can start to understand how and why it might have arisen in
these creatures. Whales have several biological attributes that give them an
advantage in social learning. Apart from their advanced mental abilities, they are
adept at recognising sounds: ideal for communicating in the marine environment.
Many species spend years rearing their offspring, and live in small, stable, multi-
generational societies, a social system that provides ample opportunity for
teaching and learning.
G. But why have cetaceans evolved the ability to learn from other group members?
Experts in whale biology believe that ecological factors and the need to adapt to
sudden changes in the environment played a large part in the emergence of
culture. Although the ocean is a relatively stable habitat in many ways, it is highly
changeable in one crucial respect - the availability of food. One moment there
might be a plentiful supply offish, the next they’ve disappeared. When that
happens, the past experience of the senior members of the group - and the ability
to share this knowledge - is a huge asset. The dialects of killer whales allow
members of the group to identify each other, enabling them to share information
about food hot spots. Among resident killer whales, it also allows females to avoid
inbreeding by picking out a mate with a strange dialect from outside their pod, says
Barrett-Lennard.
H. The importance of sharing information seems to have led to biological changes in
at least some species of whale. Female killer whales, like humans, are very
unusual in that they live up to a quarter of a century after they have had their last
offspring. This only makes sense if they have something useful to give their
descendants. And what whale matriarchs offer is the most important thing of all -
cultural knowledge, vital for the group’s survival, passed directly from one
generation to the next.
Questions 27 - 31
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE NOT if the statement contradicts the information if
GIVEN there is no information on this
27 Resident killer whales appear to remain with their maternal group for life.
28 Resident killer whales have a more restricted range of calls than transients.
29 There is a vocabulary of sounds which is common to all transient killer whales.
30 Resident killer whales share the dialects of other resident communities living in
the same waters.
31 The dialects of transient killer whales remain constant over time.

Questions 32 - 34 Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 32-34 on your answer sheet.
It has been observed that resident killer whales invariably live in fixed family groups,
known as 32.................... Each of these has its own unique set of calls, despite dose
contact with other family groups. As the same areas of ocean contain many different
groups with widely varying dialects, it is clear that these differences could not have
emerged as a result of whales’ 33 .....................
According to tests conducted by Lance Barrett-Lennard. a calf communicates
exclusively with the dialect of the group to which its 34 ..................... belongs. Barrett-
Lennard also rejects the idea that the call patterns are inherited.
Questions 35 - 37 Choose THREE letters, A-F.
Write the correct letters in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.
Which THREE of the following features of whales are mentioned in the passage?
A intelligence
B physical strength
C sensitivity to sound
D prolonged life span
E lengthy period of fertility
F adaptability to a variety of foods

Questions 38 - 40
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
38 an example of the kind of information passed by whales to each other
39 a reference to variations in communication styles between different cultures within
one species
40 ways in which the skills of whales are favourable for the development of culture