IETE Journal of Research

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Size Miniaturization and Isolation Enhancement of

Two-Element Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Applications

Anubhav Kumar, Asok De & R.K. Jain

To cite this article: Anubhav Kumar, Asok De & R.K. Jain (2021): Size Miniaturization and
Isolation Enhancement of Two-Element Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Applications, IETE Journal of
Research, DOI: 10.1080/03772063.2021.1987994

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2021.1987994

Published online: 25 Oct 2021.

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IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2021.1987994

Size Miniaturization and Isolation Enhancement of Two-Element Antenna for

Sub-6 GHz Applications

Anubhav Kumar1 , Asok De2 and R.K. Jain1

1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shobhit Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed to be University),
Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India; 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological University (DTU), New Delhi,
India

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
In this paper, a two-port dual-band antenna is designed with high isolation. The beak-shaped radi- Isolation enhancement;
ator and open stubs are used to achieve miniaturization of the antenna. A T-shaped stub is used MIMO antenna; Open-ended
to isolate the antenna at higher frequencies whereas open-ended slots effectively miniaturized the slot; Sub-6 GHz applications
antenna size thereby increasing the impedance and isolation by more than 20 dB. The isolation
is enhanced due to the suppression of current between radiators without increasing the size of
the MIMO antenna for lower frequencies. The proposed antenna parameter CCL, DG, TARC and
ECC reflects better diversity performance. The two-port antenna covers 2570, 2300, 2496, 3400,
3600 MHz (LTE 38, 40, 41, 42, 43) 2500, 3500, 3700 MHz (5G n7, n48, n77) 5.15/5.85 GHz (WLAN),
2.4/5.0 GHz (Wi-Fi) and 2.45/5.8 GHz (ISM) sub-6 GHz bands and can be a good choice for wireless
communication.

1. INTRODUCTION isolation, which minimizes or eliminates the current flow

New changes in the field of communication demand for between the ports. Metamaterial stop-band/EBG, slots
high channel capacity and data rates in mobile, Internet in ground, meander-TL and parasitic stub in between
and multimedia, which has given due thrust to the antenna elements are some of the decoupling techniques
requirements of MIMO antenna. More than one signal that are prevalent but due to defects in ground, there
from a MIMO antenna is transmitted and received with is an enhancement in the cross-plane of the radiation
larger data rate and low latency when compared with pattern in MIMO antenna. A closer investigation has
the single antenna. MIMO antenna exploits the mul- led to the conclusion that at low frequency, the dimen-
tipath propagation and increases the channel capacity. sion of the EBG/stop-band unit cell is large and the
Miniaturized antennas are smaller and provide high per- overall dimension of the MIMO antenna also increases;
formance to meet engineering requirements. The minia- therefore, miniaturization of antenna is used to over-
turization of MIMO antenna is desirable due to limited come this problem. The T-shaped junction [1] is used as
space available in the portable and wearable devices but an interconnect with the ground and antenna elements,
size reduction is a challenging task because by reduc- which reduces the surface current, therefore isolation is
ing the size of the antenna conventionally, the perfor- increased. Antenna elements have also been isolated by
mance degrades and results in higher correlation, which reducing the correlation between the antenna from the
affects the multi-element antenna performance. The cor- defective ground technologies and the stub resonator.
relation of MIMO antenna affects polarization, radia- In [2], the distance between antenna elements and the
tion patterns and mutual coupling, therefore reducing inverted T-shaped stub is used to connect the antenna
correlation within low-space in multi-element antenna elements, which enhances the isolation up to 16.5 dB.
design is a complex problem. If the two-port antenna In [3], isolation is enhanced by the perturbation of cur-
has a high correlation then the efficiency is compro- rent between dual-band MIMO antenna by connecting
mised due to the failure of complete transmission of stub resonator with a metal strip, which reduces electro-
the signal, therefore both antennas in the two-port must magnetic interferences between antenna elements. In [4],
be isolated to keep the correlation minimum. In the mutual coupling is reduced by altering the surface cur-
literature, different decoupling methods are discussed rent between the antenna elements from the T-shaped
to diminish the mutual coupling with an increase in defected ground, which increases the isolation of the

© 2021 IETE
2 A. KUMAR ET AL.: TWO-ELEMENT ANTENNA FOR SUB-6 GHZ APPLICATIONS

antenna from 19 to 29 dB. In [5], the defected ground

and the open-ended slot disrupt surface current to be
transported from the first port to another port, result-
ing in increased isolation. In [6], a multi-band antenna
with the unconnected ground is designed to improve
the isolation where the distance of radiators is 36 mm
but mutual coupling is diminished by increasing the
distance between antennas, which enlarges the dimen-
sion of the antenna, creating a nuisance for a practical
application. Mutual coupling can be reduced by chang-
ing the surface current on placing the floating layer
strip in the center of the antenna element, but this also
enlarges the dimension of the MIMO antenna. The T-
shaped vertical strip [7] and the ITI-shaped strip [8]
are designed to diminish the mutual coupling of the
MIMO antenna, but both technologies increased the size.
Isolation is improved effectively by suppressing the cur-
rent between thin metal strips and shorting pins in the
orthogonally placed monopole MIMO antenna [9]. UC-
EBG [10] with parasitic strip, two metamaterial unit cells
[11], split-type EBG [12] and waveguided metamaterial
[13] are used with metamaterial/stop-band characteris-
tics and are placed between antenna elements for mutual
coupling reduction. In [14], defected ground that demon-
strates stop-band response is used between dielectric
resonators to restrain the surface waves whereas com-
plementary meander lines is used as a stop-band filter.
In [15], modified 8-shaped antenna elements and T-stub
in the ground is used for triple-band operations, where
higher than 20 dB isolation is realized despite small gap
between radiators. In [16], fractal-shaped antenna is used
for UWB applications where stepped ground with stub is
used to suppress the surface waves and to achieve high
isolation. Considering the compact size, LTE and lower
ISM/bio-medical band applications, in this paper, the
electric size of the radiators have been increased from the
beak-shaped radiator and open-ended slot is introduced
for higher bands, where T-shaped stub resonator is imple-
mented in between the closely placed antenna elements
for isolation enhancement.

2. ANTENNA DESIGN Figure 1: (a) Proposed two-port antenna with hardware pro-
totype (ws = 40, Ls = 30, w1 = 8.25, L4 = 10, w6 = 7, w5 = 10,
The layout of the proposed compact two-port dual-band w7 = 1, wf = 1.5, L2 = 9, L1 = 9, w4 = 3, w2 = 16, w3 = 5, w8 = 5,
antenna (Figure 1(a)) is integrated with a microstrip feed L3 = 2 (all in mm)). (b) Design steps of the proposed antenna. (c)
line and beak-shape radiator on FR-4 substrate (relative S-parameters of design steps. (d) Surface current when excitation
permittivity (εr ) = 4.4, thickness (t) = 0.8 mm) is used. on port 1. (e) Surface current when excitation on port 2
The width (Wf) of the microstrip feed line is designed
to achieve 50  impedance and the open-ended ground Initially (Figure 1(b) as a step-1), the two-port antenna
slot is introduced to enrich the impedance matching and is designed via two symmetric rectangular radiating ele-
isolation. ments with microstrip feed and partial ground. The
 A. KUMAR ET AL.: TWO-ELEMENT ANTENNA FOR SUB-6 GHZ APPLICATIONS 3

Figure 2: S-parameters of two-port antenna (a) with effect in

length (L4) and (b) with effect in width (W7)

Figure 1: Continued.
where it is less than −20 dB at both operating band-
widths. The effect of surface current by open-ended slot
width, height and ground distance are 16, 9, and 1 mm, is depicted in Figure 1(d) and (e), where it is pictured that
respectively, to achieve |S11 | from 3.6 to 4.7 GHz as illus- the open-ended slots introduce current suppression and
trated in Figure 1(c). The distance between antenna ele- impedance matching at 2.3 GHz frequency which causes
ments is 8 mm and isolation achieved is < 20 dB. In the wider bandwidth at a lower frequency and isolation up
second step (Figure 1(b)), beak-shape radiator is used to to 43 dB. To see the effect of open-ended ground slot,
increase the electric width, fringing fields of the two-port its length and width have been optimized, in which the
antenna and |S11 | found from 3.7 to 5.2 GHz, whereas open-ended slot length is investigated mm at 1 mm vari-
less isolation is achieved despite the proximity of antenna ation (2.5–6.5 mm) and the width at a variation of 0.5 mm
elements. The 10 dB impedance bandwidth should shift (0.5–1.5 mm). It can be concluded from Figure 2(a,b),
to lower frequency with a modification in electric width that the lower value of length and width gives better
but due to lack of impedance matching, it could not be impedance at 2.3 GHz, whereas low impedance and iso-
achieved, therefore for improving impedance matching; lation is achieved at 3.5 GHz while increasing the length
T-shaped stubs and open stubs are incorporated in the and width value gives better impedance and isolation
ground, as depicted in Figure 1(b) in step-3. A T-shaped at 3.5 GHz. Therefore, 4.5 mm is considered the optimal
stub creates dual bands in the antenna and reduces the length, and 1 mm is considered the optimal width.
electromagnetic coupling between them increases the
isolation by 20 dB. The |S11 | is achieved for bands 2.4–2.6 The equivalent circuit of the two-port antenna is
and 5–5.8 GHz with more than 15 dB isolation, as illus- designed with QUCS circuit analyzer to identify and
trated in Figure 1(c). Two symmetric open-ended slots determine the lumped parameters as depicted in Figure 3(a).
in the ground are introduced for size miniaturization The inductance (Lf) and capacitance (Cf) represent the
of the MIMO antenna and electromagnetic suppression feed line where three parallel RLC in series is responsible
between radiating elements. In step-4, the lower fre- for three resonant frequencies. Ground stub represents
quency and isolation are controlled by the length of the the parallel LS, CS and Rs lumped elements. The S-
open-ended slot in the ground as depicted in Figure 1(b). parameters of the EC model are illustrated in Figure 3(b).
The lower band deviates from 2.4 to 2.12 GHz with According to the results of the two-port antenna, the
wider 10 dB impedance from 2.12 to 3.85 GHz and the following contributions and novelties are obtained that
higher band is shifted from 4.95 to 6 GHz. The cou- reflect the effective performance of the antenna and are
pling decreases between antenna elements up to −43 dB discussed below.
4 A. KUMAR ET AL.: TWO-ELEMENT ANTENNA FOR SUB-6 GHZ APPLICATIONS

Figure 3: (a) EC model of two-port antenna. (b) HFSS and EC

model S-parameters of two-port antenna

• Two-element antenna designed with easy geometry on

FR-4 material.
• The proposed antenna has been miniaturized with
minimal effect in radiation pattern and radiation effi-
ciency, which shows the effectiveness of the antenna. Figure 4: Proposed two-port antenna. (a) S-parameters
• Two-port antenna can be used in LTE, 5G, WLAN/ (|S11|/|S12|), (b) radiation efficiency (%) and gain (dB), radiation
Wi-Fi and ISM band and for portable and wearable pattern (normalized) at 2.3GHz (c) and 5.5 GHz (d)
applications.
• Isolation has been achieved in the entire operating
band with T-stub and open-ended slots in the ground The radiation efficiency (%) in two-bands is found more
of two-port antenna without increasing the size of the than 93% at 10 dB impedance bandwidth. The radiation
antenna. pattern (normalized) of the two-port antenna is mea-
sured in an anechoic chamber when port 1 is energized
and the other port ended with a 50  load in the different
3. SIMULATED AND EXPERIMENTS RESULTS
planes at 2.3 and 5.5 GHz are illustrated in Figure 4(c,d).
The proposed two-port antenna is designed on HFSS The stable radiation pattern is achieved with the differ-
13 simulator with Beak-shaped radiator and stubs while ence > 20 dB between co- and cross-polarization.
it is measured on Anritsu VNA (MS2038C). The |S11 |
and |S21 | in dB of the two-port antenna are illustrated in In Table 1, the two ports of the antenna are analyzed with
Figure 4(a). The two frequency bands are achieved from the recently published two-port antenna works. It reveals
2.12 to 3.85 and 4.95 to 6 GHz and covers major appli- that the presented two-port antenna is compact with a
cation sub-6 GHz frequencies, whereas isolation varies simple decoupling structure, whereas the isolation and
from 20 to 43 dB at 10 dB operating bandwidth. The real- ECC are better than the other published antenna. The
ized gain (dB) and radiation efficiency (%) curves are envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) describes the rela-
depicted in Figure 4(b). The simulated realized gain is the tionship between MIMO antenna elements. The ECC is
maximum at the higher frequency where the maximum the measure of diversity and channel capacity between
gain is found to be 4.9 dB with close measured results. antenna elements. The ECC close to zero represents
 TARC =

ing good diversity performance

and more than 9.99 dB as depicted in Figure 5(a,b) show-
S-parameters (Equations (1) and (2)) where it is < 0.002
gain (DG). ECC and DG are extracted by the measured
to one shows less channel capacity (CC) and diversity
tion between antenna elements, whereas an ECC close
high channel capacity, high diversity and less correla-

Figure 4: Continued.
ECC =
CCL = −log2 det(ψ R )

DG = 10 1 − |ECC|2


(1 − |S11 |2 − |S21 |2 )(1 − |S22 |2 − |S12 |2 )

(|S11 + S12 ejθ | + |S22 ejθ + S21 |2 )/ 2 (3)

|S11
∗ S + S∗ S |2
2

12

A. KUMAR ET AL.: TWO-ELEMENT ANTENNA FOR SUB-6 GHZ APPLICATIONS

21 22
√
(4)

(2)

(1)

Table 1: Comparative analysis of the proposed two-port antenna with other two-port recently published antenna
[Ref.] (year) Size (mm × mm) Bandwidth (GHz) Isolation (dB) Maximum gain (dB) Efficiency (%) ECC Technology used
Proposed 40 × 30 2.12–3.85 and 4.95–6 > 20 5 > 90 < 0.002 Open-ended slots and T-stub in ground
[1] (2020) 36 × 38 2.32–2.73 and 5.56–6.15 > 19 – > 78.7 < 0.074 T-junction stub-loaded resonator
[2] (2020) 57 × 21.5 3.64–12.2 > 16.5 4 – < 0.027 Stub in the ground
[3] (2017) 50 ×26 2.35–2.65 and 4.9–6.2 > 20 4.7 > 70.1 < 0.06 Stub in the ground
[4] (2018) 60 × 120 2.4–2.48 > 19 4.45 > 70 < 0.0867 T-slot in ground
[5] (2017) 45 × 25 2.37–2.64, 3.39–3.58 and 4.86–6.98 > 15 3.2 – < 0.012 Open-ended slot in ground
[6] (2018) 21 × 90 2.22–2.54, 3.14–3.9 and 5.3–5.7 > 20 (Sim.) 3.22 > 85 < 0.001 Increases distance between antenna
[7] (2020) 40 × 20 2.15–2.73, 3.1– 3.9 and 5.04–6 > 20 4 > 90 < 0.03 Unconnected ground T-shaped decoupling
[8] (2019) 70 ×56 2.24–2.90 and 3.9–7.55 > 24 5 10–85 < 0.04 ITI shape parasitic decoupling
[9] (2019) 38×42 2.3–2.5 and 5–5.2 > 20 2.1 > 59 < 0.05 Ground slot with shorting pins
[10] (2019) 46 ×20 5.8 > 22.1 – – < 0.01 Coupling suppression in H-plane
[11] (2020) 47.5 × 40 3.35–3.78 > 15 3.8 > 82 < 0.05 Broadband metamaterial
[12] (2019) 58 × 44 3.42-3.6 and 4.7-5.1 > 26 – – < 0.013 Split-type EBG structure and unconnected ground plane
[13] (2019) 35 × 69.5 3.35–3.55 and 4.88–5.03 > 18 5 – – Waveguided metamaterial
[14] (2019) 60 × 100 3.46–5.37 and 5.89–6.49 > 18.5 4.23 > 88 < 0.015 Dielectric resonator and complementary meander lines in ground
[15] (2020) 60 × 60 2.04−2.51, 4.43–5.35 and 6.76–8.78 > 20 3.7 – < 0.14 Modified T-stub in the ground
[16] (2019) 40 × 20 2.5–11 > 20 3 – < 0.1 Stepped ground with stub

5
6 A. KUMAR ET AL.: TWO-ELEMENT ANTENNA FOR SUB-6 GHZ APPLICATIONS

received antenna. Figure 5(d), extracted from Equation

(4), shows better diversity performance of presented
MIMO antenna with CCL < 0.4 b/s/Hz.

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a size miniaturization and isolation
enhancement of two-element antenna for sub-6 GHz
applications based on a beak-shaped radiator, T-shaped
stub and open-ended slots is proposed. The beak-shaped
radiator increases the electrical length and open-ended
slots are used to achieve impedance matching at the lower
frequency and provide miniaturization. The bandwidth
is achieved from 2.12 to 3.85 and 4.96 to 6.00 GHz. The
isolation is enhanced with simple decoupling technology
and is achieved from 20 to 43 dB with the T-shaped stub
and an open-ended slot and in the ground. The ECC,
DG, TARC and CCL parameters are within the acceptable
range, proposing that the two-element antenna is suitable
for sub-6 GHz wireless communications.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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8 A. KUMAR ET AL.: TWO-ELEMENT ANTENNA FOR SUB-6 GHZ APPLICATIONS

AUTHORS R.K. Jain is a Professor & Associate Dean

of School of Engineering & Technology
Anubhav Kumar received BTech and at Shobhit Institute of Engineering and
MTech from Uttar Pradesh Technical Uni- Technology (Deemed to-be University),
versity (now Dr APJ AKTU)), Lucknow, Meerut, where he has been teaching and
India, in Electronics and Communica- doing research with the collaboration of
tion Engineering (ECE). He has more BHU, Varanasi and BARC, Mumbai. R.K.
than 10 years of teaching experience. He Jain obtained his PhD degree from the
is currently pursuing PhD from Shobhit number 1 rated university of India, the Banaras Hindu Uni-
Institute of Engineering and Technology versity in 1990. He holds an all-through good academic record.
(Deemed to be University) Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. His After a brief period of SRA at GNDU, Amritsar, he got opportu-
research interests include microstrip antenna, metamaterial, nity of Postdoctoral fellowship under TRIL programme, Trieste
FSS, MIMO, wearable, EBG antenna and Image processing. in Rome from November, 1997 to July 2001. He worked on
Cosmic Radiation and calculated the radiation doses at differ-
Corresponding author. Email: rajput.anubhav@gmail.com ent altitudes using passive detectors at ANPA (National Agency
for Environmental Protection), Rome. He also worked as Post-
Asok De was born in November 1955 doctoral Fellow at Seoul National University, Seoul, S. Korea
at Kolkata. He did his BTech, MTech from August 2001 to April 2002 and was involved in “Dark
from Jadavpur University, Kolkata and Matter Search” project. He has also got Postdoctoral fellowship
PhD from Indian Institute of Technology, at the department of Physics, North Carolina State Univer-
Kharagpur. He served as faculty at Univer- sity, Raleigh, USA, from May 2002 to June 2003 and worked
sity of Delhi, University of Kolkata from on low intensity and low- energy proton beams for the devel-
1984 to 1997. He joined as the Professor opment of low –energy proton detectors (needed to detect
of Electronics and Communication Engi- protons emitted in neutron β decay). He has also visited sev-
neering at Delhi college of Engineering (at present Delhi Tech- eral labs and delivered lectures in abroad such as ICTP, Trieste,
nological University) in the year 1997. He was the founder Italy, Institute fur Strahlen und Kernphysik, Der University,
Principal of Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Bonn, Nusallee, Germany, Houston University, Houston, USA.
Technology and Research (2005–2012). He served National He has attended and presented research papers in Interna-
Institute of Technology Patna as the Director from 2012 to tional/National conferences/Seminars/Symposium in abroad.
2017. He also served National Institute of Technology Durga- He has awarded Confederation of Education Excellence (CEE)
pur as Director (Additional Charge) from 2015 to 2017. De Teacher’s Award 2014 in recognition of outstanding contribu-
has published more than 200 research papers in International tion “No. of National/International/Journals Published”. Func-
Journals and International conferences. He supervised 16 PhD tion was held on 6 September 2014 at Crowne Plaza, Rohini,
scholars. At present, he is emeritus Professor at Delhi Techno- New Delhi. He has nearly 23 years teaching experience and 30
logical University. years of research after PhD.

Email: asok.de@gmail.com Email: rakesh.jain@shobhituniversity.ac.in