NEET

NEET, an acronym for "Not in

Education, Employment, or
Training", refers to a person who
is unemployed and not receiving an
education or vocational training.
The classification originated in the
United Kingdom in the late 1990s,
and its use has spread, in varying
degrees, to other countries,
including Japan, South Korea,
China, Taiwan, Canada, and the
Percentage of NEETs among 15- to 24-year-olds (ILO data, 2020)
United States. The NEET category
includes the unemployed
(individuals without a job and
seeking one), as well as individuals outside the labour force (without a job and not seeking one). It is
usually age-bounded to exclude people in old-age retirement.

In the United Kingdom, the classification comprises people aged between 16 and 24 (some 16 and 17 year-
olds are still of compulsory school age); the subgroup of NEETs aged 16–18 is frequently of particular
focus. In Japan, the classification comprises people aged between 15 and 34 who are not employed, not
engaged in housework, not enrolled in school or work-related training, and not seeking work.

A 2008 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) said the
unemployment and NEET rates for people aged 16–24 in the majority of OECD countries fell in the past
decade, attributed to increased participation in education.[1]

NEET is to be distinguished from the newly coined NLFET rate ("Neither in the Labour Force nor in
Education or Training") used in the 2013 report on Global Employment Trends for Youth by the
International Labour Organization. NLFET is similar to NEET but excludes unemployed youth (who are
part of the labour force).

Contents
United Kingdom
Japan
Australia
Canada
Iberia and Latin America
United States
NEET rates in OECD countries
See also
References
Sources
Further reading
External links

United Kingdom
Knowledge of the word spread after it was used in a 1999 report by the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU).[2]
Before this, the phrase "status zero", which had a similar meaning, was used. Andy Furlong writes that the
use of the term NEET became popular partly because of the negative connotations of having "no status".[3]
The classification is specifically redefined in other local government papers, such as "respondents who
were out of work or looking for a job, looking after children or family members, on unpaid holiday or
traveling, sick or disabled, doing voluntary work or engaged in another unspecified activity"; the acronym,
however, has no agreed definition with respect to measurement, particularly in relation to defining
economic inactivity. Karen Robson writes that the classification has "virtually usurped discussions of
"youth unemployment" in the UK literature".[4] Scott Yates and Malcolm Payne say that initially there was
a "holistic focus" on the NEET group by policy-makers which looked at the problems young people went
through, but this changed as the NEET status became framed in negative terms—"as reflective of a raft of
risks, problems and negative orientations on the part of young people".[5] NEET figures for England are
published by the Department for Education (DfE).[6] The methodology used in calculating the number of
NEETs aged 16–18 is different from that used for those aged 16–24. The first relies on a range of sources,
the second on the Labour Force Survey.[7]

A 2007 report commissioned by the Prince's Trust said almost a fifth of people aged 16–24 in England,
Scotland, and Wales were NEETs; the proportion was lowest in Northern Ireland (13.8 percent).[8] The
second-quarter figures for 2011 showed that 979,000 people in England between 16 and 24 were NEETs,
accounting for 16.2 percent in that age group.[9] Between 1995 and 2008, the proportion of NEETs aged
16–18 in England remained fairly stable at around 8–11 percent.[10] The Guardian reported in 2011 that,
since 2003, there has been a 15.6 percent decrease in people aged 16–18 in employment, but a 6.8 percent
increase in those in education and training.[11] NEET figures tend to peak in the third quarter, when school
and university courses are ending.[12]

There is some stigma attached to the term NEET.[13] Simon Cox of BBC News said the word is "the latest
buzzword for teenage drop-outs".[14] He says "Neets are 20 times more likely to commit a crime and 22
times more likely to be a teenage mum", and that Barking and Dagenham has been called the country's
"Neet capital".[15] David Smith of The Times calls them "the yobs hanging around off-licences late into the
night".[16] According to Colin Webster, NEETs commit disproportionately large amounts of crime.
Children with high levels of truancy and exclusions at school are likely to become NEETs.[17]

Several schemes and ideas have been developed to reduce the number of NEETs. One of the main goals of
the Connexions service, first piloted in 2001, is to reduce the number of NEETs.[5] Most local authorities
have made a local area agreement to this end.[18] As part of the 2004 Spending Review, the Department for
Education and Skills (DfES) had a public service agreement to reduce the proportion of NEETs from 9.6
percent in 2004 to 7.6 percent in 2010.[19] Introduced in 2004–2005 the UK-wide Education Maintenance
Allowance offers a means-tested weekly payment of up to £30 to young people continuing education past
secondary school.[20] In 2007 the government implemented a "September guarantee" that guaranteed all
16-year-old school leavers a suitable learning place in September, extended to 17-year-olds the following
year.[21] The "Young Person's Guarantee" was announced in the 2009 budget, offering a guaranteed job,
training, or work experience to 18- to 24-year-olds who have been on Jobseeker's Allowance for six
months; it went live on 25 January 2010. It was announced in the 2010 budget that the scheme would end
in March 2012, an extension of one year.[22] The Education and Skills Act 2008, which was granted royal
assent in 2008, increased the school leaving age in England to 17 in 2013, and to 18 in 2015; the Act gives
the National Assembly for Wales the option to raise the leaving age in that country.[23] A number of further
education colleges seek to enrol NEETs. For example, it was reported in 2005 that a course for NEETs at
Bournemouth and Poole College had offered various sign-on incentives, and completion bonuses of a free
iPod and £100 in cash.[15]

The Scottish Government limits the NEET classification to those aged 16–19.[24]

Japan
NEET is a distinct social policy category from that of freeter, the classification for those working low-wage
part-time jobs, although in practice thousands of young people move between these categories (i.e., from
the status of non-employed young person to that of a part-time worker and back) each year.

The demographic prevalence of NEETs has been indicated in employment statistics. Japanese politicians
expressed concern about the impact on the economy of the growth in the NEET population. The estimated
size rose from 480,000 in September 2002 to 520,000 in September 2003, according to the Japanese
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Other surveys by the Japanese government in 2002 presented a
much larger figure of 850,000 people who can be classified as NEET, of which 60% were people aged 25
to 34.[25] It is therefore clear that the number of NEETs produced by statistics depends greatly on the
specific definition adopted; hence all figures should be treated with caution.

When the NEET issue erupted in the Japanese media in 2004 and 2005, non-employed young people
falling into this category were framed as lazy, work-shy, and voluntarily out of employment. This media
portrayal was effective in arousing the concern of Japan's (conservative) middle aged population, but it led
only to moderate support for new youth policies. Indeed, as argued by Toivonen in an empirical
monograph that juxtaposes media and policy discourses with youth support practices, the most promising
solutions to the NEET conundrum have been created by social entrepreneurs such as Kudo Kei and
Iwamoto Mami rather than by MHLW policy-makers or even scholars.[26]

Unlike most Western European countries, Japan's unemployment benefit terminates automatically after
three to six months and there is a limited range of support for those with special needs. Many NEETs in
Japan are thus inevitably supported by their parents or relatives, though some find their way to Youth
Support Stations and other services designed and/or enacted by social enterprises, including many NPOs.

Australia
A report by the OECD revealed that 580,000 young Australians fall under the classification. The report
also revealed that the number of NEETs has soared by 10,000 since the Global Financial Crisis and now
account for one in eight Australians between the ages of 15 and 29.[27]

Canada
Statistics Canada carried out the first comprehensive study into the state of NEETs in Canada in 2012. It
was revealed that around 13% of Canadians between the ages of 15 and 29 fell into the category. Despite
the percentage being the second lowest in the G7 nations the total number of young Canadians that were
classified as NEETs currently stands at 904,000.
The study also revealed that out of the total 904,000 NEETs around 513,000 were not looking actively for
jobs. The study also suggested that long-term unemployment was not necessarily due to wider
disenchantment with the labour market but rather arose out of varying factors. The study also revealed that
82% of the young people not in the labour force actually want to be placed in long-term employment. The
study classified the Canadian NEET population not to be "in a high risk, negative state".[28]

Iberia and Latin America

In Spain, Mexico, Argentina,[29] Chile and Uruguay, the term "ni-ni" ("neither-nor") has become a popular
equivalent of NEET. The term means 'ni estudia, ni trabaja' ("neither studies, nor works"). In Portuguese
there is the equivalent term "nem-nem".[30]

The term has become a controversial topic in Mexico, where the government feels that people who might
be considered NEET are more likely to choose to join the organizations involved in drug trafficking in
order to sustain their economical and personal needs, than they are to get a job or study. Some states and
organizations in Mexico are creating work programs and scholarships to keep the NEET population away
from drug cartels.

In Latin American and the Caribbean, the World Bank estimates one in five people ages 15–24 are ninis,
20 million in total, an increase of 2 million since 1992. The 2016 study notes that two thirds of nini are
women, mostly due to early marriage, teen pregnancy, or both. It is noted that male ninis increased by 46%
since 1992; males account for the entire increase of ninis in the region. Male ninis usually dropped-out of
school to work low-paying jobs, who during economic instability lost their jobs with little chance of
returning to school.[31]

In Mexico, ninis statistically account for at least a quarter of increased homicides in high-crime areas during
2007-2012, but in lower-crime areas there was no association between ninis and crime. The World Bank
noted that at as of 2010, in Latin America and the Caribbean the number of ninis is somewhat lower than
the global average though much higher than in higher-income nations. Globally, of the 260 million ninis
counted in 2010 by the World Bank, the Middle East, North African and South Asian regions had the
highest shares.[31]

United States
Given the lasting effects caused by the Great Recession, publications such as Time have published articles
discussing the number of Americans that have qualified as NEETs, with approximately 15% of Americans
under the age of 25 qualifying as such during the first quarter of 2011. Journalist Peter Gumbel wrote in late
2012 that NEETs are "especially prevalent in the U.S." and constitute a "marginalized group of young
people" given U.S. state and local government difficulties in maintaining social services.[32]

NEET rates in OECD countries

 Share of youth not in education,
employment or training, total (% of youth
population)[33]
Country/territory Share (%) Year
 Turkey 26.0 2019

 Colombia 24.0 2019

 Mexico 18.3 2019

 Italy 18.0 2019

 Chile 16.5 2019

 Israel 14.7 2018

 United States 13.1 2019

 Greece 12.5 2019

 Canada 12.4 2019

 Spain 12.1 2019

 New Zealand 11.4 2019

 Hungary 11.0 2019

 France 10.5 2019

 United Kingdom 10.5 2019

 Slovakia 10.3 2019

 Ireland 10.1 2019

 Belgium 9.3 2019

 Australia 8.9 2017

 Lithuania 8.6 2019

 Finland 8.2 2019

 Poland 8.1 2019

 Portugal 8.0 2019

 Latvia 7.9 2019

 Denmark 7.7 2019

 Austria 7.1 2019

 Slovenia 7.0 2019

 Estonia 6.9 2019

  Switzerland 6.2 2019

 Czech Republic 5.7 2019

 Germany 5.7 2019

 Luxembourg 5.6 2019

 Sweden 5.5 2019

  Norway 4.8 2019

 Iceland 4.7 2019

 Netherlands 4.3 2019

 Japan 3.1 2019

 South Korea unavailable —

See also
Compulsory education
Disconnected youth
Discouraged worker
Emerging adulthood
Ergophobia
Hikikomori
Job guarantee
Refusal of work
Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
Tang ping ("lying flat")
Waithood
Youth unemployment
Young night drifters

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Bynner, John; Parsons, Samantha (2002). Passey, Don; Williams, Sadie; Rogers,
"Social Exclusion and the Transition from Colin. "Assessing the potential of e-
School to Work: The Case of Young learning to support re-engagement
People Not in Education, Employment, or amongst young people with Not in
Training (NEET)" (https://semanticscholar. education, employment or training (NEET)
org/paper/76d544cbfa9351a893b18959b7 status" (http://www.e-learningcentre.co.uk/
cbd3542c5ac90e). Journal of Vocational Resource/CMS/Assets/5c10130e-6a9f-102
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47/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ publicservices.cbi.org.uk/uploaded/Toward
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External links
The dictionary definition of NEET at Wiktionary

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