MARKING SCHEME
MADE BY SHAHMEER
Why was “one unit scheme” introduced? (3)
Format
3 marks so 3 facts related to the question
Marking scheme
Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded
for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to:
Iskandar Mirza (Acting Governor-General) introduced it in 1955 to unify
all of West Pakistan.
He claimed it would bring about greater efficiency and enable more
rapid development.
West Pakistan politicians and administrators feared their influence may
be challenged if they did not do this, especially as there were 10 million
more people in East Pakistan.
By unifying West Pakistan and making West Pakistan and East Pakistan
official with equal representation in the Assembly, the One Unit Scheme
prevented East Pakistan from gaining a majority in the Assembly.
This was very unpopular in East Pakistan.
Explain the factors that delayed the constitution making
in 1947-1956? (7)
Format
7 marks so 3 facts
3 facts divided in 3 paragraph
Elaborate the 3 points
Answer
There were divergent views on the future constitution of Pakistan in 1950. The objective
resolution of March 1949 was the first step towards constitution making. It was presented
by the Basic Principle committee in September 1950 but majority opposed the proposal of
the committee. East Pakistan had greater population than West Pakistan and wanted seats
in the bicameral parliament according to the size of population. West Pakistan insisted on
equal seats for both wings.
East Pakistan also opposed Urdu as the national language since Bengali was a developed
language and there were no regional languages in Pakistan
Many regional and religious political also opposed the proposals. For tire provincial parties,
power of president and central government had to be reduced in order to guarantee
provincial autonomy. Religious parties wanted enforcement of the Sharia and considered
the resolution insufficiently Islamic. Finally liquat Ali Khan had to withdraw the
constitutional proposal and Pakistan would have to wait another six years for its own
constitution
Were economic reforms of Ayub Khan the most
important of his domestic policies in the decade of
Progress between 1958 and 1969 (14)
Or
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the
above. [14] (N2003/P1/4c)
(i) agricultural and other economic reforms;
(ii) constitutional reforms;
(iii) foreign policy?
Q1b ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of
Ayub Khan’s domestic policies during the ‘decade of
development’ between 1958 and 1969.” Do you agree?
Give reasons for your
answer. [14] (J2005/P1/5c)
Q1c) ‘Ayub Khan’s agricultural reforms were more
successful than any other of his domestic policies
between 1958 and 1969’. Do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer. [14]
(N2007/P1/4c)
Q1D) ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important
of Ayub Khan’s domestic policies during the ‘Decade of
Progress’ between 1958 and 1969.’ Do you agree? Give
reasons for your answer.
[14] (June 2012)
Format
Divided in 4 or 5 paragraphs
Starts with an introduction
State whether you support the statement or against
it( remember to be biased)
Give explanation about the statement which the
questions states
Then add your point of view and other reasons
In Last paragraph conclude the above mentioned
point and tell why this is the most important reason
Marking scheme
Q1a) Ayyub Khan’s domestic reforms included agricultural reforms. Land was
redistributed amongst famers. A limit of unirrigated land 12.5 acres and 100 acres
maximum and irrigated land 500 acres minimum and 100 acres unirrigated was
set on farm land. Three new dams were also build, farmers were loaned money
for wells reducing the need for tube wells and so crop yields were at an all-time
record. An Export Bonus Scheme was introduced to offer incentives to people
who exported goods. In 1962, an oil refinery was found and a Mineral
Cooperation was also formed. His policies like cuts in taxation such as the
abolition of the Business Profits Tax encouraged industries to expand.
Ayub Khan also introduced constitutional reforms. He introduced the Basic
Democracies in 1959 which was a four-tier system that allowed elections at all
levels. A local committee named Basic Democrats and numbering 80,000 was to
elect union council member who in turn elected district and divisional members.
The success of this was that it lifted martial law as the constitution of 1962 was
based on the Basic Democracies. All-important national decisions power lay with
the President and there was no opportunity for any effective opposition. By 1969,
Ayub Khan had become unpopular and many of his cherished Basic Democrats
resigned .When Ayub Khan declared martial law in 1969 he himself abrogated the
Basic Democracies.
During his presidency, the Central Intelligence Agency's activities grew with a
secret intelligence base, Peshawar Air Station, was leased to United States. The
station and its activities were exposed in 1960, when Soviet Air Defense Forces's
S-75 Dvina missile shot down the U-2 Dragon Lady, capturing its pilot near the
vicinity. This brought the Soviet ire on Pakistan. The turning point in his rule was
the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, and it ended in a settlement reached by Ayub at
Tashkent, called the Tashkent Declaration. The settlement was perceived
negatively by many Pakistanis. In 1959, his interest in building defense forces
diminished when He also made an offer of joint defense with India during the
Sino-Indo clashes in October 1959 in Ladakh, in a move seen as a result of
American pressure and lack of understanding of Foreign affairs.
Ayub Khan’s constitutional reforms were soon to attract opposition as they gave
the president autocratic powers. The elections were accused of vote rigging and
Ayub Khan himself abrogated the Basic Democracies. Agricultural reforms only
benefitted rich farmers and the landowners cleverly undermined his land
consolidation policy. His industrial reforms, though benefitted only the upper
class, were his greatest reform. Annual economic rate rose by 7 % which was
three times faster than any south Asian country at that time.
There were also many industrial reforms during his time. Foreign aid was used to
develop industrialization. An Export Bonus Scheme was introduced to offer
incentives to people who exported goods. In 1962, an oil refinery was found and a
Mineral Cooperation was also formed. His policies like cuts in taxation such as the
abolition of the Business Profits Tax encouraged industries to expand. During the
Second Five Year Plan (1960-5), manufacturing output grew at an annual average
rate of around 11.5 per cent. Gross national product rose by 45 % and
manufactured goods began to overtake such traditional exports as jute and
cotton. During this period, people’s income went up by an average of 14 percent.
Annual economic rate rose by 7 % which was three times faster than any south
Asian country at that time. Pakistan achieved faster economic growth than India.
However, only the rural and urban middle classes were able to benefit and they
didn’t feel their voice politically.
Q1B or D) Ayyub Khan introduced the Basic Democracies in 1959 which was a
four-tier system that allowed elections at all levels. A local committee named
Basic Democrats and numbering 80,000 was to elect union council member who
in turn elected district and divisional members. The success of this was that it
lifted martial law as the constitution of 1962 was based on the Basic Democracies.
All-important national decisions power lay with the President and there was no
opportunity for any effective opposition. By 1969, Ayub Khan had become
unpopular and many of his cherished Basic Democrats resigned .When Ayub Khan
declared martial law in 1969 he himself abrogated the Basic Democracies.
Ayub Khan’s other domestic reforms included agricultural reforms. Land was
redistributed amongst famers. A limit of unirrigated land 12.5 acres and 100 acres
maximum and irrigated land 500 acres minimum and 100 acres unirrigated was
set on farm land. This enabled small farm holders to receive more land and large
landowners were forced to sell land which would otherwise be unproductive.
Three new dams were also build, farmers were loaned money for wells reducing
the need for tube wells and so crop yields were at an all-time record. Therefore,
this era is also known as the ‘Green Revolution’. He also subsidized fertilizers and
modernized agriculture through irrigation development.
His social reforms included the introduction of a family planning programme and
a Rehabilitation Programme which settled 75,000 refugees into dwellings in
Karachi. Medical facilities were improved and new medical schools were opened.
Factory owners were also ordained to give cheap accommodation to factory
works. Ayub Khan stopped the hoarding of goods to raise price and also took
action against smuggling. Goods were seized from profiteers and many arrests
made. Also, the price of milk vegetables and ghee to stop traders making too
much profit. In 1961, the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance helped improve the
position of women. Marriages and divorces had to be registered and approved by
a court. The minimum age for marriage was set as 16 for women and 18 for men.
Ayub Khan’s constitutional reforms were soon to attract opposition as they gave
the president autocratic powers. The elections were accused of vote rigging and
Ayub Khan himself abrogated the Basic Democracies. Agricultural reforms only
benefitted rich farmers and the landowners cleverly undermined his land
consolidation policy. However, his social reforms were the most successful
putting, although temporary, an end to the corrupt practices that were embedded
in Pakistan’s society.
Q1C) Ayub Khan’s made many domestic reforms which included agricultural
reforms. Land was redistributed amongst famers. A limit of unirrigated land 12.5
acres and 100 acres maximum and irrigated land 500 acres minimum and 100
acres unirrigated was set on farm land. This enabled small farm holders to receive
more land and large landowners were forced to sell land which would otherwise
be unproductive. Three new dams were also build, farmers were loaned money
for wells reducing the need for tube wells and so crop yields were at an all-time
record. Therefore, this era is also known as the ‘Green Revolution’. He also
subsidized fertilizers and modernized agriculture through irrigation development.
Ayub Khan also introduced constitutional reforms. He introduced the Basic
Democracies in 1959 which was a four-tier system that allowed elections at all
levels. A local committee named Basic Democrats and numbering 80,000 was to
elect union council member who in turn elected district and divisional members.
The success of this was that it lifted martial law as the constitution of 1962 was
based on the Basic Democracies. All important national decisions power lay with
the President and there was no opportunity for any effective opposition. By 1969,
Ayub Khan had become unpopular and many of his cherished Basic Democrats
resigned .When Ayub Khan declared martial law in 1969 he himself abrogated the
Basic Democracies.
His social reforms included the introduction of a family planning programme and
a Rehabilitation Programme which settled 75,000 refugees into dwellings in
Karachi. Medical facilities were improved and new medical schools were opened.
Factory owners were also ordained to give cheap accommodation to factory
works. Ayub Khan stopped the hoarding of goods to raise price and also took
action against smuggling. Goods were seized from profiteers and many arrests
made. Also, the price of milk vegetables and ghee to stop traders making too
much profit. In 1961, the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance helped improve the
position of women. Marriages and divorces had to be registered and approved by
a court. The minimum age for marriage was set as 16 for women and 18 for men.
Ayub Khan’s constitutional reforms were soon to attract opposition as they gave
the president autocratic powers. The elections were accused of vote rigging and
Ayub Khan himself abrogated the Basic Democracies. Agricultural reforms only
benefitted rich farmers and the landowners cleverly undermined his land
consolidation policy. However, his social reforms were the most successful
putting, although temporary, an end to the corrupt practices that were embedded
in Pakistan’s society.
Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayub Khan’s domestic policies
during the ‘decade of development’ between 1958 and 1969.” Do you agree? Give
reasons for your answer. [14](J2005/P1/5c)Comments: In part (c) on Ayub Khan’s
domestic policies, knowledge was good but answers were often descriptive with
many candidates also including foreign policy which was not asked for by the
question. There were few candidates who were able to do this part well and most
answers tended to be awarded level 2 for a straightforward narrative of reform during
this time
GCE ‘O’ LEVEL - THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF PAKISTAN 2059/1
Marking Key: Explains at least two factors (constitutional reforms to be included for
maximum marks). Also produces a judgement or evaluation. In 1959 Basic
Democracies were introduced which a four tier structure of government was
allowing elections at various levels. The success of these councils which were set up
was such that martial law was lifted. However, there were other factors which were
important aspects of his domestic policies. Land was redistributed to farmers with
medium sized farms and agriculture was revitalized to such an extent that crop
outputs were at record levels. National growth rate rose more than 7% and the
economy grew three times faster than any other Southeast Asian country. However,
the new wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few and the general population
did not benefit.
