Assignment 21

Made by Ashmine Kaur

Plumbing fixture
1. Wash Basins:
Wash basins are the plumbing fixtures provided for washing hands
and face and brushing teeth in a standing position. These are
usually made of glazed earthenware or vitreous China. Sometimes
these are also made of enameled iron, stainless steel or
plastic, especially where the number of users is more. The wash
basins may be of either flat back pattern for fixing on walls,
or angle back pattern for fixing at the junction of two walls.
The standard sizes of these wash basins are as indicated below:
(a) Flat Back Pattern – 630 x 450 mm, 550 x 400 mm, and 450 x
300 mm
(b) Angle Back Pattern – 600 x 480 mm and 400 x 400 mm
A wash basin is an oval shaped bowl of one-piece construction
including a combined overflow. The overflow is usually of slot
type with overflow slot of minimum area 5 cm2 provided at 40 to
45 mm below the top of the basin. The wash basin is provided
with double or single tap holes suitable for fixing pillar taps.
It is also provided with a circular waste hole at the bottom for
draining the basin. The waste hole is provided with a metallic
waste fitting also called waste coupling having a strainer and a
clear opening of about 40 mm diameter. A waste pipe with a trap
at its bottom is fixed to the waste fitting.
Sometimes the waste pipe is not provided with any trap but it is
made to discharge into a floor trap or Nahin trap. For holding
water in the basin for its cleaning a rubber plug attached to a
chain secured by a stay is provided. The chain stay hole is of
10 mm diameter and it is located slightly above the overflow
slot.
The wash basin also has an integral soap holder recess or
recesses which drain into the bowl. The wash basin may be
supported either on brackets fixed in the wall or on a pedestal
rising from the floor. A section of the flat back type wash
basin supported on brackets fixed in the wall is shown in Fig.
below
2. Sinks:

Sinks are the plumbing fixtures provided in kitchens for

cleaning utensils. These are also provided in laboratories for
cleaning laboratory ware. Sinks are usually of rectangular shape
and are made of glazed earthen ware or vitreous China, cement
concrete with or without terrazzo finish, marble, stainless
steel and enameled iron.
The usual sizes of the sinks are as indicated below:
(a) Kitchen Sinks:
600 x 450 x 150 mm
600 x 450 x 250 mm
750 x 450 x 250 mm
(b) Laboratory Sinks:
400 x 250 x 150 mm
450 x 300 x 150 mm
500 x 350 x 150 mm
600 x 400 x 200 mm
The sinks are of one-piece construction with or without rim.
These are provided with a circular waste hole at the bottom for
draining. The waste hole is provided with a metallic waste
fitting also called waste coupling having a strainer and a clear
opening of about 40 mm diameter.
A waste pipe is fixed to the waste fitting which discharge into
a floor trap or Nahin trap. The kitchen sinks are usually
provided with an overflow arrangement which as shown in Fig.
below is in the form of a circular outlet of minimum diameter 25
mm provided at 30 mm below the top edge of the sink.
The laboratory sinks may be with or without overflow
arrangement. The overflow if provided for laboratory sinks is of
slot type which is included in the one-piece construction of the
sink with overflow slot of minimum area 5 cm2 provided at 30 mm
below the top edge of the sink. The kitchen sinks are usually
provided with a draining board which is fixed on the right side
of the user.

3. Bath Tubs:

Bath tubs are the plumbing fixtures provided in the bath rooms
for taking bath. These are usually made of glazed earthenware or
vitreous China, cement concrete finished with terrazzo or glazed
porcelain tiles or marble titles and enameled iron. The bath
tubs are provided with a circular waste hole at the bottom for
draining.
The waste hole is provided with a metallic waste fitting also
called waste coupling having a strainer and a clear opening of
about 40 to 50 mm diameter. A waste pipe with a trap is fixed to
the waste fitting. The bath tub is provided with tap/shower and
an overflow pipe of diameter 40 mm located at 40 to 50 mm below
the top edge of the tub (see Figure below).

For holding water in the tub, a rubber plug attached to a chain

secured by a stay is provided. The chain stay hole is of 10 mm
diameter and it is located slightly above the overflow pipe. The
usual dimensions of a bath tub are: length 1.8 m, width 0.75 m
and depth 0.45 m. The overall height of the tub including feet
is about 0.6 m.
 4. Water Closets (W.C.):

A water closet is a pan like water flushed plumbing fixture

designed to receive human excreta directly from the user. It is
made of vitreous China or porcelain and is connected to the soil
pipe by means of a trap. The inside surface of the water closet
and the trap is made smooth by glazing in order to ensure an
efficient flush.
The water closet has an integral flushing rim with adequate
number of holes to spread the flushing water. The water closet
also has an inlet or supply horn for connecting a flushing
cistern or a flushing pipe fitted with regulating valve, to
flush the water closet and discharge the human excreta to the
soil pipe.
Water closets are of the following three types:
(i) Indian type or Squatting type;
(ii) European type of Pedestal type;
(iii) Anglo-Indian type
Requirements of a Good Water Closet:
The following are the requirements of a good water closet:
(1) It should be convenient for use by persons of all age from a
child to an old person.
(2) The size of the closet pan should be such that the urine as
well as the faecal matter does not fall outside the pan.
(3) The trap should be such that water in the trap does not
splash when the excreta fall in the trap.
(4) Urine should not splash outside the closet pan.
(5) The surface of the closet pan should be smooth so that the
faecal matter may flow easily into the trap without sticking to
the closet pan.
(6) The closet pan should be such that flushing may be achieved
effectively with the use of small quantity of water.
(7) The trap should have an effective and air tight seal.
(8) The closet pan should be so designed that the faecal matter
is not too plainly visible before flushing.
(9) The closet pan should be of durable material so that it does
not crack with the passage of time.

5. Urinals:

Urinals are the plumbing fixtures provided for the purpose of

urinating.
These are usually made of glazed earthenware or vitreous China
and are of the following four types:
(i) Bowl type
(ii) Slab type
(iii) Stall type
(iv) Squatting plate type
The bowl type urinal is of one-piece construction. It may be of
either flat back pattern for fixing on a wall or angle back
pattern for fixing at the junction of two walls.
The standard sizes of these urinals are as indicated below:
(a) Flat Back Pattern- 430 mm Min. x 260 mm Min. x 350 mm Min
(b) Angle Back Pattern- 340 x 430 x 265 mm
For fixing the urinal on the wall it is provided with at least
two holes on each side having a minimum diameter of 6.5 mm. At
the bottom of the urinal an outlet horn is provided to which an
outlet pipe is fixed which is connected to a floor trap or nahni
trap. The inside surface of the urinal is made smooth to ensure
efficient flushing. The bottom of the urinal bowl has sufficient
slope from the front towards the outlet so that there is
efficient draining of the urinal.
The slab type urinal consists of a smooth glazed batter slab
fixed on the wall with two end slabs one on either side of the
batter slab fixed projecting from the wall.
The standard size of the slab type urinal is as indicated below:
Batter slab- 450 x 1000 mm or 600 x 1000 mm
End slab- 360×1000 mm
About 50 mm portion of the end wall is inserted into the wall
for support and the remaining 310 mm portion remains projecting
from the wall. Besides the slabs of glazed earthenware or
vitreous China, the slabs of cement concrete, slate or marble
are also used for the slab type urinals. At the bottom a half-
round channel drain is provided along the wall in which urine
flows and discharged into a floor trap or nahni trap to which
the drain is connected.
The stall type urinal is similar to slab type urinal in which
the batter slab and the two end slabs are made of one-piece
construction. The standard size of the stall type urinal is 1140
x 460 x 400 mm. At the bottom of the urinal an outlet is
provided which is connected to a floor trap or nahni trap.
The squatting plate type urinal is also of one-piece
construction including a drain pipe. The standard sizes of the
squatting plate type urinals are 600 x 350 mm and 450 x 350 mm.
The bowl type, slab type and stall type urinals may be used for
urinating in standing position while the squatting plate type
urinals may be used for urinating in sitting or squatting
position. The urinals are usually flushed with siphonic type
flushing cisterns which operate automatically at regular
interval of 10 to 15 minutes.
The urinals may be installed either as single unit or as
multiple units placed side by side. Fig. below shows the
installation of two units of bowl type urinals placed side by
side and Fig. below show the installation of three units of slab
or stall type urinals places side by side.
 6. Flushing Cisterns:

Flushing cisterns are the plumbing fixtures provided for

flushing out water closets and urinals. These are made of cast
iron, glazed earthenware or vitreous China, or plastic. For
Indian type water closets normally cast-iron flushing cisterns
are used which are fixed with their bottom at a height of 1.25 m
above the top of the closet pans and these are known as high
level flushing cisterns.
For European type and Anglo- Indian type water closets usually
flushing cisterns of vitreous China or plastic are used which
are fixed with their bottom at a height of 0.3 m above the top
of the closet pans and these are known as low level flushing
cisterns.
Flushing cisterns are of two types:
(i) Valveless siphonic type, and
(ii) Valve fitted siphonic type.
The valve less siphonic type flushing cisterns are preferred and
are largely used in practice. Bell type flushing cistern is a
typical example of the valveless siphonic type flushing
cisterns. A bell type flushing cistern is provided with a
central outlet stand-pipe with its upper end projecting a little
above the maximum water level in the cistern and its lower end
connected to a flush pipe which is connected to the closet pan
or urinal.
The stand-pipe is provided with a bell-shaped cover called bell
which is closed at the top and open at the bottom. The bell is
connected to a chain through a lever arm so that on pulling the
chain the bell is lifted up and on releasing it the bell is
lowered to its original position.
The cistern is filled with water through an inlet controlled by
a float valve or ball valve which closes the inlet when the
cistern is filled up to the maximum water level and opens the
inlet when the cistern is empty thus permitting the entry of
water. An overflow pipe is provided to drain out excess incoming
water if the float valve ceases to function and thus avoid
spilling of water from the cistern in the toilet.

When the chain is pulled the bell is lifted up which splashes

the water and a portion of it flows down the stand-pipe. The
water flowing down the stand-pipe takes away some air with it
which causes a partial vacuum in the upper portion of the bell,
thus siphonic action starts and the entire quantity of water in
the cistern is sucked rapidly through the large opening at the
base of the bell, and the cistern is emptied.
The emptying action takes only a few seconds, causing powerful
flush in the water closet or urinal below. When the cistern is
emptied the float is lowered which results in opening of the
inlet and allowing water to enter the cistern. It may be noted
that the chain should be released immediately after being
pulled; otherwise, the partial vacuum developed may be destroyed
by the entry of air from the flush pipe.
The bell type flushing cisterns are usually of 5, 10 and 15
liters capacity.
7. Faucet
8. Shower
9. Shower Enclosures
10. Other Products

Market Overview

 The market for bathroom fittings in India seems to be

unorganized. Industry leaders in the organized segment are
progressively scaling their production capacities,
upgrading their manufacturing processes, and focusing on
innovative technologies to produce ergonomically convenient
designs to keep up with the changing tastes of consumers.
 The growing real estate sector, rapid urbanization, rising
disposable incomes, and improving lifestyles of Indian
consumers are primarily driving the demand for bath
fittings and accessories in the country, mainly in housing
and hospitality sectors.

 The rising popularity of modern concept washrooms among

Indian urban consumers is increasing demand for premium
bathroom fittings, benefiting several foreign bathroom
fitting brands as well as the Indian brands offering
premium sanitary-ware and fittings products especially in
Tier 1 and Tier 2 cities in India.
 Rapid urbanization and emerging suburbs particularly around
the metro cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, and
others are promoting the housing and commercial real estate
sector further benefitting the bath fittings market.
Similarly, a high standard of living and consumer
disposable income of residents living in the emerging
suburbs bolster demand particularly for premium bath
fitting products offered by organized players.
 Rural areas in the country are also opening huge growth
opportunities for the bath fitting market owing to the
several schemes introduced by the Indian government. For
instance, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan gives significant impetus
to the construction of washrooms in rural regions, and
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Gramin, which focuses on
providing a pucca house with basic amenities and financial
assistance to poor rural people, will likely create demand
for bath fitting products in rural areas.
 Growing environmental awareness and increasing popularity
of eco-friendly and smart technology products among Indian
consumers certainly create a demand for new age eco-
friendly bathroom products. Consumers are highly concerned
about water wastage and actively look for products such as
high-efficiency faucets, infrared controls, and sensor taps
and showers that can certainly reduce water wastage.
 The market was initially dominated by local players in this
segment. However, foreign players are now gaining
popularity as more customers wish to purchase high-end
designer products due to the growing beatification of
restrooms. There have also been some tie-ups between
foreign and domestic players in this segment to offer
western designed bath-fitting product lines at premium
prices.
 Furthermore, India is also emerging as a sanitaryware
manufacturing hub due to the abundant availability of raw
materials and low labor costs.
 HSIL, Cera India, Roca India, Kohler India, Toto India,
Jaquar and Company, and many other companies have set up
manufacturing facilities in the country
 Over the last decade, there has been steady growth in
disposable incomes of Indian consumers. Young and
aspirational consumers with access to attractive
installment options may ensure growth in spending from USD
1.5 trillion today to nearly USD 6 trillion by 2030.
  It is estimated that by 2030, India will add approximately
140 million middle-income and 21 million high-income
households, nearly doubling the total share of these
segments to 51%. Some factors like thriving tourism,
exposure to the global market, and rising awareness are
further augmenting the market growth.
 Moreover, the Indian real estate industry is addressing the
demand for built-up space from various property segments,
such as offices, housing units, shopping malls, the
hospitality industry, the manufacturing sector, and
logistics facilities.
 Companies, like Watertec (India) Private Limited, have been
on a staunch mission to revolutionize the bath space by
replacing the conventional metal brass fittings and
accessories and, in turn, enriching the bath space with
higher utility, cost-effective, and technically superior
products.
 Watertec has been a brand name and a one-stop solution for
all bathing needs, with aesthetically designed, high-
performing polymer faucets, stainless steel bath faucets,
showers, sanitaryware, flushing systems, stainless steel
floor drain, pipe and fittings, and many more products in
its portfolio.
INNOVATION IN PRODUCT OFFERINGS

 The advanced range of bathroom solutions comprises

bathtubs, basins, shower accessories, faucets, etc., with
increased emphasis on luxury, style, and elegance. Many
international and Indian companies are also making giant
strides in India and are exploring the market with the
latest offerings in bath fittings and sanitaryware.
 A leading brand in sanitary ware and bathroom accessories
known as Pearl Precision has recently launched a state of
art bathroom accessories, including faucets family
collection range, health faucets, and flushing systems. The
company is well known for offering its wide variety of
product lines, including cisterns, seat covers, faucets,
showers, sinks, and other household accessories. Pearl
Precision already has a strong presence across India, as
well as in the United Arab Emirates and Nepal, with brand
name Pearl.
RISING URBANIZATION IN THE COUNTRY
  The growth of the bath fittings market in India has been
majorly driven by rising urbanization and improving
consumer awareness regarding new bath accessories.
 The urbanization in India is mainly due to the expansion of
cities and the migration of people. Investments are being
made in the country in housing, road network, urban
transport, water supply, power-related infrastructures,
smart cities, and other forms of urban management. The
degree of urbanization has also been growing Y-o-Y in the
country.
 Private cities in the country are also expanding now due to
the support of private companies, and private developers
are building private housing projects that may
exponentially grow in the years to come.
 For instance, the Delhi-Mumbai Corridor is an
infrastructure program set to develop ‘Smart Cities’ and
combine the next-generation technology with infrastructural
development. Phase 2 of the program started in 2018.
 Homes with at least one bathroom have become a necessity in
urban areas, which, in turn, has led to an increase in the
demand for bathroom fittings. The primary factors driving
the bathroom fittings market include rapid urbanization and
improving living standards.
 As a result, consumers are now becoming more inclined
toward premium and high-end household fittings. In addition
to this, the increasing urbanization levels, along with the
growing construction of smart and luxury housing projects,
have further augmented the demand for bathroom fittings.
Various automated bathroom accessories, including sensor
taps, smart showers/mixers, and automatic soap dispensers,
are gaining popularity, precisely among the urbanized
population

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE MARKET

 The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected various

businesses in India, including the bathroom fittings
industry. Like sanitaryware and bathroom fixtures,
categories are largely classified as discretionary
spending. Due to the expected decline in
renovation/refurbishment activity, they may witness a
deferment in demand in the near term COVID-19 outbreak.
 Many dealers and manufacturers have also reported annual
turnover discounts and are instead resorting to destocking
or lean inventory, citing expectations of demand slump.
 However, public health has become an urgent matter in the
current scenario, and the architecture and interior design
of bathrooms are taking a fresh look at the foundation.
Currently, in the context of COVID-19, these spaces could
evolve. When the current pandemic finally recedes, a new
wave of innovations in bathrooms to ensure cleaner, more
hygienic, and comfortable may be observed.
 Architects, product designers, and interior designers may
have to reimagine many bathroom fixtures. They will have to
consider that consumers’ minds are now programmed to touch
things only if necessary and wash hands as soon as possible
with soap and water. This behavior may drive a movement
toward voice-based, sensor- driven, and motion-detecting
bathroom fixtures.
 Bathrooms may, therefore, become smarter. Door handles may
disappear from the designs, and consumers may soon be able
to open and shut the door with a voice command. The shower
and bathtub could also be controlled with a remote or an
app on mobile or even with voices. Faucets, soap
dispensers, and water closets may also become sensor-
driven.
 The need for contactless technology and utilities has
increased in India to maintain hygiene, which has been
paramount during this pandemic. This is especially
important in public and private bathrooms, which is why
people are also turning to sensor taps.
 There may also be an increase in the usage of shower
enclosures to keep the bathrooms dry. Bathrooms made after
the pandemic outbreak may be brighter with bigger windows
to let the sunlight and fresh air in.
 Research shows that faucets are the second-most bacteria-
ridden spots in most bathrooms, second to the toilet bowl.
This is because faucets are used frequently throughout the
day to rinse and clean our hands. With regular taps, the
faucet or handle must be touched to operate.
 With automatic faucets, sensors are built into the handle,
enabling it to detect motion. Thus, when an object like a
hand appears in front of it, it instantly automates water
flow.
  This eliminates the need to touch the handle and prevents
repeated cross-contamination between each use. The levels
of hygiene are much higher when sensor taps are maintained
consistently.

1. Jaquar

Jaquar is leading bath fittings & sanitary ware brand in India,

founded in the year 1960 with excellent presence in more than 45
countries across the globe like Europe, Middle East, Asia-
Pacific and Africa.
Jaquar has 5 ultra-modern manufacturing units in India and 1 in
South Korea. This has capacity to produce 24 million bath
fittings yearly.
Jaquar fulfill residential and commercial sectors with 3
different segments which are Artize, Jaquar & Essco.
Jaquar Product Categories: -
Popular Faucet Series
1. OPAL PRIME
2. ORNAMIX PRIME
3. LYRIC
4. D’ARC
5. KUBIX-F
Popular Sanitary ware series
1. D’ARC
2. LYRIC
3. KUBIX
4. FLORENTINE
5. ARIA
Jaquar Kubix Taps & Faucets Price Range: -
Starts from Rs. 700 to Rs. 11000/-
Jaquar Rain Shower Price Range: -
Starts From Rs. 2600/- to Rs. 19000/-

2. Hindware

Hindware is 57 years old brand founded in the year 1960 which

also known as Hindustan Sanitaryware & Industries Limited
(HSIL). This has 4 manufacturing plants in Haryana & Andhra
Pradesh, India with capacity to produce 2.7 million sanitary
ware products annually.
Hindware acquired Krishna Ceramics Ltd & Raasi Ceramics to
expand sanitary ware manufacturing capacity.
The luxury bath fittings brand name AMORE, QUEO & BENELAVE is
under Hindware roof.
Hindware has home interior & décor retail chain store founded in
the year 2007 with the name Hindware Home Retail Pvt Limited
(HRPL). Which has given the brand name EVOK.
Hindware had 3 Major Categories in Sanitary wares: -
1. Hindware Italian Collection
2. Hindware Art collection
3. Hindware
Also have KIDS & specially abled series.
Hindware Sanitary Italian Collection Price Range: -
Starts from Rs. 4000 to Rs. 49000/-
Showers Price Range: -
Starts from Rs. 800 to Rs. 30000/-

3. Cera

Cera sanitaryware is 37 years old brand founded in the year

1980. Cera has manufacturing plant in Kadi, Dist. Mehsana,
Gujarat. This has capacity to produce 3.0 million pieces per
annul.
Cera products are also available on E-commerce website like
Amazon, Flipkart, Snapdeal etc.
Cera Product Range: -
1. Vitreous China Sanitary ware
2. Faucet – Chrome Plated Fittings & Taps
3. Showers, Bathtub, Jacuzzi, Wash Basins
4. Kitchen Sinks
5. Vitrified Floor & Wall Tiles
Green Products and Kids range also available.
Taps & Faucets Price Range: -
Starts from Rs. 1000/- to Rs. 25000/-
Water Closets Price Range: -
Starts from Rs. 2000 to Rs. 25000/-

4. Parryware

Parryware is 65 years old brand founded in the year 1952 as EID

parry. Parryware has joint venture with Roca brand since 2006.
Parryware has 7 manufacturing plants in India situated at
Bhiwadi, Ranipat, Perundurai, Dewas, Alwar, Pant Nagar and
Sriperumbudur.
Taps & Faucets Price Range: -
Starts From Rs. 900/- to Rs. 15000/-
Showers & Wellness Price Range: -
Starts from Rs. 900/- to Rs. 26000/-
Sanitary Price Range: -
Starts From Rs. 2500/- to Rs. 25000/-

5. Kohler India
Kohler is luxury imported bathroom fittings brand founded in the
year 1873, has worldwide presence and over 40 manufacturing
locations.
Kohler is spreaded in North America, South America, Africa,
Asia, Europe and Oceania.
Kohler has water-saving Sink Faucets, Toilets and showers with
exclusive design models.
Kohler Faucet’s Price Range: -
Rs. 2470/- to Rs. 101990/-
5 Colors Available: -
1. Oil-Rubbed Bronze
2. French Gold
3. Vibrant Brushed Nickel
4. Polished Chrome
5. Vibrant Modern Polished Gold