UNIT IV – PLUMBING SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS

AR3403 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN BUILDINGS

Presented by,
Ar. Anushnath Ravichandran
FOURTH SEMESTER PSG Institute of Architecture and Planning MUM (CEPT University), IGBC AP, A.I.I.A.
PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING
1) To drain away the liquid waste produced as STACK
quickly as possible so as to avoid nuisance. A general term used for
2) To prevent the entry of foul gases from the any vertical line of soil,
sewer line. waste or vent piping.
3) To provide facilities for the quick removal of SOIL STACK
foul matter such as human excreta from the A pipe that conveys the
water closets. discharge of water closets or
4) To collect the sewage systematically for its similar fixtures containing
further conveyance, treatment and disposal. fecal matter, with or without
5) To provide healthy and aesthetic the discharge of other
environment in the building. fixtures to the building drain
or building sewer.
MAIN STACKS
Soil stacks that drain water closets are called
main stacks. Every house must have at least one
main stack, which is generally 3" in diameter.
Each bathroom must have a main stack.

SECONDARY STACKS
Stacks that do not drain water closets are
called secondary stacks. Secondary stacks are 1-
1/2" diameter.

Components of a residential drainage system

VENT STACK
Gases from the system dissipate through the
vent stack—12" above roof. The vent stack
provides an air inlet for the drainage system to
operate properly.

ANTI-SIPHONAGE PIPE
The pipe used in the house drainage to preserve
the water seal of traps is known as the anti-
siphonage.

CLEANOUT
Each stack requires a cleanout at the base.
Cleanout
SANITARY FIXTURES
WASH BASINS
WASH BASIN AND SINKS

▪ A Wash basin is made up of vitreous China and is available in wide range of colors, patterns and
sizes.
▪ Wash basins are of one piece construction including a combined overflow and soap holder.
▪ All internal angles are designed so as to facilitate cleaning.
▪ The sinks are also the similar construction as wash basins, except that the size of sinks is much larger
and the bottom surface is level/flat compared to rounded shape for wash basins.
▪ Wash basins can be broadly classified as 1) Wall hung or 2) Counter fitted
▪ Wall hung wash basins are further classified as i) Flat back, ii) Angle back, iii) Full pedestal and
iv) Half pedestal
▪ Counter fitted wash basin are further classified as i) Under the counter, ii) Over the counter
and iii) Counter top
FLAT /ANGLE BACK BASINS

▪ Wall hung basins are either of flat back or angle back to fit in a corner.
▪ The various patterns and sizes of wash basins are shown in figure below

Flat /Angle back basins

PEDESTAL WASH BASINS

▪ Pedestal is provided to hide the trap,

waste and hot and cold water service
pipes to enhance the looks of the wash
basin.
▪ The pedestals are so constructed as to
support the wash basin rigidly and
adequately.
▪ Suitable provision is to be made to fix
the pedestal to the flooring.
▪ The bottom of the pedestal is provided
with holes for screwing in masonry
screws into the floor for fixing. Pedestal wash basins
UNDER THE COUNTER WASH BASINS

▪ This is most attractive and becoming

more popular wash basins now a days.
▪ In this type wash basin is sunk in the
counter.
▪ Water spilled over the counter will be
flown in to the wash basin.
▪ Wash basin is first fixed on the kadappa
stone platform or RCC platform.

Under the counter wash basins

COUNTER TOP WASH BASINS

▪ Counter top wash basins are placed

directly on the platform.
▪ Hole is cut on the platform for Waste
fittings.

Counter top wash basins

WATER CLOSETS
Water Closets
• The water closet is a sanitary fitting which is
designed to receive human excreta directly
from the person using it.
• The room in which it is installed is also
sometimes referred by the term water closet.
Indian WC
The water closets are of following two types:
1. Indian type water closet
2. European type water closet
3. Anglo Indian/ Universal water closet
European WC

Anglo Indian WC
Indian type Water Closets
• This is fixed in squatting or sitting position.
• The overall length of this varies from 450 to
675mm.
• The width near the one end is 150mm and it is
increased to 225 to 280mm near the other end.
• The overall height is including the trap is about
400 to 500mm.
• It requires at least 10 litres of water for flushing.
• Hence its flushing rim is connected to a
flushing cistern fixed above the water closet. Long pattern squatting Orissa pattern
• Two foot rests are fixed on either side of the pan squatting pan

closet.
• The Indian type is usually made of porcelain.
European type Water Closets
• It is made of porcelain and fixed above floor
level.
• The pan has flushing rim, which is connected
to the flushing cistern.
• A cover is provided at its top
• Overall lengths vary from 500 to 600mm and
height 350 to 400mm.
Anglo Indian/ Universal type Water Closets
• This type of WC is suitable for both squatting
as well as sitting posture.
• This functions just like a Wash down W.C.
• These can be attached to either P or S trap.
• The P trap is made integral with the WC but S
trap may be integral .
• These are manufactured in two sizes
i) Length = 570 mm, Width = 460 mm and
height = 380 mm and
ii) Length = 650 mm, Width = 460 mm and
Height = 380 m.
• The detailed dimensions are given IS:2556 Pt. 15
Flushing Cisterns
• In order to flush the water closets and urinals
the arrangement made is called flushing
cistern.
• These are made of cast-iron or porcelain with a
capacity of 5 to 15 litres.
• It consists of a bell connected to flushing chain
through a lever.
• When the chain is pulled, the bell is lifted up
and the water in the tank rushes through the
flushing pipe by syphonic action.
• The float valve now allows the water from the
inlet into the cistern and thus the cistern is
ready for next flushing.
Anti-Siphonage pipe
• Back-siphonage is caused by negative or
reduced pressure in the supply piping.
• When pressure in a distribution system drops
to atmospheric or below, a vacuum is created
allowing water to siphon in the reverse flow.
• This condition is identical to drinking through
a straw.
• These pipes are provided to prevent siphonage
action and consequent sucking of water seals.
• Particularly if several lavatory blocks are
situated on different storeys discharging in the
same soil pipe or waste pipe, the anti siphonage
pipe has to be necessarily provided.
Anglo Indian Type Water Closet
URINALS
Urinals
• A urinal is any specialized toilet or container designed for urinating, generally by men and boys.
• Public urinals are normally designed for use while standing upright.
• They are mainly two types.
1) Bowl type
2) Stall or Slab type
Bowl type
• The bowl type has a lipped basin with a
flushing rim fixed at a convenient height about
0.6m
• These type of urinals are generally used in
private building, offices. These are more
convenient to use and better in appearance
than stall type urinals.
• The usual centre to centre spacing between the
units is kept about 60 cm and a partition plate
is provided between two bowls.
• It is flushed through hand operated symphonic
type flushing cistern
Stall or Slab type
• Stall type urinals are used for offices, factories,
public buildings, cinema halls etc.
• The system comprises of simple compartments
of raising side walls, the front wall is glazed and
slanted by 4+1o from vertical plane.
• It has a floor channel to drain off the discharge
through trapped outlet.
• The stall type urinal range may be flushed by
automatic flushing cistern with a capacity of 10
to 15 litres.
BIDETS
Bidets
• A bidet is a plumbing fixture that is installed
as a separate unit in the bathroom to wash
and clean the genitalia, perineum, inner
buttocks, and anus.
• The bidet is designed to promote personal
hygiene and is used after defecation, and
before and after sexual intercourse.
• It can also be used to wash feet, with or
without filling it up with water.
• Bidets are common in Europe, Asia, and
South America.
SINKS
Sinks
• A sink, commonly referred to as a kitchen
sink is a domestic and commercial fitting
that is installed in kitchens.
• The sink is a big bowl-like structure with a
depth of around 9-10 inches, that has a
drainer, also known as Kitchen sink coupling,
in the centre and allows you to wash and
clean utensils.
• These sinks are made up of various materials
like granite, marble, porcelain, and stainless
steel.
Sinks Apron-front sink
• There are a variety of styles, with a choice • This sink comes with a deep bowl and board
between an apron-front sink, under- or apron, which is an extension in the front.
mount sink, and drop-in sink. • To install the sink, it might require
• Sinks are also classified by the nature of the modification of the cabinets or cabinets with
placement and use like corner sink, prep a special base to accommodate the broad
sink, utility or laundry sink, and bar sink. apron in the front.
• The front face of the cabinet that comes
under the sink will be shorter and smaller
than the other cabinets adjacent to it to
provide space for the apron.
• Apron-front sinks, also known as farmhouse
Apron-front sink sinks, have large, deep bowls.
Drop-in sink
• The drop-in sink sits inside the countertop in
a pre-cut opening and is securely held in
place with screws and clips from the
underneath.
• For support and stability, the sink has a rim
along the perimeter that helps the sink to
rest on the countertop top and provides
support and stability.
• The sink can have one or more mounting
holes for installing faucets and are easy to
install and remove.
Drop-in sink
Undermount sink
• Undermount sinks look like drop-in sinks in
that it sits inside an opening created in the
countertop top.
• But the manner of installation is different
because there is no tip or lip provided in the
sink design.
• The sinks are mounted to the countertop
top’s underside and held in place with
brackets or clips and adhesives.
• The absence of rim gives a sleek appearance
to it and eases the process of cleaning the Undermount sink
area around the sink.
Corner sink
• To utilize the countertop space effectively by
using the corners of countertops, placing a
corner sink strategically is a standard practice
in interior decoration.
• The sinks come in L-shape and add more
flexibility to the space around the
countertop.
• Stainless steel is the chosen material for
corner sinks, and it comes with undermount
or drop-in installation.

Corner sink
Prep or Bar sink
• Prep sinks, also known as bar sinks, play
second fiddle to the main sink in the kitchen
and installed specially for performing small
tasks like rinsing fruits and vegetables and
washing hands.
• However, in small-sized kitchens, the prep
sink could be the only one that serves all
purposes without the need for another big
sink.
Prep or Bar sink
Sink materials
Sinks are made from a wide variety of materials
with stainless steel being most popular in
addition to porcelain, cast iron, copper,
acrylic, fireclay, granite and composite
material.
VALVES
VALVES
Valves are for starting or stopping flow, regulating or
throttling flow, preventing back flow or relieving and
regulating pressure in fluid or gaseous handling
applications.

GATE VALVE
▪ A gate valve is generally used to completely shut off
fluid flow or, in the fully open position, provide full
flow in a pipeline.
▪ Thus it is used either in the fully closed or fully open
positions.
Gate Valve
▪ A gate valve consists of a valve body, seat and disc, a
spindle, gland, and a wheel for operating the valve.
FLOAT VALVE
▪ The float valve is a simple mechanical liquid level
controller.
▪ A float detects changes of elevation in the liquid free
surface and opens or closes a valve accordingly.
▪ Large numbers of small float valves are used in
domestic water systems like the flushing cistern,
Over Head Tanks, etc.,
▪ The purpose of float valves is to control the flow and
fill level of the tanks, preventing overfilling, while
the valve connector connects the valve to the
incoming liquid.

Float Valve
FLAP VALVE
▪ Flap Valves are one-way valves which are installed at
the open end of a pipe line or culvert.
▪ The valve flap opens in the appropriate flow
direction and is either forced open by the flow or
opened remotely.
▪ The flap's spring or weight closes it against a seal
when the flow stops or the remote actuation is
released, essentially preventing fluid or gas from
flowing back into the pipe.

Flap Valve
FLAP VALVE
BALL VALVE
▪ Ball valves are mechanical devices that are used to
restrict or allow the passage of a fluid (liquid or gas)
in a piping system.
▪ They are known as quarter-turn valves because a 90°
rotation of the handle is all that is required to change
the valve position from fully open to fully closed or
vice versa.

Ball Valve
BALL VALVE
FLUSH VALVE
▪ The flush valve provides a means to open the water
supply line to a fixture, permitting a preset volume of
water to pass through it to cleanse the fixture with
each flush.
▪ The flush valve, located in the middle of the toilet
tank, includes the overflow tube, the hole where
water enters the bowl when the toilet is flushed and
the rubber tank ball or flapper that covers the hole
when the tank is full.

Flush Valve
FLUSH VALVE
TAPS
TAPS
Taps fall into three main design categories
▪ Wall mounted taps are known as Bib Taps
▪ Those mounted directly onto the sink, basin or
bath are called Pillar Taps
▪ Mixer Taps, which have a hot and cold valve linked
to a single spout.
BIB COCK
▪ It is a draw-off tap with horizontal inlet and free
outlet.
▪ A bib tap is closed by means of disc carrying a
renewable non-metallic washer which shuts against
the water pressure on a seating at right angles to the Bib Cock
axis of the threaded spindle which operates it.
STOP COCK
▪ A stop cock is an angular valve that is used to entirely
stop the flow of water or gas and is an essential item
for every house.
▪ Stop cock is a useful item that is needed in times of
emergency, like overflowing tank or gas leakage.
▪ It is used to cut the main flow completely.

Stop Cock
PILLAR TAPS

▪ The traditional spindle design is commonly used

on lower quality, cheaper tap designs. The tap has
a spindle through the center, with the valve seat
connected via a screw thread.
▪ A standard tap washer (either 15 mm or20mm) is
fixed to the end of the valve seat.
▪ As the handle is turned the spindle rotates and the
screw thread moves the valve seat up and down to
regulate the flow of water.

Pillar Tap
SELF-CLOSING TAPS

▪ A self-closing tap is a draw-off tap which remains

in the open position so long as a lever handle is
kept pressed up, down or sideways, or a
pushbutton is kept pressed in, and closes by itself
or when the button or the lever handle is released
▪ These types of taps prevents wastage of water and
are normally fixed at location where heavy public
traffic is expected all the time.

Self-closing Tap
MIXER VALVES

▪ Mixer valves are manufactured as per I.S.1701.

▪ As stated earlier, hot and cold water is carried in
different pipes and mixed in a mixer valve at the
point of discharge, through a common spout.

Mixer Valves
BASIN PILLAR TAPS

▪ Basin pillar taps are single tap bodies, with a 15 mm connection, for use with any two tap hole
basin. (i.e. a separate tap for hot and cold).

▪ The hot tap is always installed on the left hand side.

Basin Pillar Tap

FAUCETS
FAUCETS
▪ A fixture for drawing or regulating the flow of
liquid especially from a pipe.
▪ It allows you to turn the flow of water on and off.
▪ Faucets are classified into two broad categories:
1. Kitchen faucets
2. Bathroom faucets

Kitchen faucets are further classified into four types:

1. Ball faucets
2. Disc faucets
3. Cartridge faucets
4. Compression faucets
Kitchen
FAUCETS - KITCHEN
BALL FAUCET
▪ Ball faucets are a type of single-handle faucet that’s
easily identifiable by the handle sitting on top of a
ball-shaped cap on the top of the faucet spout.
▪ The single handle moves side to side to control the
temperature, and lifts up to control the water flow.
▪ It’s this ball assembly, which has slots, O-rings, and
spring-loaded rubber seals, which makes the faucet
work.

Ball Faucet
FAUCETS - KITCHEN
DISC FAUCET
▪ This is the newest and perhaps the best type of faucet
technology.
▪ Generally identifiable by their single-lever control
and wide, cylindrical body, a disc faucet controls the
temperature of the water with two ceramic discs at
the bottom of the chamber inside.
▪ In this chamber, the hot and cold water mixes
together, with the proportion of each being
controlled by the side-to-side angle of the control
lever.

Disc Faucet
FAUCETS - KITCHEN
CATRIDGE FAUCET
▪ Cartridge faucets and compression faucets are
generally indistinguishable from one another until
you feel how they work.
▪ A half-turn brings the faucet from off to the fully-on
position, and then turns back off again without any
added pressure or effort.
▪ A cartridge is used in faucets that control both the
hot and cold water through one handle.

Cartridge Faucet
FAUCETS - KITCHEN
COMPRESSION FAUCET
▪ Compression faucets are also double-handle, which
means the hot and cold water lines are controlled
through their own handle to the side of the water
spout.
▪ However, a compression faucet is usually pretty
distinguishable in that they feel less pressurized as
they turn on, and more pressurized as they close.
▪ This is because they function by using a glorified
screw that pushes against a rubber washer to form a
seal that shuts off your water.

Compression Faucet
FAUCETS - BATHROOM
HEALTH FAUCET
▪ A health faucet, also known as a bidet spray or hand-
held bidet, is a plumbing fixture that is commonly
found in bathrooms in many parts of the world.
▪ It is used for personal hygiene, particularly after
using the toilet.

Health Faucet
FAUCETS - BATHROOM
TOUCHLESS BATHROOM FAUCET
▪ Touchless faucets use technology that allow you to
start the flow of water without touching the faucet.
▪ Instead, just placing your hand under the spout will
start the water flow, and the water will stop when you
take your hand away.

Touchless Bathroom Faucet

TRAPS
TRAPS
▪ Water stays in a trap to form a seal that
prevents sewer gas from backing up into home.
▪ All the fixtures must have trap. Toilets are self
traps, bathtubs have drum traps, kitchen sinks
have grease traps etc.
▪ It is provided in the drainage system to avoid
foul gas entry in pipes and thereby in premises.
▪ The trap most commonly used with plumbing
fixtures is the P-trap.

P-Trap
TRAPS

P-Trap Q-Trap S-Trap

GULLY TRAP
▪ These traps are used to carry waste water
discharge from washbasin, sinks, bathroom etc.
and are connected to the waste water drainage
pipes.
▪ Mostly made of stone and C.I. grating is
provided.

Gully Trap
Floor/ Nahani Traps
This trap is provided in the floor to collect waste water from washbasin, shower, sink and bathroom
etc. These are available in cast iron or UPVC material and have removable grating (JALI) on the top of
the trap.
Bottle Traps
This trap is used below washbasin and sinks which normally traps the hard or inorganic material at
the bottom and allows only the water to drain out.
PLUMBING DRAWINGS &
LAYOUTS
Plumbing Symbols
Plumbing Plan Vents
• The drain-waste-vent system is designed to safely
convey the waste and waste water from the building
while allowing noxious gases created from sewage
to escape to the exterior of the building.

• In the diagram the drain piping is shown in green

and the vent piping is shown in orange

Drain-Waste-Vent System
 Traps

Drain Pipes Stacks Cleanouts

Thank you…