TECHNICAL REPORT BASED ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

ATTACHMENT AT INTERNAL DRAINAGE BASIN WATER

BOARD, SINGIDA.

by
NAMNYAKI RAPHAEL STONE
Reg. No. 23130/ T.2019

Department of Environmental Science and Management

School of Environmental Science and Technology
Ardhi University

Name of Training Officer: …………………………

Qualification: ………………………………

2021
 ABSTRACT
Industrial training is a part of the course required for the Bachelor of Science in
Environmental Science and Management which enables students to apply
knowledge gained in theories to practical works.

This report covers eight weeks of industrial training conducted at Internal

drainage basin water board (IDBWB). The training focused on water resources
management, to manage the efficient use of water resources in the internal
drainage basin.

The report consists of four chapters, that is chapter one describes the introduction
of the IT station (IDBWB), its geographical location, its core activities and its
quality policy.

Chapter two describes the existing situation of the organization, weekly summary
of the activities performed and challenges faced.

Chapter three describes the technical problems/Challenges identified and

proposed solutions.

Chapter four describes the conclusion drawn from the study area( IT station) and
scientific based recommendations.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to thank my almighty GOD for an amazing gift of
life and hardworking spirit he grants me with.

My heartily gratitude goes to ARDHI university especially our SEST industrial

training coordinator Dr. Muhondwa for his hardworking and making sure we all
put our knowledge into practical in order to gain further experience.

Much appreciation to Mr. Sibomana, the IT assessor who gave me technical

support which contributed to my personal development.

I sincerely extend my heartfelt gratitude to Law enforcement and Environmental

protection department under Eng. Nyacheri A. Mramba, for the kindness
throughout the training period, the moral support, career advises as well as for the
skills he passed on to me throughout. I would also like to acknowledge the
contributions and consultative advices of Eng. Chacha M. Chacha.

Of all the rest, I would like to place my special thanks to my family for their
support both financially and ideologically, their efforts on making sure my future
shines are of no match. May GOD bless you all.
 DECLARATION
I Stone, Namnyaki R. declare that this Industrial Training Report and the technical
investigations written therein are my own findings. I confirm that this work has neither been
written by another person nor submitted to the School of Environmental Science and
Technology for whatever purpose.

Signature -----------------------------------------
Stone, Namnyaki R.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PICTURES
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
IDB – Internal drainage basin
IDBWB – Internal drainage basin water board
MoW – Ministry of Water
WUA – Water Users association
WRMA- Water Resources Development Act
IWRMD- Integrated Water Resources Management and Development
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (IT) is an integral part of the degree course that should be
conducted for eight weeks at the end of the second semester of the academic year, being
related to the knowledge obtained in the classroom. This enables students to practice and to
apply the theoretical part of knowledge into real practical work. The industrial training was
conducted at The Internal Drainage Basin Water Board (IDBWB) has its Headquarter in
Singida Municipal Town. IDBWB is under the Ministry of Water and during the industrial
training (IT), I was able to witness and apply different principles and theories taught in the
class.
1.1 BACKGROUND
 Description of the IT station(IDBWB)

The Internal Drainage Basin is located in the north-eastern part of the country and is the
second largest basin of the country after Rufiji River Basin with an area of about 143,100
km².

The internal drainage Basin Water Board (IDBWB) is the second largest basin in
Tanzania. The basin was first established in October 29, 2004 under the water Act No. 42
of 1974 and its correction Act No.10 of 1981. It is one of the nine basins declared in 2004
by Minister responsible for water affairs. The Internal drainage basin Water Board has its
Headquarter at Singida Municipal Town and its sub-basins in Dodoma, Arusha and
Shinyanga. IDBWB is under the Ministry of Water. All its workers are employed by
Ministry of water (MoW)( (IDBWB, 2010).

It is hydrologically subdivided into nine subbasins, namely, Lake Eyasi subbasin (A),
Monduli A subbasin (B), Monduli B subbasin (C), Lake Manyara subbasin (D), Lake
Natron subbasin (E), Olduvai subbasin (F), Bahi (Manyoni) subbasin (G), Masai Steppe
subbasin (H), and Namanga subbasin (I).

All rivers drain into lakes and swamps of varying sizes within the basin. Most of the rivers
in the basin are seasonal. Few permanent rivers and springs are found in north and
northeast of the basin.

IDBWB includes series of valleys, depressions and river catchments, which form the basis
of its inland drainage system (IDBWB, 2010). Since it is known that the minimum annual
precipitation for corn growth is 600mm, the water resources condition in IDB is
considerably severe.

About 11.5% of the whole IDBWB is located in Kenya which forms about 67% of Lake
Natron Subbasin and some parts of the Namanga Subbasin. The mentioned part is not
included in the study area. Therefore, the precise IDBWB study area is about 143,100 km²
which extends over parts of Arusha, Shinyanga, Manyara, Dodoma, Singida, and Tabora
regions and consists of 9 Subbasins.(JICA,2008)

Table 1.2 Coverage Area of the IDBWB Subbasins

1.1.1 PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF IDBWB

The Internal Drainage Basin is located in central and northern parts of the country. The
basin longitude is between 32.5°E and 37.5°E and the basin latitude is between 1.9°S and
6.9°S. The neighbouring basins are Pangani and Wami /Ruvu basins in the east, Rufiji
basin in the south and Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria basins in the west.
Fig 1.2 The map of IDBWB sub-basins (Source National Water Policy 2002)
There are ten members of the IDBWB. They are drawn from public institutions and the
private sector (including representatives of NGO’s, Farmers and Livestock keepers, and
women). The Minister of Water and Irrigation appoints the Chairman and the members of
the Board.

The main objectives of the Office are in accordance to the National Water Law namely:

• To act as principal executors of the Water Resources Management Act No.11 of 2009.

• To carry out research pertaining to Water Resources Management in the IDBWB.

The Internal drainage Basin covers an area of 143,100 km² . The river drains into the Indian
Ocean. The land use in the Basin includes agriculture, mining, forestry, livestock keeping,
fishing, wild life, navigation and human settlements(JICA,2008)

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY IDBWB

 The Core activities of the IDBWB include’s the following;

 Monitoring of water uses including the operations of the Mtera and Kidatu dams.

 Monitoring of the Water Resources (availability and quality)

 Prepare basin Water resources management plans, projects budgets and an

implementation strategy

 Integrate district plans into basin water resources management plans

 Approve, issue and revoke water use and discharge permits

 Conflict resolutions

 Holding stakeholder meetings

 Researches pertaining of Water Resources Utilization and Regulation

 Administration of the water utilization (Control & Regulation) law in the basin
including collection of various water user fees.

 To educate and mobilize water users on matters concerning water resources

management (its legal aspects and participatory aspects).

 Make liaison with other relevant sectors on Water Resources Management.

 Provide guidelines and standards for construction and maintenance of water sources
structures

 Any other Water Resources Management issues in the basin

1.2.1 Work and responsibilities/activities of IDBWB departments;

Surface water (Hydrology) Department

i. To manage a network of stations measuring water.

ii. Improve the statistical system of basin water.

iii. Explore the availability and use of water.

Ground water (Hydrogeology) Department

i. To research existing underground water

ii. To Manage and improve the system of statistical ground water

iii. To manage and evaluate extraction of water

Water resources planning and research Department

i. To evaluate water resources in the internal drainage basin

ii. To Co-ordinates the internal drainage basin activities

iii. Stakeholders to coordinate water

Law enforcement and environmental protection Department

i. Coordinate environmental issues in water resources in the internal drainage basin

ii. Registering water users’ association/committees

iii. Prevent pollution of water resources

iv. To conserve water resources from environmental destruction

v. Prepare, review and update environmental investigation reports

vi. Design projects that lead to environmental protection, such as water reclamation
facilities or air pollution control systems.

vii. Provide technical support for environmental remediation projects and for legal actions

viii. Monitor the progress of environmental improvement programs

 VISION OF IDBWB

“To efficiently and effectively use the water resources that is equitably shared among
users. Water resources are developed and managed in a coordinated and integrated system
in order to maximize the resultant social and economic welfare of the IDBWB
community in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital
ecosystems”. And also to have a sustainable management of water resources for social,
economic and environmental well-being.

 MISSION OF IDBWB
“To implement an integrated management of resources, as well as to preserve
environment to ensure the socio-economic well-being of the population and of water
consumers in IDBWB. And also to manage the efficient use of water resources in the
internal drainage basin.
1.3 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF IDBWB

Fig 1.3 The Organisation structure of IDBWB

1.3.1 QUALITY POLICY

“Internal drainage basin water board (IDBWB), endeavors to have a sustainable management
of water resources for social, economic and environmental well-being. Also to provide
affordable, sufficient, safe and clean water and to have an efficient and sustainable water
supply system, which is capable of catering for the current and future customers’ needs. We
shall continually manage the efficient use of water resources in the internal drainage basin
and improve our processes and products to ensure that we consistently meet customers’ and
regulatory requirements, and ensure that each of us is personally committed and dedicated to
the final quality of the job”.

1.4 EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS

In the Law enforcement and environmental protection department there are two
environmental engineers( BSc. EE) that is one in the main office(Singida), and
another one in the small office(Arusha) making it 67%, and Water resources planning
and research department(BSc. MISE) there is one in the main office(Singida) making
it 33% and BSc. ESM there is none making it 0%.

STATISTICAL DATA OF IDBWB WORKERS

Fig 1.4
Employment
33%
Ststistics chart in
IDBWB
67%

ESM EE MISE

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 EXISTING SITUATION
This chapter presents the physical and socio-economic aspects of IDBWB and its nine
subbasins including their topography and physiography, geology, morphology, river network,
soils, land uses, economic importance, population, ethnicity, households, employment and
livelihood, and social services. The chapter also presents climate of the basin. Moreover,
current status of infrastructure in the basin, including water supply, road network, railway, air
transport, telecommunication and energy, is also presented.

2.1 IDBWB Subbasins

2.1.1 Lake Eyasi Subbasin (A)
Lake Eyasi is considered the greatest subbasin in the whole IDBWB located in western part
of the basin. The morphological conditions have created several semi-closed catchments.
Normally, surface and ground water in each catchment flows into lower areas where some
lakes, marshes and swamps have been formed. During wet seasons, however, water can spill
away from those local sinks towards Lake Eyasi as the lowest point in the subbasin. Lake
Eyasi with an area of 1200 km2 has shallow depth in most parts and its southern part tends to
be separated from the northern part during dry periods. In fact, Lake Eyasi is considered as a
vast evaporating pond. This basin overlays the whole or parts of 18 districts including Babati,
Hanang, Igunga, Iramba, Kahama, Karatu, Kishapu, Manyoni, Maswa, Mbulu, Ngorongoro,
Nzega, Shinyanga Rural, Shinyanga Urban, Sikonge, Singida Rural, Singida Urban, and
Uyui(Table 2.1).

2.1.2 Monduli A Subbasin (B)

This subbasin is located north of Manyara subbasin and, generally, has low potential of
groundwater resources. This basin overlays parts of 5 districts including Arumeru, Karatu,
Longido, Monduli, and Ngorongoro(Table 2.1).

2.1.3 Monduli B Subbasin (C)

This subbasin is located north of Monduli A subbasin, between Lake Natron and Namanga
subbasins. There is no major river in this catchment. All surface runoffs in this subbasin
either flow to Ngusero Seepage Pond or flow directly to Monduli fault through which they
move towards Lake Manyara as groundwater flow. This subbasin overlays parts of 3 districts
including Longido, Monduli, and Ngorongoro(Table 2.1).

2.1.4 Lake Manyara Subbasin (D)

This subbasin has experienced a subsidence to a great extent caused by Manyara Fault
activities. This activity has caused a 500 meter fall in western parts of the subbasin. Subbasin
D is not flat in surface and there are mountains, hills and also north-south valleys, which have
formed more or less small closed basins. This subbasin overlays parts of 9 districts including
Arumeru, Babati, Karatu, Kiteto, Kondoa, Mbulu, Monduli, Ngorongoro, and
Simanjiro(Table 2.1).

2.1.5 Lake Natron Subbasin (E)

This subbasin is located in northwest of IDBWB and parts of the lake, including 2 catchments
(E1 and E2), are located in Kenya, however, the major part of the subbasin is within U.R.
Tanzania. This subbasin overlays parts of 3 districts including Longido, Monduli, and
Ngorongoro(Table 2.1).

2.1.6 Olduvai Subbasin (F)

Olduvai subbasin is located in northwest of IDB. Majority of this subbasin is part of

Ngorongoro Conservation Area. These subbasin overlays parts of 3 districts including
Bariadi, Meatu, and Ngorongoro(Table 2.1).

2.1.7 Bahi (Manyoni) Swamp Subbasin (G)

The Bahi subbasin is located in south of IDB. It contains a number of lakes and swamps. Its
southern part, which is the lowest part of the subbasin, is in the form of a lake during the
rainy seasons while it becomes a swamp during the dry seasons (Bahi swamp). This subbasin
overlays parts of 9 districts including Babati, Bahi, Chamwino, Dodoma Urban, Hanang,
Kondoa, Manyoni, Singida Rural, and Singida Urban(Table 2.1).

2.1.8 Masai Steppe Subbasin (H)

This subbasin is located in east and southeast part of IDB. It is a poor area from water
resources point of view. There are a number of flood ways, which direct surface runoffs into
Mokami Swamp. This subbasin overlays parts of 3 districts including Kiteto, Kondoa, and
Simanjiro(Table 2.1).

2.1.9 Namanga Subbasin (I)

Namanga subbasin is located in north and northeast of IDB and extents into the Kenyan
territory. This subbasin overlays parts of 2 districts including Arumeru, and Longido(Table
2.1).
Table 2.1 Districts within Internal Drainage Basin

 Sources of income in IDBWB

 Water use fees
 Application fees for water use permits
 Sewage disposal fee
 Grants from the government
 Charges for groundwater researches
 Donations from stakeholders and donors

 Expenditure on revenue in IDBWB

 Conducting day-to-day office operations
 Tasks to monitor and evaluate the quantity of water quality
 Water supply and sewerage work
  Pollution and resource pollution inspection work

 Types of water use in the basin

 Household use, livestock, fisheries, agriculture, irrigation, manufacturing,
mining and recreation.
 Gauging Stations
 IDBWB has sixty gauging stations regarding the existing rivers. Most of the
stations were established between 1950’s and 1970’s and almost all are no
longer operational, although there has been a good number of gauging stations
most of them do not have records rendering them of little use for any
meangingful hydrological analysis. A brief review and assessment of data
availability in the hydrometric stations and their quality has been conducted.
Considering some basic requirements for recorded data and monitoring
network following observations on the hydrometric data availability and
quality in IDBWB may be made:
Stations are located very sparsely. There are many rivers that lack even
one single measurement. Moreover, considering the vast catchment
area of some rivers, number of stations is not adequate to cover the
whole catchment.
Available data period is rather old. The latest recorded data available is
for late 1999.
Except 6 stations (out of 28), all stations have data periods less than 20
years. Data period lengths vary from 2 years to 27 years. 2 of the
stations with more than 20 years of record are located on Bubu River.
Moreover, these recorded periods are not complete and there are many
gaps (up to 41%) in the available historical data.
Stations are established on reaches that are not stable. Therefore,
regular updating of the rating curves is required. It's been observed that
the rating curves are not updated regularly
 Drainage Network
 Comparing among the sub-basins in the IDBWB, only lake Eyasi sub-basin
has many rivers draining into the lake, also this sub-basin has a good number
 of hydrometric gauging stations that could be used to characterize the
catchment.
Next to that is the Bahi(Manyoni) sub- basin regarding river flow gauging
stations. Other sub-basins have few or no hydrometric gauging stations.
 Water quality and Pollution Condition
 Water resource in the IDB include lakes, rivers, dams and springs which are of
different levels of importance with respect to water usages. Surface water
quality was determined by analysing samples taken from water resource in
different and using existing data.
  The sub-basin, the districts in the sub-basin and the major water sources of water in each Sub-catchments/Sub-basin

S/ Sub Basin Districts in the Sub-basins Major sources of water

N0
1. Lakes
- Manyara, Babati and Burunge
2. Rivers
Babati, Hanang, Monduli, Mbulu, -Err (Dudumera), Kiongozi, Simba, Hainu, Mto wa Mbu,
1. Lake Manyara Simanjiro, Arumeru, Karatu, Kirurumo Magara , Makuyuni , Engaruka Tarangire
Ngorongoro, Kondoa and Kiteto, and ,Nambis
3. Other sources
-Maisaka welfield
1. Lakes
Babati , Hanang, Karatu, Ngorongoro, , -Eyasi, Kitangiri, Singidani, Kindai, Munang,Tlaw,
Mbulu , Kahama, Kishapu Shinyanga, Basotu, Masoghweda, Murya, Mikuyu.
Itilima, Maswa , Meatu, Ikungi, Iramba, 2. Rivers
Manyoni, Mkalama ,Singida, Igunga, - Sibiti, Manonga, Yaeda, Ndurumo, Baray, Mang’ola,
2.
Nzega, Sikonge & Uyui Nhumbu,Tungu and Ntambarare
Lake Eyasi 3. Other sources
-Springs in Qang’dend, Wembere Swamp, Yaeda
Swamp
Mwankoko and Irao welfields
3. Lake Natroni Ngorongoro, Monduli and Longido 1. Lakes
- Natroni, Magadi (Kenya)
2. Rivers
-Monik, Ngaresero, Engarengiro Swamp(Kenya)
4. Namanga 1. Lakes
Arumeru, Longido and -Amboseli (Kenya)
Siha 2. Rivers
Ngarenanyuki and Simba
 Springs in Mwandokey
Babati, Hanang, Bahi, Chamwino, 1. Lakes
Bahi Swamp Chemba, Dodoma , Kondoa, Manyoni -Balang’dalalu, Bahi Swamp
and Singida 2. Rivers
- Bubu, Kelema, Mkondoa, Mponde, Msemembo and
Maduma
6 Masai steppe Kiteto, Kondoa and Simanjiro Kirashi Swamp, Makami Swamp, river Mrijo and Kitiangare
Mailete Swamp, lake (Ngusero, Engaruka/Magadi, Embagai),
7 Monduli A Ngorongoro, Monduli, Karatu and
Arumeru

8 Monduli B Ngorongoro, Monduli and Longido Ngusero Swamp

1. Lakes
9 Olduvai Meatu, Ngorongoro and Bariadi -Ndutu, Olbalba, Embakai, Magadi
2. Rivers
-Munge, Oldumpai

Table 2. 2 Districts and water sources in each Sub-catchments/Sub-basin

2.1 Study conditions at the organization for field practitioners.
Internal drainage basin water board offers a full cooperation to field practitioners to explore
their field of study in relation to course taken. The head of department, staff together with
the technicians give full support in sharing their technical experience, working areas and
challenges faced in accomplishing their tasks.

Under a good supervision of the training office I took part in different activities in relation to
our field of study. Different teachings and knowledge sharing between the technicians and the
trainees on the activity to be performed, the purpose and steps to its completion was given
before the start of any activity to ensure safety and better understanding. I was allowed to ask
questions and more clarifications were given by the supervisors in charge. Supervisors and
technicians offered material support such as relevant literature concerning the operations
made, standard laboratory methods and how they are used.

In conjunction to the support from the workers, the following also was observed during the
study period;
 Availability of enough resources for studying. The organization is well supplied with
enough studying materials such as previous reports, journals and articles also presence
of wireless internet also goes hand in hand with that since it has made the studying
process easy.
 Calm environment. The location of the IDBWB is far from congestion of peoples’
settlements thus making it a safe place for conducting studying activities.

2.2 WEEKLY SUMMARY OF THE ACTIVITIES PERFORMED IN IDBWB

WEEK ONE

2.2.1 Orientation and Introduction to IDBWB

On my arrival at IDBWB I was provided with an introduction to the offices and
all sectors, which are found as well as the current projects which are on progress.

The Internal drainage basin water board is responsible for the overall operation
and management of water resources and water services in Singida. I was placed
in the law enforcement and environmental protection department( Environmental
Engineering office) which has ongoing projects such as project of conservation of
water resource( Spring) Qang’dend at Karatu in Arusha and another project of
 conservation of water resource(Lake) Miwaleni at Monduli in Arusha. And also
tend to coordinate environmental issues in water resources in the internal
drainage basin.

Other departments present in the organization are; Hydrology department,

Hydrogeology department and Water resources planning and research department.

WEEK TWO

2.2.2 How to prepare water use Permit

Anyone who diverts, dams, stores, abstracts, or uses water from any surface or underground
water source or for any such purpose constructs or maintains any works shall apply for a
Water Use Permit (section 43, Part VII of the WRMA). All water users, requires a water use
permit to use water. The WRMA sets out provisions subject to which permits will be issued
and these include provisions relating to quantities to be abstracted, pollution, the proper
drainage of the land and the review of permit allocations under conditions of drought or low
flows.(Alberta, 2016)

How its prepared given to the Customer;

 The office responsible ( the law enforcement and environmental protection

office) investigates the quantity of water in the water resource required.
 The customer fills in the form needed and then submit it at the responsible
office attaching it with the payment receipt.
 The request is then announced in the magazine(magazine of United Repulic of
Tanzania).
 After 40 days from the request being announced fr comment, the request
which has being given comments, it will be presented in the meeting of
IDBWB for giving out the permit.
 For the requests that have been denied, the customers have the chance for
appealing to the Minister concern.
An example of an application from of getting a water use permit.
Plate 2. 1 An example of the application on how to get a water use permit
WEEK THREE

2.2.3 Measurement of discharge points at Dareda, Bacho water source

The aim of this site visit was to measure the discharge points which took place at
Bacho river.
 Wading method was used in measuring discharge points which this
method uses a current meter revolution counter, base knob and a three
meter long wading cable together with wading rods which are graduated in
centimetres and each rod is 0.75 metres long. velocity of each vertical was
calculated using a conversion table of the Braystocke model current meter.

Plate 2.2 Current meter, a device used to measure discharge points (Source,
Goggle scholar).

 Before measuring the discharge at a particular tributary there is clearing/

removal of obstacles such removable stones,weeds growing on the river
bank which it may hinder in obtaining accurate data.
 After doing clearance the instuctions are given to the team on how the
measuring of the discharge points should be conducted.
 Then the current meter is placed on a particular tributary and the velocity
is measured as it makes a revolution of 40 seconds.
 We measured six discharge points from the same particular river which it
had its tributaries(discharge points).
  IDBWB was given a task of measuring these discharge points and design a
storage tank by Karim International Company.
 The task given took almost four days and it was done by
proffessionals(environmental engineers and hydrologists) and advance
tools where applied to aquire and determine the data of the discharge
points at Bacho river.
 The storage tank which they(Karim International Company) required to be
designed, was designed which was supposed to be sustainable for atleast
10 years for the daily basis usage by the nearby villages considering
institutions such as schools and dispensaries.

Plate 2.3 The action of clearin/removal of obstacles and the leader giving instructions and
directions given on how to do the measurents.
Plate 2. 4 Measuring and recording of the discharge points data at Dareda, Bacho water
source.

WEEK FOUR

2.2.4 Introduction to sources of water

Sources of water sources of water (such as rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and
groundwater) that provide water to public drinking water supplies and private wells.

There are two types of sources of water;

i. Surface water
ii. Ground water
 Surface water; are water sources above the ground, on the surface of the ground such as
oceans, rivers, lakes, streams,springs and resevoirs.

Ground water; are sources under the ground, ground water fills the spaces between soil
particles and fracture rock beneath the earth’s surface such as boreholes and wells.

Causes of destruction of sources of water.

 Agricultural activities

The most prevalent source of agricultural water pollution is soil that is washed off fields.
Improper agricultural activities /methods may elevate concentrations of nutrients , fecal
coliforms and sediment loads, leading to eutrophication.

 Animals and livestock

Grazing animals and pasture production can negatively affect water quality through erosion
and sediment transport into surface water through nutrient from urine and fecal dropped by
the animals and fertility pratices associates with production of highly quality pasture and
through pathogens from the wastes.

 Defforestation

Defforestation decreases soil infiltration of water and increases soil erosion . A lower level of
soil infiltration and a higher level of soil erosion cause higher flux of sediment and higer level
of turbidity.

 Construction activities

Sediment pollution from construction sites contaminates water sources, impacts recreational
waters diminishes commercial fisheries and increase the risk of flood damage.

 Mining activities

The impact of mining on surface and ground water is due to spill/ tailing, erosion,
sedimentation and mine drainage lowering water table, subsidence, disturbance on
hydrological cycle and rainfall. A mine with acid drainage has the potential for long term
devasting , Impacts on rivers, streams and aquatic life.
2.2.5 Conservation of water sources
Water source conservation; is the practice of using water efficiently to reduce unnecessary
water usage. Includes all the policies, strategies and activities to sustainably manage
the natural resource of fresh water, to protect the hydrosphere, and to meet the current and
future human demand (thus avoiding water scarcity). The key activities to conserve water are
as follows, any beneficial reduction in water loss, use and waste of resources avoiding any
damage to water quality and improving water management practices that reduce the use or
enhance the beneficial use of water.

The goals of water conservation efforts include:

 Ensuring the availability of water for future generations where the withdrawal

of freshwater from an natural ecosystem does not exceed its natural replacement rate.
 Energy Conservation as water pumping, delivery, and wastewater treatment facilities
consume a significant amount of energy. In some regions of the world, over 15% of the
total electricity consumption is devoted to water management.
 Habitat conservation where minimizing human water usage helps to preserve freshwater
habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, but also water quality.
 Avoiding any damage to water quality.
 Improving water management practices that reduce the use or enhance the beneficial use
of water.

 How IDBWB conserve sources of water

Water conservation is guided by the WRMA(Water resources management act) and
EMA (Enviromental management act) , EMA Act No. 20 of 2004 it states that “no
human activities of a permanent nature or which may, by their nature ,likely to
compromise or adversely affect conservation and or, the protection of ocean or
natural lake shorelines, riverbank, water dam or reservoir , shall be conducted within
sixty metres”.
Practicing afforestation; IDB plants trees around or near water sources so as to
improve water quality by reducing soil erosion, which prevents sediment from
entering storm drains and streams and trapping debris and contaminants in the
decaying organic matter that is present in the root zone when water percolates
through, below the soil surface.
Plate 2.5 Practices of planting trees to conserve nearby water sources

Agricultural practices; Water is a very important part in irrigation. Plants always take
a lot of ground water thus ground water should be replenished. For crop irrigation,
optimal water efficiency means minimizing losses due to evaporation, runoff or
subsurface drainage while maximizing production.
Education on conservation of water sources, The IDBWB gives education on water
conservation first by giving enlightment to local leaders on the advantages of water
conservation, then after that the education to the whole village on how to conserve
water sources and its conservation and consequences if the regulations wont be
followed.
 Plate 2. 6 Education given on water sources conservation and formation of water
users association.
WEEK FIVE

2.2.6 Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment(Project registration and

screening)

According to the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations,2005, it has

stated cleary on how a project developed by adeveloper can be registerd and screened
following the regulations of the Environmental Impact Asssement and Audit Regulation,
2005 made under sections 82(1) and 230(2)(h) and (q).

 Project registration and screening

 Application for Environmental impact assessment certificate.

An application for an environmental impact assessment certificate shall be made in the

format of a project brief set out in the third schedule to the Act and the first schedule to these
regulations , and the applicant shall submit the application together with the prescribed fee to
the council.

 Project preparation brief

A developer or proponent shall,depending on the nature of the project or undertaking ,
register in accordance with Form No. 1 specified in the Third Schedule to these regulations
and prepare a project brief stating;

a) The nature of the project in accordance with the categories identified in the Third
schedule to the Act and the First schedule to these regulations.
b) The location of the project including to the physical area that may be affected by the
project’s activities.
c) The activities shall be undertaken during the project construction, operation and
decommissioning phases.
d) The design of the project.
e) The materials to be used , products and by-products , including waste to be generated
by the project and the methods of their disposal.
f) The potential environmental impacts of the project and the mitigation measures to be
taken during and after implementation of the project.
g) An action plan for the prevention and the management of possible accidents during
the project cycle.
h) A plan to ensure the health and safety of the workers and neighbouring communities.
i) The economic and socio-cultural impacts to the local community and the nation in
general
j) The project budget
k) Any other information which the council may require.

In preparing a project brief under this reegulation , the proponent or developer shall pay
particular attention to other issues specified in the First schedule to these regulations.

A project brief shall be prepared by an environment impact assessment expert as such under
regulations made under the Act.

 Submission of projrct brief

A proponent or developer shall submit at least ten copies of the project report to the council
or the council’s appointed agent in Form No. 1 specified in the Third schedule to these
regulations accompanied by the prescribed fees.
  Comments on the project brief

Where the project conforms to the requirements of regulation 6, the council within seven
days upon receipt of thr project report , submit a copy of the project brief to;

a) Each of the relevant ministry or public institution

b) The relevant local government environmental management offivcer and
c) Where more than one district is involved, to the relevant regional secretariat , for
their written comments.
Comments shall be submitted to the council within twenty one days from the date
of receipt of the project brief.
On receipt of the comments oe where no comments have been received the
council shall proceed to determine the project brief.
 Screening of project brief.
The council shall screen the project brief guided by screening criteria as specified in
the Second schedule to these regulations.
The screening procesas shall be undertaken with the objective of determining whether
an environmental impact assessment is undertaken.
 Approval of project brief
On determination of the project brief, the decision of the council together with the
reasons thereof, shall be communicated to the developer or proponent within forty-
five days of the submission of the project brief.
Where the council is satisfied that the project shall not have significant negative
impact on the environment , or that the project brief discloses sufficient mitigation
measures, the council may proceed to recommend to the minister to approve the
project.
Approval of the project or undertaking shall be made in Form 3 specified in the Third
schedule to these regulations.
 Decision that an environmental impact statement be prepared.
Where the council finds that the project shall have a significant impact on the
environment and the project report discloses no sufficient mitigation measures it shall
require the developer or proponent to;
 a) Undertake an environmental impact assessment in accordance with these
regulation or;
b) Undertake preliminary assessment ,where more information is required to
determine a screening decision.
A preliminary assessment shall proceed along the following steps;
i. Description of the project characteristics and the affected environment
ii. Identification of impacts on the local environment ; and
iii. Assessment or evaluation of the signifance of the impacts in terms of
energy flow, transformation of matter, effects on sensitive ecosystems
relative to the baselines state and socio-economic impacts.

Where the council finds that the project shall have no significant negative impact
on the environment and the project report discloses sufficient mitigation measure , it shall not
require the developer or proponent to undertake an environmental impact assessment , and
may proceed to recommend to the minister for approval of the project.

WEEK SIX
2.2.7 Water sample analysis

Measuring for Nitrogen, Ammonia by using Nessler method

Ammonia is a product of the microbiological decay of animal and plant protein. Ammonia
and ammonia compounds are applied directly as a fertilizer. Presence of ammonia nitrogen in
surface water usually indicates domestic pollution. Ammonia in grounds is normal and is due
to microbiological process.

Procedures for measuring Nitrogen, Ammonia by Nessler method

 Power on spectrophotometer instrument, touch Hatch programs, then select program 380N
Ammonia Ness
 Touch start
 Fill a 25ml mixing graduated cylinder to the 25 mark with prepared water sample
 Fill a 25ml mixing graduated cylinder to the 25 ml mark with deionized water (blank sample)
 Add three drops of mineral stabilizer to each cylinder, stopper and invert several times to mix
 Add three drops of polyvinyl alcohol. Dispensing agents to each cylinder then mix then
pipette 10ml of Nessler reagents in each cylinder then mix.
 Pour each solution into a round sample cell
 Place the blank into the cell hold touch zero then after wipe the prepared sample and place it
into the cell holder. The results will appear in mg/l

Measuring for Nitrate in clean water by diazotization method

 A nitrate reacts with primary aromatic amines in an acidic solution to form Diaz onium salts.
These salts combine with aromatic compounds that contain an amino group or hydroxyl
groups to form intensely colour azo dyes
 Nitrate ion founds in clean water sample results from variety of natural and manmade
sources. Nitrates are important sources of nitrogen necessary for plants and animal to
synthesize amino acids and proteins. But most nitrogen on earth is found in atmosphere in
form of nitrogen gas (N2) also the nitrogen changes in form of usable by plants and animals.

WEEK SEVEN

2.2.8 Measuring fluoride by TISAB method

A fluoride concentration of approximately 1.0 mg/l is an effective preventive of dental

caries without harmful effects on health . In Tanzania however the concentration of fluoride
is much higer till 20-30 mg/liter. A high amount of fluoride is harmful for human health
causing fluorosis . The fluoride content is determined potentiomerically with an specific Ion
meter by means of a fluoride electrode and a reference electreode.

The fluoride electrode sensing element is a Lanthanum fluoride , single crystal membrane in
contact with an internal reference solution.

APPARATUS;

 A specific Ion meter with fluoride electrode

REAGENTS;
  Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer(TISAB)

PROCEDURES;

 5 mls of the sample and 5 mls of TISAB were added in the same beaker and mixed
well.
 Then the stirring machine (magnetic stirring) was kept inside the beaker which had
the mixture, witrh the stirring bars for efficient mixing.
 The beaker will be stirred with magnetic stirring until it settles, after it fluoride, it
should be measured by a fluoride meter.
 Also before stirring the fluoride electrode should be cleant by distilled water and
rubbed off by a clean tissue inorder to remove any impurities.
 For the adjustment the measurement value should return to 0.00 before measuring
inorder to get accurate answers(calibration).
 The maximum speed for dtirring should last for 10 minutes, depending on the
temperature, the higher the temperature the higher the speed of stirring.
 After stirring we dipped the fluoride elrctode for determination of fluoride in the
sample.
 In the sample the fluoride determined was 1.2 mg/l (the standard should be 1- 1.5
mg/l).
 Comment ; the fluoride level in the sample is safe for the human consumption and
domestic activities.
Plate 2.7 The fluoride electrode used to be dipped in the beaker that contains the contents for
settling the stirring process.
Plate 2.8 The magnetic stirring machine
Plate 2.9 The fluoride meter for the determination of the fluoride in a sample

2.2.9 Measuring turbidity using turbidity meter.

Turbidity in watere is caused by the presence of suspended matter such as clay, silt, finely
divided organic matter, plankton and other microscopic organisms . Turbidity is an
expression of the optical property of the sample which causes light to be scattered rather than
transmitted in the straight lines through the sample.

APPARATUS;

 The turbidity meter

PROCUDURES;

 Plug the power cord of HACH colorimeter into a socket put light switch on and allow
at least 10 minutes to warm up. If the instrument is not warmed properly
standardization of the instrument is hardly possible , the position of zero will be
changing rapidly.
 Select the turbidity scale and insert it into the meter, taking care not to touch or
otherwise disturb the mater needle. The scale should be fully inserted and held firm.
 Shake the sample bottle thoroughly and fill the colorimeter bottle with turbid water to
be tested and place it in the colorimeter bottlr holder groung mark on bottle neck
facing the light switch.
 The standard turbidity should be fro treated water about 5 NTU, and for untreated
water above 25 NTU (Nephelometric turbidity unit).

Plate 2.10 The HACH( turbidity meter) for measuring turbidity

WEEK EIGHT

2.2.10 Measuring total hardness and calcium using Black t as an indicator

Total hardness is a measurement of the mineral content in a water sample that is irreversible
by boiling. Total hardness can be determined by the concentration of multivalent cations in
water. These cations have a positive charge that is higher than 1+. Typically, cations have a
charge of 2+. The most common cations present in hard water are Mg2+ and Ca+
( McGowan, 2000)

Hard water is not seriously harmful to human health, however water with a high level of
hardness could cause serious problems in industrial settings, where water hardness is
typically monitored to prevent costly failures in components like cooling towers, boilers and
other equipment that contain or process water. Natural and treated waters have a wide range
of mineral content, from very low levels in rainwaters and naturally soft and softened water
to moderate and very high levels in naturally hard waters and waters with high total dissolved
solids content.

Hardness is most commonly measured by titration with a EDTA solution. A titration involves
adding water sample until the sample changes from purple to real blue.

APPARATUS;

 50ml Burette
 20ml Pipette
 250ml Conical flask
 100ml Beaker

REAGENTS;

 EDTA solution ( Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)

 Black t as an indicator

PROCEDURES;

 5mls of water sample were added in a beaker

  Then 2mls of Black t( Eriochrome Black t) was added in the same beaker as an
indicator.
 After 5mls of the water sample and 2mls of the Black t indicator added in a beaker, it
was mixed well in a conical flask bringing out the purple colour and its being titrated
against the EDTA solution till the mixture turns real blue.
 Then read the end point value from the titration machine.
 The standard of total hardness of water, in water should not exceed 120-170mg/l (7 to
10 grains per gallon)

2.3 Challenges faced during the performance of works assigned

I. Lack of well-organized timetables of field works, there was no systematic
allocation of assignments and jobs to be performed.

2.4 Relevance of the activities carried out to Environmental Science and Technology

IDBWB is one among the places a SEST student can attend for industrial
training because of activities conducted which can help the student obtain more
knowledge concerning the matters involved at his/her specific course.

The internal drainage basin water board performs the following activities which relate
to environmental science and technology;
 Environmental management activities, The IDBWB controls, plan and
organizes environmental activities and the water resources manageament
within the regions covered by IDBWB.
 Environmental engineering activities, for example Water resource
conservation projects, as IDBWB in the Law enforcement and
environment protection departmrnt is undertaking a lot of water
conservation projects, one is able to participate and learn more from the
preliminary stages of designing, to the designing itself and implementation
(construction). This is relevant to the course of Water resources and
transportation engineering the designing of the reports and Provide
technical support for environmental remediation projects and for legal
actions.
 Environmental health science activities which include the monitoring of
the Water recources and their sources.
  Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, which is conducted by
IDBWB in different projects conducted in IDBWB.
 Prevention of water resources pollution and water treatment and
measurement of different parameters in controlling clean and waste water.
Here a student widens his/her scope of learning by working on water that
is actually fed to the people in real life, also working with different
scientific machines which also may add up credit to his/her professional
CV.

2.5 Suitability of the organization as potential employer for SEST graduates and
possible job positions that can be assumed by SEST graduate

2.5.1 Suitability of the organization as potential employer for SEST graduates

The institute is suitable for SEST graduates because among the Mission Internal drainage
basin water board is to increase the quality of services provided by the Ministry of
water(MoW) which includes to educate and mobilize water users on matters concerning
water resources management (its legal aspects and participatory aspects. and conducting
Environmental and social Impact assessment on various projects either launched IDBWB
and MoW ( Provide guidelines and standards for construction and maintenance of water
sources structures) or by individuals, Occupation health and safety in workplaces of
which all these activities done by the IDBWB demand graduates in Environmental
Science and Management (ESM), Environmental Engineering(EE), Municipal Industrial
Services Engineering(MISE).

2.5.2 Possible job position that can be assumed by SEST graduates

 Environmental Engineer

Environmental engineer in IDBWB

Roles;

 Performs activities such as designing projects that lead to environmental protection,

such as water reclamation facilities or air pollution control systems.
 Provide technical support for environmental remediation projects and for legal
actionsMonitor the progress of environmental improvement programs
  Environmental Laboratory Technician
Environmental laboratory technician at the water quality Laboratory.
Role;
 To measure the parameters of water.The environmental laboratory technicians
use various analytical equipments to conduct tests on water, air and soil to
prepare environmental reports and submit to the environmental supervisor or
manager.

 Hydrologist

Role;

 To manage a network of stations measuring water.Improve the statistical

system of basin water.Explore the availability and use of water.

2.6 Future plans of the organisation and programmes SEST should adopt to suit the
market

 Future plans of the organisation

The organization has several future plans which aim at improving the quality of
services within it as well as to the outside community which depends on experts
for the introduction of new technologies and skills. The following are the future
plans of the organization:

 To ensure efficient provision of services and making sure there is sustainable

management of water resources for social, economic and environmental well-
being for current generation and the future generations.
 Strengthen the Capacity to Collect, Store, Process, and Disseminate Water
Resources (meteorological, hydrometric, hydrogeological, water quality) Data
(Quantity and Quality).
 Increase Stakeholder Awareness of their Participatory Roles and
Responsibilities.
  Skills Development and Career Advancement (Capacity Enhancement).
 ِEstablish a Sound Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Management
System.
 Ensure Availability of Good water Quality for Sustainable National Economic
and Social Development.
 Maximize Social and Economic Benefits by Implementation of Large Scale
Water Resources Development Projects.
 Expansion of Small Scale Water Sources and Irrigated Agriculture to Boost
Crop Yield, Food Security, and Farmers Income.
 Promote Water Demand Management.
 Improvement of Urban and Rural Water Supplies under the Water Sector
Development Program.
 Improvement of Water Sector Policy, Legislation, Enforcement, Institution
and Framework.
 Environmental Sustainability Protection, Presented plan is associated by
programs of implementation.
 Employment of more workers, since there is lack of some of impormant
workers in some deparments example in the law enforcement and
environmental proctection department there are insufficient workers that is
there should atleast one or more environmental engineers/ managers in each
covered region.

 Programmes SEST should adopt to suit the market

Our school of SEST is doing its best at ensuring that students gain the basic and
important skills that can be applied in the field of environment for a better world.
However, some improvements must be done so as to suit the market. These are:

 Introduction of Programming as a subject. The current world demands the

knowledge of computer programming in performing day to day activities.
Introduction of programming programs such as C++ will sharpen SEST
students and give them confidence to tackle problems in the new world of
technology.
 SEST should introduce in semester field programmes and attend to site areas
like mines and various construction projects to learn issues like Environmental
Impact Assessment in details with supervision from the SEST department
instructors, this will help to create practical oriented learning than theoretical
learning in long run this will help SEST graduates to face competition in
market with confidence and experience.
 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 CHALLENGES FACING INTERNAL DRAINAGE BASIN WATER BOARD(IDBWB)

3.1.1 Technical challenges facing water resources management and their proposed solutions.

Proposed solutions/Steps taken / to be taken to address

S/N0 Challenges of water resources management the challenges
1.
Water users do not follow the rules for managing water use in The solution applied to address this challenge is
accordance with existing laws due to ignorance and negligence following legal procedures for these law breakers such
whivh this causes vast destruction of sources of water. such jail and fines.

2. Extreme water pollution of quality and high amount of water Education on environmental conservation was provided
resources such as run-off containing fertilizers and pesticides from through the water users association this will enable the
farming into surface waters, open defecation and livestock grazing. water users to understand the side effects of polluting
water sources. Also pollution prevention and depletion
of water resources

3. Arbitrary drilling of water wells, due to scarce availability of water

 people, different organisations and institues not complying with The Internal drainage basin water board, identifies well
legal requirements tend to arbitrary drill water wells for different owners and provides water resource management
uses which this can cause challenging effects to human health and education and urges citizens to register their wells in
community development these are; accordance with the law, which will support water
 Absorbing more water than the capacity of the existing security.
rocks and thus causing the water depth to drop.
 Excessive water is taken away leaving rocks that hold
water(aquifers) without water, which causes soil erosion
and cause other damage to various infrastructures.
 Flushing sewage from pit latrines, sewers and sewage and
thus, affecting the quality of water below ground level.
 Causing the drying of water wells especially the shallow
ones after the water depth has dropped
4. High cost of water resources management, there has been high cost
Treasure the environment
in managing water resources which includes;
3) Reform water governance
 Water stress, droughts and floods, including impact of 4) Revitalize agricultural water use
5) Manage urban and industrial demand
climate change. 6) Empower the poor and women in water resource
 Catchment management and ecosystem services on management.
different scales.
 Large-scale nature-based solutions and biodiversity.
 Water rights, trading and partnerships.
 Table 3.1 Challenges and the proposed solutions facing the managerial sector of water resources

Plate 3.1 Villages drilling a well for obtaining water due to scarce availability of water.
3.1.2 Technical challenges facing water sources in the sub-basin and their proposed solutions
 Proposed solutions/Steps taken / to be taken to address the
S/N0 Sources of water Challenges of water sources challenges
Babati lake  Invasion / settlement within the lake  Education on the conservation and management of
reserve area water resources is required.
 Human activities within the lake
reserve area  Conservation of the Lake area by setting
 Sand and mud entering the Lake due permanent boundary markers is required
to agricultural activities in the
highlands (Up streams)
 Weeds have invaded the source

Maisaka welfield  Human settlements and agricultural

activities within the area set aside for  The area has been identified as a water source
groundwater source. reserve
 Citizens were compensated for the land but there
are some citizens who were dissatisfied with filing
a case in the Supreme Court of Appeal and the
verdict issued ordering the valuation work to be
repeated
 Management in collaboration with BAWASA
continues to monitor this issue in the Ministry.
River (Err(Dudumera)  Sand, human activities within river  Water User Associations (Mto wa mto, Magara /
Kiongozi, Simba, Hainu, mto reserve areas (within 60m) Kisangaji, Kiru / Weed) are designed for
wa Mbu, Kirurumo) community water resources management.

Magara river  Community education on the conservation and

 Sand, human activities within river conservation of water resources has been provided
reserve areas (within 60m) on a regular basis
 The conservation of Lake Miwaleni and the
 Water use conflicts construction of a livestock pond have been
requested from the Ministry
  Education is especially needed for communities,
especially for water resources management and
environmental protection
Makuyuni river  Mud and sand due to human activities  Education on Environmental Protection is needed
within 60m by the community.
2.  Land use education is needed as large numbers of
livestock in a small area cause soil erosion and
mud in the river
Lake Singidani, Kindai,  Housing within the lake reserve area
Munang Invasion / settlement within the lake reserve  Singidani and Kindai lake storage marks are
Wembere swamp, Kitangiri, area marked
river Sibiti and Manonga  Conservation education is needed for the
 Agricultural activities within sixty community
meters  Permanent markers are required to indicate the end
of the source reserve

3.
Basotu  Water markers for rainfall for 2019/2020 and
2020/2021 have been set and monitoring of water
level trends in lakes continues to take place.
 Conservation education is needed for the
community
 Permanent markers are required to indicate the end
of the resource reserve (in collaboration with other
Institutions)
4. Lake Tlaw-Mbulu  Invasion / settlement within the Lake  Conservation education is needed for the
 reserve area community

 Permanent markers are required to indicate the end

of the resource reserve (in collaboration with other
Institutions)
River manonga, yaeda and  Mud and sand due to human activities  Conservation education is needed for the
ndurumo within 60m community

 3 water user communities should be formed to

manage water resources at the community level
(Eyasi, Kishapu)
River baray and mang’ola  Sand and mud  Conservation education has been provided on a
Spring qang’dend  Agricultural activities within the regular basis and continues to be provided
source  Water Users Association formed (Eyasi)
 Border pillars are set around the springs and rivers
Mang'ola and Barai
 A livestock watering can is built
 Construction of a sand dam is under construction

5. Lake Natroni  Agricultural activities within the  Conservation education is needed for the
source community
River monik and ngaresero
6. River ngarenanyuki  Human activities within 60m  Conservation education is needed for the
Spring mwandokey community
 Water Users Association formed - Ngarenanyuki

 Source conservation and construction of a

livestock pond has been requested for funding
from the Ministry
 The community in collaboration with other
stakeholders are protecting the source, the
 perpetrators of the source have been brought to
justice and convicted.
7. Lake balang’dalalu and Bahi  Sand and mud due to agricultural and  Conservation education is needed for the
swamp domestic activities community
River bubu, mkinki  Water user communities should be formed to
kelema,mkondoa and mponde manage water resources at the community level
 An application for funding for the maintenance
and conservation of the Bubu River is being
prepared
 The construction of the Farkwa Dam will help
control floods / erosion
8. Kirashi swamp and makami  Sand and mud due to livestock
swamp, processes and also agicultural process  Environmental protection around springs, planting
River mrijo and kitiangare of trees and suspension of agricultural activities in
areas around water sources
9. Mailete swamp  Sand and mud
Lake  Agricultural activities within the  Environmental protection around springs, planting
ngusero,engaruka/Magadi and source of trees and suspension of agricultural activities in
embakai  Water use conflicts areas around water sources
 Agricultural activities within the
source
10. Ngusero Swamp  Sand and mud  Conservation education is needed for the
 Agricultural activities within the community
source
 Water use conflicts  Environmental protection around springs, planting
 Agricultural activities within the of trees and suspension of agricultural activities in
source areas around water sources
11. Lake ndutu, olbalba, embagai  Sand and mud  The areas are protected and maintained as they are
and magadi  Agricultural activities within the within the Ngorongoro Conservation Authority
source
River munge and oldumpai  Water use conflicts
  Agricultural activities within the
source

Table 3.2 Challenges and proposecsolution on different sub-basins and their water sources
CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 Conclusion

The industrial training at IDBWB was a memorable and adventurous one because
of the best knowledge acquired most especially because of the ongoing projects
proceeding and being put in the department that was handling the projects, I
really received a great knowledge concerning water resources issues such as how
its being managed and conserverd for sustainable use and related class theories
with the reality.

I have also concluded that IDBWB needs to be strengthened greatly interms of

financial capabilities and support such as funds and grants from different
investors and MoW so as to carry out all of its important projects at present and in
the future. The longterm success of Integrated water resources management and
development (IWRMD) plan is highly dependent on the organizational and
logistic capabilities of the IDBWB. As to the surface water resources, preliminary
studies show that there are great opportunities for water harvesting, although
streams have short duration flows and flashy behaviour. For this situation,
conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water flows is highly suitable as a
management tool for scarce water resources.

4.2 Recommendations

I would like to recommend as follows;

 Education is especially needed for communities, especially for water resources

management and environmental protection.
 The University should continue facilitating early provision of Industrial Training
money to the students from the loans board in order to make industrial training
successfully and achievable.
 Also more emphasis should be given to a student concerning environmental
management activities so that to make them familiar with what is taking place at the
site.
 The government through ministry of water should make sure that every drainage
basin is managing effectively water resources around the covered regions.
 The institution (IDBWB) need more financial support such as funds and grants from
MoW and other generous donors to support their projects as well as new technology
in order to the successfully and also to ensure proper water resources management
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McGowan W (2000) Water processing: residential, commercial, light-industrial, Water

Quality Association

Temporary Standards of Domestic waters,2010 The ministry of water development and

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Rhoades, J.D.,Kandiah,A., and A.M.Mashali.1992. The Use of saline waters for crop
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UNICEF and WHO. (2017). Progress on drinking, sanitation and hygiene.