 Written – includes printed materials such  Polysemy- is the term used to recognize

1.1 Purposive communication as journals, emails, blogs, and text that there can be multiple meanings given
messages. to the same word.
Communication  Visual – which involves signs, symbols,  3. Relational -It influences relationships,
Principles and Ethics pictures, graphics, and emojis   and relationships influence verbal
 Verbal communication -involves using communication.
language to exchange information with  4. Cultural -It is through verbal
Processes and Principles of Effective
others. Language is the collection of communication and symbolic activity in
Communication  which cultures are developed and
symbols that can be arranged in a
particular order according to a particular maintained.
grammar.
 Communication- is beyond simply  5.Presentational- It can be used to name
putting words into thoughts and There are such characteristics of verbal things and convey information. It also
emotions. It is done effectively only when communication: provide information about the perspective
information is transmitted without and worldview of the person sending the
 1. Symbolic- It uses language, which is message.
changing both the content and the context
made up of symbols.  Non-verbal Communication
of the message.
 Effective communication- is a key 2. Involves meaning- Meanings are - overs all information, messages and ideas we
interpersonal skill and by learning how established through use of symbols, which convey without using words; making use of
you can improve your communication has is earlier, compose language. physical communication such as tone of voice,
many benefits. touch, smell and body motion. It can be used
There are two types of meaning: both intentionally and unintentionally.
 Forms of Communication  Denotative-the general meaning of the Components include:
word; meanings appearing next to each
 Verbal – includes the use of language,  Kinesics (body language) Body motions,
word in the dictionary.
sounds and tone of voice eye movements, facial expressions, and
 Connotative-overtones, implications or gestures
 Non-verbal – includes body language and additional meanings associated with a
word or an object.  Proxemics (proximity) - the study of space
facial expressions
and how we use it, how it makes us feel
comfortable, and how we arrange objects
and ourselves in relation to space
  Haptics - use of touch to impart meaning as  Composed correctly - Check your
in a handshake, a pat on the back, an arm grammar and spelling. Audience Analysis 
around the shoulder, a kiss, or a hug. Skills on audience analysis :
 Clear - Read your text aloud to make sure
 Oculesics - Eye contact (timings of it’s understandable.   Knowing the audience 
maintaining or averting eye contact)   understanding their level 
 Chronemics - use of time, waiting,  Comprehensive - Double check to make
sure all the important details are included.  how they need to receive the information .
pausing in conversation to communicate
how we view our own status and power in Accurate - Check all the details to make
 Principles of Effective Communication:
relation to others sure they are correct.   Clarity - pertains to both the message and
 Vocalics (para linguistics) - Tone of voice, the purpose why the message has to be sent
 Appropriate - Make sure you are using the  Conciseness – the briefness of message as
volume, speed, pitch, silence Pausing, proper tone and level of formality
waiting, secrecy may be required depending on one’s
purpose
 Posture – the position of the body; provide Visual Communication –  Completeness- the completeness and
cues about the communicator; posture can is the act of using photographs, art, accuracy of the message 
indicate self- confidence, aggressiveness, drawings, sketches, charts and graphs to  Organization – the way the communication
fear, guilt, or anxiety convey information. Visuals are often is planned in order to ensure the systematic
flow of ideas and transition from one point
 Appearance - how one feels about himself to another
used as an aid during presentations to
and how he wants to be viewed  Empathy – sensitivity of the sender to the
provide helpful context alongside written
needs and interests of the receiver
Written Communication and/or verbal communication.  Flexibility – the ability to adjust the styles,
Written communication -is the act of writing, and consequently, different expectations
typing or printing symbols like letters and  The Eye of Horus -is often referred to as the
numbers to convey information. This means Communication and Globalization.
communicating with other people through symbol of visual communication.
 Globalization has been regarded as the key
written words. It is helpful because it provides a  Visual perception -is the ability to interpret to the worldwide integration of humanity,
record of information for reference.  information and surroundings from the where there is an increased economic,
effects of visible light reaching the eye. political and cultural integration and
Qualities of good written communication
 Color psychology- is the study of color as a interdependence of diverse culture
include:
factor in human behavior.
 ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION committed means giving sufficient time the theory. Most notably, Dr. Albert
Effective communication is ethical Mehrabian, professor of Psychology at
and resources to any discussion or UCLA said that the belly button rule is the
communication. Communication is ethical
conversation, and being open about any most important indicator of reading a
only when it is genuine, open, cooperative
and sensitive to one’s cultural and social issue that may arise. person’s intention. Simply put, the belly
  button rule means the direction of a
beliefs and practices.
 Commitment -also involves volunteering person’s navel reflects his/her true
 How Past Experience andPrejudice Affect
Communication- interest. 
important information, even if it puts a
 Most people bring their past experiences
person’s own short-term interests at risk,
into a communication situation.
Sometimes, they pitch in existing as long as it is for the benefit of the Respecting Socio-cultural Beliefs and
information because they learned in the Practices of Others 
past that adding information makes the majority especially in the long run.  The concept of globalization is not new,
communication more successful. There are but people somehow fail to realize that
times when they do not contribute this is not confined to technology or
anything because of a possible past “Naval Language” or The Belly Button bridging the world and making it a virtual
experience when their inputs were not Psyche  community. Globalization also entails
considered or valued.  It is clear that the two major elements changing the way people communicate to
 Prejudices- happen when people isolate affecting ethical communication are the others, especially those with different
an experience with one “type” of person or use of words or language, and one’s norms, cultures and belief systems. This
one group of people, then behave as if all behavior or body language. The second involves all types of communication,
encounters with people of the same element – body language – may be whether face-to-face, chatting via email, or
“type”, or at least with the same enhanced through the ‘Belly Button using various forms of mass media. 
characteristics, will lead to the same Psyche’, or the belly button rule, which is
experience. This eliminates a people’s believed to communicate true interest  Ethical communication requires people to
personal identity and individuality. while engaging in face-to-face respect socio-cultural beliefs and practices
 Showing Commitment and Genuine communication. of others, while at the same time avoiding
Interest. all kinds of stereotypes. 
-A key component of ethical  The origin of this “rule” dates back to the
communication is showing commitment in 1930s and since then, numerous scientists
the communicative situation. Being and body language experts have honed
 Tips for People with a Spirited Communication Tips for People with a Systematic
1.2 Style. Communication Style:
1. Respect decisions and agenda that have 1. Recognize that for good working
Local and Global Communication in Multicultural been agreed upon, as well as time limits relationships, consideration for others’
Settings during meetings or any communicative feelings is important.
Communication Styles in Various Multicultural situation.  1. Learn to ask qualifying questions that will
Contexts . 1. Try to limit your sharing of personal help you get the information you need.
anecdotes that may take the discussion off- 1. Make sure you understand the
Communication style - the choices people make topic.  background of the discussion or scope of
and the strategies or tools they use in the process 1. Make sure you are allowing others to the conversation so no time is wasted.
of communication contribute their ideas and suggestions – 1. Politely ask other questions about
A style may sometimes depend on the demands and that you are genuinely listening to themselves if you want to build rapport.
of the communicative situation, as well as on the them.  1. If you need to ask for more time to know,
needs and requirements of the target recipients of 1. Be certain that any request you make is analyze or discuss something, explain the
the information.  clear and that you convey the reason for benefit of the information you need to
such request.  know.
Each style has two dimensions:
1. Communicate your appreciation for
 assertiveness level
others’ work and input. Language Varieties (lects)
 emotiveness level 
These refer to the different variants of a language
Tips for People with a Direct Communication that can be sufficiently delimited from one
The combination of these levels result to the basic
Style  another in terms of social, historical, or geo-
communication styles:
 1.Make an effort to listen carefully to others. spatial factors, thus forming language clusters. 
 
Avoid interrupting. 
 Spirited = High Expressiveness + High
1. Allow time for ‘chatting’ at the beginning Language varieties may also be grouped
Assertiveness . in the following classifications: 
of a meeting. 
 Considerate = High Expressiveness + Low
1. Recognize that others may also feel the
Assertiveness 
need to express themselves. 
 Direct = Low Expressiveness + High  Pidgin
1. Recognize that brainstorming can be
Assertiveness  It refers to a new language that develops
effective and is not a waste of time. 
 Systematic = Low Expressiveness + Low into situations where speakers of different
Assertiveness . 1. Take some time to show your appreciation
for others’ contributions.  languages need to communicate but do not share
a common language. Examples are Chavacano in
the Philippines and Bislama, a language spoken Generally, language registers can be classified as:
in Vanuatu.   Formal
relationship between or among the
 Creole These registers are used in professional, communicators is friendly
It is a pidgin that becomes the first academic, or legal settings where communication
language of the children, or the mother tongue of is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and Language registers can also be classified as:
a certain community. Examples are the Gullah restrained to specific rules. Slang is never used  Formal language
and the Patwa, is a creole in Jamaica.  and contractions are rare. Examples are registers Registers that are appropriate for
 Regional Dialect used in research paper, government documents, professional situations, such as when speaking to
It is not a language that is not distinct from business letters, and in business presentations.  a supervisor or writing an invitation letter. 
a national language, but rather a variety of a  Casual  Informal language
language spoken in a particular area of a country. These registers are used when Registers that are conversational and
Examples are as Cebuano, Waray, Ilocano, and communicating with friends, close acquaintances, appropriate when speaking or writing to a friend
Hiligaynon in the Philippines.  colleagues, and family members. These are used or to someone you know quite well. 
 Minority Dialect- in birthday parties or family gatherings.   Neutral language
This is a variety used as a marker of  Intimate Registers that are non-emotional and
identity, usually alongside a standard variety, by Intimate language registers are reserved laden with facts. These are most appropriate for
the members of a particular minority ethnic for special occasions, usually between only two research or technical writing. 
group. Examples are the Sinama of the Badjaos in people and often in private. Examples are an
the Philippines and the London-Jamaican variety inside joke between two high school friends or Improving one’s Ability in Communicating in a
in Britain.  sweet nothings whispered to your “special Multicultural Setting .
 Indigenized Varieties someone.”  Everything should start with a personal desire
These are spoken mainly as second  Frozen and strong conviction to relate more effectively
languages in former colonies with multilingual It refers to historic language that is with persons having different cultural
populations. A classic example is Singlish (or intended to remain unchanged. Examples are the backgrounds. This will not only create positive
Singaporean English).  registers used in the Philippine Constitution and personal relationships, but also open
the Holy Bible.  moreopportunities for professional growth.
Language Registers -This is characterized by the  Consultative  Refrain from forming expectations based
way a speaker uses language differently in It is used in conversations when people solely on your culture- Knowing and
different social circumstances. These are are speaking with someone who has specialized accepting the validity of cultural
determined by such factors as social atmosphere, knowledge or is offering advice. Tone is often differences are key in communicating with
purpose of communication, audience, and the respectful, such as the use of honorifics or people having diverse communication
general context of the discourse.  courtesy titles, but may be more casual if the styles.
  not insist that persons from other cultures The challenge is to find a good balance
 Remove personal biases or any stereotype should communicate with me on my terms between the identity-intelligibility extremes.
that may impede understanding.- You do Hence, speakers of the English language may
not want to be at the receiving end of a Chapter 3 resort to code-switching (i.e., using English and
biased judgment, right? You don’t want another language in the same statement). 
people avoiding you just because of how Evaluating Messages and Images of Different Multimodality-is a fairly new concept in the
they see other members of your group or Text Types general academic setting, but can be a very
culture powerful tool in light of digital and multicultural
-The massive and rapid developments in digital communication. A text or output is considered
communications ushered in a new era of multimodal if it uses two or more
communication that does not simply rely on communication modes to make meaning. 
 Make a personal commitment to develop words, but also on images and other semiotics of
communication skills appropriate in the channel used to convey the message.  semiotic resources (language, gestures, images)
multicultural settings.  One major issue that has been raised with respect
that are co-deployed across)
Your ability to develop intercultural to these established varieties is that they are often
communication skills largely depends on how not fully intelligible to users of other varieties of various modalities (visual, aural, somatic, etc.)
many – and how much – of these promises you English. 
are willing to: Kirkpatrick (2007) proposes a scale with A multimodal text can either be one of the
two extremes that characterize this problem: following:
   Paper (books, comics, posters, brochures) 
 make a commitment to seek information  Extreme 1: The goal of national or regional  Digital (slide presentations, blogs, web
from persons whose cultures are different identity pages, social media, animation, film, video
from my own. People use a regional variety of English games 
 understand how the experiences of persons with its specific grammar, structure and  Live (performance or an event)
from different cultures leads them to vocabulary to affirm their own national or ethnic
develop perspectives that differ from mine identity   Transmedia (A story is told using multiple
 pay attention to the situation and the  Extreme 2: The goal of intelligibility delivery channels through a combination of
context when I communicate with persons Users of a regional variety should ideally platforms, such as comics, film, and video
from different cultures still be readily understood by users of English games all working as part of the same story
 make every effort to become a more flexible everywhere else in the world to fully participate with the same message.) 
communicator in the use of English as an international language.
Chapter 4 39% said they want to stay up-to-date with news  Netspeak 
and current events.   Electronic discourse 
The Rise of New Media and Technology Aids  computer-mediated discourse 
in Communication  The other top reasons for using social  Digital discourse 
media are filling up spare time, general  Digitally mediated communication 
Social Media Use-The rapid and vast adoption of networking with other people, looking for  Keyboard-to-screen communication .
new media platforms have changed the way entertaining content, sharing photos or videos,
people relate and communicate with each other sharing one’s opinion, meeting new people, and This type of discourse or computer-mediated
in the social, economic, and political arenas. researching or finding out products to buy . communication can be described as: 
   Vernacular 
-Some media platforms have been so popular Responsible Use of Social Media  Interpersonal 
that the number of users rise at such an
exponential rate. TikTok, for example, became -We all have a social responsibility .  Spontaneous 
 Dialogical 
such a craze in 2020 during the COVID-19 CMC is Vernacular. 
pandemic, when people were mostly at home English Language and the New Media This means it uses language that is
and thus have “nothing to do” because of the New media refer to highly interactive digital common to people regardless of age, social class,
worldwide call to “Stay Home”. It was launched technology. These are very easily processed, gender, or race.
in 2016, and had half a billion users by 2018. This stored, transformed, retrieved, hyper-linked,
number even got higher in mid-2020, with over searched for, and accessed. Generally, Examples:
800 million active users within that time span. these can be classified as:   Acronyms (Lol, yolo, fomo, bae) 
However, not all social media platforms  Blogs  Initialisms (atm, rotfl, brb, btw, hbd, idk, jk,
last. For example, in 2008, Hi5, MySpace, and  Social media af, nvm, tmi, tldr, ftw, g!) 
Friendster were close competitors to the social  Online newspaper  Emoticons/ Emojis 
media giant, Facebook. In 2012, all three had  Computer games  Expressive Punctuations (Hello? VS
virtually disappeared as shown by very poor  Virtual reality Hello?!? ; No. VS No? VS No!!!
performance of market shares. Interestingly, the
social media platforms that survived did so Language in new media is sometimes Misspellings / Respellings 
because of their continuous evolution and referred to as Computer-mediated Respelling is a resource whose use is
response to the needs and interests of its users. communication (CMC), though it may also be subject to a variety of factors, including users’
In a 2017 report by the Global Web Index, around called any of the following:  ‘technoliteracy’, their considerations of audience
42% of people use social media platforms to stay and purpose, and physical constraints of message
in touch with what their friends are doing, while
production (for economy and text entry Do you notice how much people put
reduction).  premium on length and on the time it would take 3. Identify the target audience (what they know,
Examples: ( cu, 2nyt, tom/2mrw, abt, y? ) for them to read an article in the net? what influences them, communication       
These increase insecurities in spelling, but also Multimodal.  impediments, etc.). 
tolerance towards typographical “errors”, which This refers to the layering of different 4. Conceptualize on key messages. 
are reinterpreted as outcomes of speedy text digital media. We all know that words are only 5. Strategize on communication styles and
production rather than indices of lacking ever part of the picture. All texts, all platform(s). 
competence.  communicative events, are always achieved by 6. Evaluate and anticipate. 
CMC is Interpersonal.  means of multiple semiotic resources, even text-
It is relationship-focused rather than based new media like instant- and text- Communication Strategies in Tech-based
subject-oriented. This can be explained by the messaging. Communication
number of Group Chats (GCs) a person has, and Ideologically-motivated
the number of individuals and GCs a person New media is inherently ideological,  Keep it simple.  Avoiding including too
engages simultaneously.  especially in terms of their political-economies of much information in a graphic or in one
access and control.  slide.
CMC is Spontaneous.  Communication  Planning
It is usually unplanned, unstructured, and The key goal is to make sure everybody  Emphasize only on key ideas. When you
sometimes impulsive. This spontaneity also gave gets the right message at the right time. It serves call attention to ideas with a graphic
rise to Net Neologisms through Lexical various purposes:  presentation, make sure the graphic clearly
Creativity, such as the use of “b4n” and “f2f”, or illustrates your essential points and the
such terms as trolls, meme, hashtag, and meh. important supporting data.
These can be described as mediatized stylization  To inform   Show what you can’t say. The best use of
and popular representation. \  To persuade  visual media is to reveal material you can’t
 To prevent misunderstanding easily describe orally or with written text. 
CMC is Dialogical.   To present a point of view or
It carries expectation of continuous reduce barriers .  Keep the number of images you present
exchange. This is why most media platforms manageable. Too many images will tire
have a “Reply” or “Comment” option, while Steps in Communication Planning  your audience (so will too much text). 
some have a “Leave a comment” button, to
ensure continuous interaction.  1.Research and analyze current situation.   Combine variety with coherence. If you use
The English language in the New Media is: 2. Establish goals and objectives (short and long several images, vary the design to make
Brief.  term). 
 them interesting, but keep them  (3) the disapproval or disrespect done at the nearest venue and on a regular
aesthetically consistent. from colleagues or immediate schedule.
superior.  4. Ego and Attitude
 Use large lettering. Use large text font sizes -Self-image or ego often affects team’s effort to
with minimal use of serifs so the audience  To avoid or solve the execute plans. To solve it, the team leader or
can read the text easily.  issue, Branham suggested (1) manager should promote better understanding as
improving coaching and feedback the group discusses the issue. 
especially among the new recruits; 5.Authority or Hierarchy Problems
Communication (2) setting up mentoring programs -The authority that the team leader or manger
For Work Purposes with experienced employees; demonstrates more often creates intimidation or
(3) requiring managers to provide gap with team members. To resolve, managers or
Oral Communication in the Workplace- feedback.  team leaders should promote harmoniously
Oral communication skill in business is relation among the team members. 
highly valued. Without exception, Top Ten Communication Issues 6. Poorly Written Communication
everybody in business needs it to 1. Failure to Listen -The confusion or misunderstanding of in
communicate details of information, discuss -Ineffective listening is a big problem in interoffice business communication is due to
strategies, map out plans, close business communication. Good communication fails when poor content of written documents, substandard
agreements, work in teams, and deal with one doesn’t pay much attention or plan what to organization, fractured grammar, among other
managers, employees, business partners, say before one ends his statement.  To avoid it, flaws in written interoffice materials. To avoid it,
guests or clients. speakers have to emphasize the importance of ensure that documents are well-edited and
- active listening in the discussion. proofread by best editor in the department. 
2. Culture Differences 7. Gender Bias
Pressing Challenges in Workplace -The diversity of backgrounds and cultural -The choice of which gender makes a more
Communication customs create communication issues among effective leader in the department is an issue of
 One of these is the team team members and leaders. To avoid it, try to gender bias. To avoid this, team leaders or
communication issues and promote “unity in diversity” wherein team managers should ensure that the issue on gender
problems among people at work. members have to be assigned to different groups choice is set aside in tackling issues or taking
Common cases being encountered to break the usual grouping.  course of action for the department.
are those with coworkers 3. Locale or Distance to Office 8. Focus or Listening Problems
 (1) losing trust with others, (2) poor -The office location or its distance to its Inability of employees to focus on the issue is
cooperation among team members, employees or contributors entails problem in the equivalent to listening problems. To help avoid
and sometimes communication. To solve it, meetings should be
it, leaders or managers have to initiate mutual Your first paragraph must be very
understanding regardless of age.  When you are writing the application letter, bear convincing. It tells your reader that you are the
9. Inadequate Knowledge in mind to achieve the four important tasks: best person for the job. It also emphasizes that
Little knowledge is dangerous.  To resolve it,   you have the set of skills and experience that
leaders or managers encourage team members to  Catch the reader’s attention purposively.  make you the ideal candidate for the post. If
upgrade knowledge by pursuing higher degree  Tailor it to the company, to the employer, someone from the company refers you, include in
programs.  and to the job.  the opening before stating your main objective.
10. Cliques, Groups and Friendships  Persuade the reader that you are a qualified make me highly qualified for the position.
Group membership or group affiliation or applicant for the job. 
exclusive grouping of team members can  Request an interview.  The Main Section 
sometimes create segregation. To avoid it,
promote teamwork spirit in the department. General guidelines for the overall structure of The main section of your cover letter
your cover letter:  should show the summary of your qualification,
Preparing the Cover/Application Letter organized around the job description and person
 Format your cover letter for post, mail or specification. Describe in this section what you
-When you are applying for a new position, a email. It should consist of one page only.  have accomplished, your expertise, and your
cover letter is extremely important as your special skills needed for the job. 
resumé or curriculum vitae (CV). The purpose of  The Closing Paragraph 
the cover letter is to persuade your reader to  Include your complete address, email
consider reading your resumé. This contains little address, phone numbers.  Your closing paragraph should be written
information of the job which you are applying, as  Use the tile of the person when you address concisely and neatly. It should make clear what
well as your strongest qualities and him/her in the letter. If you can’t find a action the reader will be taking after reading
qualifications.  name, write ‘Dear Sir/ Madamme.’  your cover letter. Close with a request for an
 Use standard, easy-to-read font. Make it interview. But don’t sound arrogant. For a letter,
A job application letter or a cover letter is like a end it with “Yours sincerely” if you have
readable. Times New Roman or Arial is addressed it to someone by name, and “Yours
sales letter in which you sell your knowledge and
competence. It is the most essential part of the preferred; it should be no smaller than 11 faithfully” if you started it with “Dear
application. Remember that your application for readability on screen. Sir/Madam”. 
letter is your selling factor. Your main goal is to The Content of the Cover Letter  Remember: Before you submit your application
market yourself. Think about competition; your letter or cover letter, proofread or polish it
judges are your readers. They are professionals  The Introductory Paragraph  carefully. 
who select and hire you. 
Designing the Curriculum Vitae  The objective of both CV and resumé  Academic memberships;
Basic Rules of CV Writing  remain. However, the appearance of the  Character references
-In writing a curriculum vitae (CV) or resumé, document is noticeably different. 
like other forms of business writing, you should  
always consider its reader (part of audience There are three major differences between CVs
analysis, as discussed in Lesson 1). In this case, and resumés: 
your readers are the recruiters. They are usually  the length Guidelines for Writing Effective CV 
the human resource managers or any other staff  the purpose; and 
in the recruitment department assigned to screen  the layout
applicants through their CVs. Avoid being  Include your contact details at the top.
eliminated by following these basic rules in Resumé vs. Curriculum Vitae   Decide whether you want to start with a
writing a CV or resumé. -resumé is a brief summary of skills and personal statement or career objective. 
 Write with the recruiter or human resource skills over one or two pages. It is short  Include sections on Key Skills, Knowledge
manager in mind. Assume that you are the with no particular format rule and highly and Achievements, Work Experience, and
recruiter. Think about what he needs to customizable. The goal of a resumé is to Education. 
know about you. Consider the job make an individual stand out from  When discussing achievements, focus on
description. competition. what you have actually done and the end
 Present your CV or resumé to inform them result achieved.
well about what they need to know. Show it -A CV, on the other hand, is more detailed  Include everything relevant in the ‘Work
in a way that it reveals very professional and can be more than two pages. It covers Experience’ and ‘Education’ sections. 
and credible information.  your entire career history. It has a clear  Make sure that your spelling and grammar
 A well-written CV or resumé limits the chronological order listing the whole are all correct.
chance of not selecting you. It easily puts career of the individual  Work on your presentation.
you in the shortlist.   
 CV or resumés are the most important In writing your CV, you have to consider the CV Mistakes and Pitfalls to Avoid 
documents needed in the highlights of your following information:  Do not be tempted to lie just to ‘look good’.
qualifications, work experiences,    Avoid leaving gaps in your career history. 
competence, professional and educational  Areas of interest;  Do not start your CV with the dull bits. 
history.   Education;  Do not include your hobbies and interests. 
 Grants, honors and awards;  Don't make your CV too long. 
 In some academic institutions, the CV or  Publications and presentations;  Do not use an unprofessional email
resumé is the standard for job applications.  Employment and experience; address. 
 GOODLUCK AND FIGHTING GUYS
GOD BLESS !

LOVE: KAILAH

Note: HUWAG KANG TAMAD, MAG-ARAL

-SELF