KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF CURRICULUMTEACHING INSTRUCTION AND MEDIA STUDIES.

COURSE CODE; EPS 2202 GENERAL METHODS AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY STUDIES

TASK: GROUP COURSE WORK

GROUP MEMBERS

NAME ADMISSION NO SIGNATURE

ARORA CHURCHILL 20/U/ESE/9075/PD
IMAM JUMA 20/U/ESE/9110/PD
SSENYONGA FAHAD 20/U/ESE/9097/PD
AHUMUZA PRAISE VON 20/U/ESE/12419/GV
OJOK ALEX 20/U/ESE/12920/GV
CHRISTMASS PATRICK 20/U/ESE/9111/PD
KALANZI UMARU 20/U/ESE/9126/PD
ONGOM JAMES ODUR 20/U/ESE/9062/PD
TUMUSIIME WASSWA RASHID 20/U/ESE/9135/PD
TUKEI JAMES 19/U/ESE/2067/PD
A teaching method comprises the principles and methods used by teachers to enable student
learning. These strategies are determined partly on subject matter to be taught and partly by
the nature of the learner. For a particular teaching method to be appropriate and efficient it has
to be in relation with the characteristic of the learner and the type of learning it is supposed to
bring about. The following are some of the teaching methods used by teachers to enable
student learning.

Lecture method as teaching strategy

Lecture method is most convenient and inexpensive method of teaching any subject. It hardly
requires the use of scientific apparatus, experiment, and aids materials except for the black
board. Lecture method is teacher controlled and information centered approach in which
teacher works as a role resource in classroom instruction. In this method, the only teacher does
the talking and the student passively listens. This creates dullness in the classrooms as the
interaction between the pupil and teacher ceases to occur.

Principles of lecture method

 A student can learn better through listening.

 Through lecture method, the teacher makes an attempt to impart perfect and complete
knowledge of the subject or the topic students.

 Subject matter can be correlated with other subjects.

 New knowledge is given related to previous knowledge.

When to use lecture method

 It is used to give an overview of a large unit.

 This method is an effective way for motivating pupils and developing their interest in the
subject.

 It is used for supplementing the pupils reading and for clarifying main concepts.
  This method helps to save the time of students by providing important information in
short time period.

 This method is used to provide background.

Steps of the lecture method

(1) Preparation for the lecture: -

This includes silent points like

 appropriate language and manner of presentation according to the nature of students.

 selection of audio-visual aids and instructional materials.

 planning the motivational technique

 anticipating certain difficulties and problem during the lecture.

 finding suitable solution and alternatives to these barriers to a successful lecture.

(2) Introduction to the lecture:-

It should be done briefly and if it is executed poorly, it can initially kill off the enthusiasm of the
student.

(3) Giving the body of the lecture:-

The teacher should have a given cognitive framework upon which he relies to achieve a more
logical presentation.

(4) Conclusion of the lecture:-

Following technique can be used to wrap up the lecture.

 summarizing the major points presented.

 forming generalization
  giving implications.

Advantage of lecture method

It is economical with regard to time.

It helps in developing the habit of concentration among the students.

It helps in achieving even high order cognitive objectives ( i.e ) application, analysis, synthesis.

Lecture method presents the subject matter in a systematic way.

It develops good audience habits.

Through this method, new subject matter can easily be introduced.

It enables linkage between previous knowledge with a new one.

Disadvantages of lecture method

Since this is a teacher-centered method so it provides very little scope for student activity.

Student plays a passive role in this method.

Individual differences are not taken into consideration.

It can not be used for achieving psycho motor objectives.

Discussion as a method of teaching.

Discussion methods are a variety of forums for open-ended, collaborative exchange of ideas among a
teacher and students or among students for the purpose of furthering students thinking, learning,
problem solving, understanding, or literary appreciation.

Preparation of discussion method

The teacher should create a classroom environment in which all the students can freely
exchange their ideas.
Proper sitting arrangement should be made for the students. The proper arrangement is such
that all the students can see each other and the teachers can see all the students.

The content of the debate should be clear to all the students.

To prepare for the debate, the students should be told in advance.

Key parts of discussion method

The five main parts of the discussion are given below.

Learner

Group

Problem

Content

Evaluation

Learner; the leader of any debate in the class is the teacher.as a leader, teacher should go to
the class after preparing a lot before conducting the debate for example he has to decide first
about the subject to be studied and how to plan it. The teacher should encourage all the
students to engage in the debate and guide them where necessary.

Group. There is a group of students in a dispute. The group consists of students with different
temperaments and thoughts, who differ from each other in intelligence, interest, temperament
and ideas. The teacher should appreciate the thoughts of the mentally retarded students by
listening carefully.

Problem. The topic of debate should be such, which the students understand as their own. This
subject should be according to their age, intelligence and condition. The teacher should also
seek the cooperation of the students while choosing the problem.
Content, this means the necessary subject matter for study. Under this, books, magazines,
newspapers, pictures, maps and other types of materials must be used. The teacher has to take
responsibility of mobilizing these materials.

Evaluation. The main objective of debate is to bring about desirable changes in the students. If
the debate does not bring any change, then it would be considered meaningless. Evaluation can
be done by the student himself or by the teacher. here, we can use different types of
questionnaires or interviews and find out what changes happened in different areas.

The advantages of the discussion method of teaching include;

Emphasis on learning instead of teaching, it emphasizes pupil activity in form of discussion,

rather than simply telling and lecturing by the teacher, thus, this method is more effective.

Participation by everybody, therefore everybody thinks and expresses himself. This is a sure
way of learning.

Development of democratic way of thinking, everybody cooperates in the discussion, and ideas
and opinions of everybody are respected. thus, there is a development of democratic way of
thinking and arriving at decision.

Training in reflective thinking, students during the course of discussion get training in reflective
thinking, which leads to deeper understanding of the historical problem under discussion.

Training of self-expression, during discussion, everybody is required to express his ideas and
opinions in a clear and concise manner. This provides ample opportunities to the students for
training in self-expression,

Spirit of tolerance is inculcated, the students learn to tolerate the views of others even if they
are unpleasant and contradictory to each other’s views. thus, respect for the viewpoints of
others in development.

Learning is made interesting, history is considered to be a dry subject, the learning of history is
made interesting through discussions. More effective learning is possible when the students
discuss, criticize and share ideas on a particular problem. Active participation by the students in
the discussion makes learning more interesting.

The following are the limitations of discussion method of teaching.

All types of topics cannot be taught by discussion method.

This method cannot be used for teaching small children.

The students may not follow the rules of discussion.

Some students may not take part while others may try to dominate.

Demonstration method as teaching strategy

The word demonstration means to give demos or to perform the particular activity or concept.
In demonstration method, the teaching-learning process is carried in a systematic way.
Demonstration often occurs when students have a hard time connecting theories to actual
practice or when students are unable to understand applications of theories. In order to make a
success of demonstration method, three things are necessary.

The object being displayed during demonstration should not be so small.

During the demonstration, the clear language should be used so that pupils may understand
concept easily.

The pupils should be able to question teachers in order to remove their difficulties.

Characteristic of demonstration method

The demonstration should be done in a simple way.

In this strategy, attention is paid to all students.

Goals and objections of demonstration are very clear.

It is a well-planned strategy.

Time is given for rehearsal before the demonstration.

Steps of Demonstration method

There are six steps of demonstration process.

(1) Planning and preparation

proper planning is required for good demonstration. For this the following points should be
kept in mind through the preparation of subject matter.

lesson planning

collection of material related to the demonstration.

rehearsal of demonstration.

In order to ensure the success of demonstration, the teacher should prepare lesson minutely
and very seriously.

(2) Introducing the lesson

The teacher should motivate students and prepare them mentally for the demonstration.

The teacher should introduce the lesson to students keeping in mind the following things.

individual differences, Environment and Experiences.

The lesson can also be started with some simple and interesting experiments. Very common
event or some internal story.

The experiment should be able to hold the attention of students.

(3) Presentation of subject matter

– In demonstration presentation of subject matter is very important.

– The principle of reflecting thinking should be kept in mind.

– The teacher should teach the student in such a way that their previous knowledge can be
attached to their new knowledge.

(4) Demonstration

-The performance in the demonstration table should be ideal for the student.

-The demonstration should be neat and clean.

(5) Teaching Aids

-The teacher can use various teaching aids like models, blackboard, graphs etc. during
demonstration.

(6) Evaluation

-In this last step, evaluation of the whole demonstration should be done, so that it can be made
more effective.

Merits of demonstration method

It helps a student in having a deeper understanding of the topic.

It helps students remain active in teaching -learning process.

It leads to permanent learning.

It accounts for the principles of reflective thinking.

It helps to create interest for topics among students.

It helps in arousing the spirit of discovery among students.

It imparts maximum learning to students.

Demerits of demonstration method of teaching

Students can not benefit with direct and personal experiences as teacher carry out the
demonstration.

It can be costly as it requires costly materials.

It can be a time-consuming method.

It is not based on learning by doing.

This method does not provide training for the scientific method.

There is a lack of experienced teachers to carry out the demonstration.

Project method

The project method is a teacher-facilitated collaborative approach in which students acquire

and apply knowledge and skills to define and solve realistic problems using a process of
extended inquiry. Projects are student-centered, following standards, parameters, and
milestones clearly identified by the instructor.

What is the Project Method of Teaching

The project method of teaching is a medium of instruction in which the students are given a
number of projects or situations out of which they have to choose the problem they want to
solve. After the student has chosen the problem they want to solve, they will have to come up
with a solution to the problem on their own. This is one of the most proactive approaches to
learning, but what about the teacher in this case? The teacher, in the case of the project
method of teaching, assumes the role of a guide than a dictator and guides the class through
the lesson at their own pace.

There are five steps of the Project Method of teaching.

Project Selection

The first step in the process of the project method is the selection of the project work. The
students are given some problems from which they should select the subject or project which
has the maximum utility and fulfill a specific practical need. In this process, teachers act as
guides and motivate the students to keep on track and choose wisely on the basis of their
aptitude.

Planning

Planning is the next step in the project method of teaching. In this phase, students should do
planning for the project work and the teacher will guide them and help them in the process.
The students can be brought together to express their views and give suggestions in the form of
a discussion, where the teacher can raise points of objection and problems related to the
project they have taken.

Execution

Following the planning phase comes execution, where the students execute the project work as
per their plan as created in the previous step. The students assign their duties among
themselves according to the interest of the individual students and on the basis of their
respective capabilities. Every student will hence be contributing toward the completion of the
project in their own way - collecting data, visiting places, gathering information, reading history,
and so on. The teacher again comes in as a guide and provides the necessary information,
helping them to keep on the right track.

Evaluation

The fifth and final stage of the project method is evaluation. The whole work is reviewed by the
teacher and students get judged or assessed on the basis of their performance. They carry out
the project as planned, following which the mistakes they have made in the process are noted
down.
Types of Project Method of Teaching

The proponent of Project Method, Kilpatric, classified it broadly into four types as explained
below:

Constructive Method

In the constructive project method, the learners are instructed to construct something related
to social life such as models, maps, charts, parcels, and so on.

Artistic Method

This type of teaching is generally employed in the field of aesthetics and arts such as music, fine
arts, culture, literature, and so on.

Problem Solving Method

The problem-solving method is used to solve problems related to real-life situations on any
subject such as how to send an email, how to operate bank accounts, how to use a particular
product, and so on. Solving these problems will ideally make the students efficient in social life.

Group Work Method

This method employs all the students with a task to complete in the form of a group. The team
then sets out to complete that task with the teacher acting as a guide. This can be as complex
as an engineering project that requires different areas of expertise to collaborate on something
as simple as setting up a garden in the school.

Advantages of Project Method

The following are the advantages of the project method of teaching:

Active Learning Experience

The project method emphasizes the concept of learning by doing. Students actively get involved
in the learning activity, hence helping them in enhancing their skillset, first-hand experiences,
and thinking capacity. Incorporating active learning in students’ daily lives can be quite helpful
in the long run.

Inculcating a Sense of Responsibility

In the project method of teaching, the teacher is a guide and the activities carried out in the
class are carried out by the students themselves. This helps improve self-reliance and self-
responsibility among students. It helps students learn on their own and develop their own style
of learning.

Improves Collaboration Among Students

Since the project method employs a methodology where students work in collaboration with
their group, it helps students bond with one another on a professional as well as personal level,
hence making their overall learning experience interesting and insightful. It instills in them a
sense of cooperation and builds on their social skills immensely.

Improves Communication Skills

It helps students improve their communicative skills drastically because students are given the
opportunity to express themselves freely among their peers as well as their teachers, hence
helping them communicate more effectively.

Improves Critical Thinking Skills

Critical thinking skills are 21st Century Skills that students of all ages need to have in today’s
time. It is something that needs to be cultivated with respect to the future of the students and
needs to be dealt with utmost diligence.

Disadvantages of Project Method of Teaching

The following are the disadvantages of project method of teaching,

Time Consuming

Teaching students using the project method can be time-consuming as there are a lot of things
that need to be taken into consideration when teaching using this method such as the student's
ability to comprehend the subject, the speed with which they do so, the factual accuracy of the
project and so on.

The Lack of Experienced Teachers

The project method of teaching can only be conducted by experienced teachers who have
several years of experience, which a lot of teachers may not have. This leads to a shortage of
teachers and hence incapability to execute this form of teaching effectively.

Not Suitable for All Subjects

The project method of teaching is most suitable for subjects that require practical knowledge,
and so subjects such as arts, literature, and so on may not benefit a lot from this form of
teaching.

Field work method of teaching

Fieldwork education is any practical work, teaching, study or research activity required by post-
secondary education providers as an integral part of a course. Fieldwork is also known as
practicum, professional experience, internship, or clinical placement.

PURPOSE

To provide real life situations for firsthand information.

To supplement class room instructions.
To serve as a pre view of a lesson and gather instructional material.
To verify previous information, class discussion & to conclude individual experience.
To create situational teaching for cultivating observation, keenness and discovery.
To serve as a means to develop positive attitudes, values and specific skills.
ADVANTAGES
Fieldwork enriches the classroom learning.
Fieldwork provide an opportunity to the learners to get first-hand information from natural
settings.
The monotony and boredom of classroom teaching is eliminated through field trips.
Field work gives natural stimulation and motivates the learner to be more interactive and
creative.
Field work help learners learn things very quickly and remember them for longer of time.
It provides an opportunity to solve the individual's problems by interacting with a group in a
natural setting.

DISADVANTAGES

If the field trip is not planned well with specific learning objectives it will result in wastage of
teaching learning resources.
Field trips are expensive.
Safety and security of the students is a real concern.
If the sought permission is not got, the scheduled plan of the curriculum suffers.