INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RIGHTS

• The efforts to ensure respect for the dignity of

human beings is perhaps the land mark in the
history of mankind.
• The concept of human rights came into view
of the thinkers who took the background of
various cultural and religious traditions
prevailing them. They developed and
introduced this concept in the society
• . In this regard the contribution, that was
important to promote the idea of human
rights, was made by the experienced and
respected political leaders and lawyers.
• These honorable people prepared written
norms in order to ascertain the protection of
the rights of individuals and these norms were
gradually incorporated in national laws
• Particularly in the nineteenth century and
after the First World War, steps were taken to
establish international standards. Conversely,
it was only in the second half of the 20th
century that a wide-ranging international
system of human rights promotion and
protection was set up. This happened mainly
due to the efforts of the United Nations (UN),
its specialized Agencies and regional
intergovernmental organizations.
• In this process, there were two most
important land marks in the form of
International agreements on Human Rights
(1966) to define civil, cultural, economic,
political and social rights
 Human Rights- Present Scenario
• Human rights are the rights that people have
because they are born as human beings.
These are the rights which are not given to an
individual but they are a part of a person. No
government grants these rights. It only
recognizes human rights.
 The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR)
• was approved by United Nations in 1948. The
document there to sets a common standard
for all people and all nations. The document
states that human rights are fundamental and
must be universally protected. This indicates
that countries are willing to protect these
rights and agree, too, that these rights should
be universal.
 Importance of Human Rights
• Human rights are important because they appreciate
the inherent dignity in human life.
• They protect the values that are inherent to human
life; the values like liberty and human dignity.
• These rights do not discriminate between people on
the basis of race, gender, religion and occupation. They
treat everyone in the same way.
• These rights are important in respect of treating all
humans with a certain level of dignity. The awareness,
which the people in the society collectively have, is
urged by human rights.
 Education for Human Rights:

• Education for human rights is of great importance. This has

been recognized in many international tools of social
reform. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states
that "education shall be directed to the full development of
human personality and to the strengthening of respect for
human rights and fundamental freedoms".
• Education for human rights is an important facet of
UNESCO, whose Constitution imposes the obligation to
further universal respect for justice, the rule of law and
human rights and fundamental freedoms. In order to
promote human rights education, UNESCO adopted in 1974
a specific normative instrument and in the subsequent
years along with many other activities, organized three
major international meetings on this subject.
 THE BASIC CONCEPTS
An Individual
• Man is a social animal. He has a natural urge to
live an associated life with others. The human
child depends on its parents and others for its
survival and growth. Man is biologically and
psychologically equipped to live in groups. As a
human being man cannot live without
association. So, man's life is, to an enormous
extent, a group life. Because individuals cannot
be understood apart from their relations with
one another; the relations cannot be understood
apart from the units or terms of the relationship
• Man is a social animal because his nature makes him
so. So, he is social by nature. Sociality or sociability is
his natural instinct. All human qualities such as: to
think, to enquire, to learn language, to play and work
only developed in human gathering. All this developed
through interaction with others. One cannot be a
normal being in isolation. His nature compels him to
live with his fellow beings. He can't afford to live alone.
Human nature develops in man only when he lives in a
group, the so called society, only when he shares with
his fellow beings a common life.
• Man is a social animal not only by nature but
also by necessity. It is said that needs and
necessities make man social. Man has many
needs and necessities.
• Out of these different needs, social, mental
and physical needs are very important and
need fulfillment. He can't fulfill these needs
without living in a group, so called society.
 Group
• Living in groups is our pre-selected social option
because we came in this world naturally in that way.
During most of our period on this planet, an individual
human being was just another pre-animal having no
fighting teeth or claws. Even when armed with a club,
spear or stone knife, the human being, as an individual,
was no way near, in strength, and alone could hardly
execute any large game without team work.
• As society progressed, it was the division of labor that
required some nearness between people, as no
individual could really be self-sufficient.
• Today, getting urbanized and getting spread out, people are
compelled, without any resistance, to form virtual
communities to be sure or belonging to a group.
• It is in our nature to identify ourselves with family, clan,
country, state, city, sports team so on and so forth. We are
naturally fond of company quite simply because it is in our
genes.
• Humans are social animals. They have limitations and they
need one another to make their existence worthwhile. For
ages of their existence, humans have shared many things
common and also by virtue of their human weaknesses
they depend on one another for security, guidance,
provision and so many others.
 Civil Society
• The term society indicates people living together in an ordered
community. Society sets free, as well as limits, the activities of men
and it is not only important but a necessary condition of human
being and it is needed for the fulfillment of life.
• Society exists only where social beings behave towards each other
in ways determined by their recognition of one another. It has been
observed that wherever there is life there is society. This is so
because life means heredity and, as it is known to all, heredity can
be only out of and in the presence of other life.
• All higher animals at least have a very definite society, arising out of
their natural requirements and the conditions involved in the never
ending or never changing process of their species.
• In a society each member seeks something and gives something. A
society may also comprise likeminded people having their own
norms and values within the society.
• A society may be made up of a varied collection
of individuals. Ultimately it can be said that
society is universal and is present throughout. It
has no defined boundary or no flexible limits. A
society is a collection of individuals united by
certain relations or modes of behavior which
mark them different from others who do not
enter into those relations or who differ from
these individuals in behavior.
• Thus, society is the complex of social behavior
and the network of social relationship.
 A State (An Organized Political
Community)
• A state is a compulsory political organization with a
centralized government that has a complete control of
the legitimate use of force within a certain
geographical territory.
• Many human societies have been governed by states
for millennia; however most of pre-history people lived
in stateless societies. The first states Are about 5,500
years ago in conjunction with rapid growth of cities,
invention of writing, and codification of new forms of
religion. Over time, a variety of different forms
developed, employing a variety of justifications for
their existence.
• Some states are sovereign. Some states are
subject to external sovereignty or formal
leadership where ultimate sovereignty lies in
another state. The term state is also applied to
federated states that are members of a federal
union, which is the sovereign state. Thus state
is an organized political group that exercises
authority over a particular territory.
 Equality

• Equality means that all people have the same worth and
must be treated equally, regardless of ethnic background,
sexual orientation or functional impairments.
• The word equality comes from the UN's Universal
Declaration of Human Rights from 1948. The Universal
Declaration of Human Rights is about all people having the
same dignity and rights. All people have a right to say what
they think, believe in whichever god they want and choose
whichever partner they want to live with.
• The Declaration of Human Rights applies to all people in
the world. A modern democracy does not function well if
human rights are not respected. The state must be able to
protect its inhabitants from discrimination and oppression.
 Justice (Social Justice)

• Justice or rather Social justice is defined as justice in terms of the

distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a
society. Often this is achieved through institutions or services that
work to make sure that people can equally access the benefits of
social cooperation and that also guard people against socio-
economic inequality.
• While social justice and human rights are two different concepts,
they are closely linked. In 1948, Universal Declaration of Human
Rights includes economic, social and cultural rights such as the right
to health, security in the event of unemployment, and education. In
1966, these rights were brought into the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), part of the
International Bill of Human Rights. The UK is a signatory to the
ICESCR. In 1993, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
highlighted that extreme "poverty inhibits the full and effective
enjoyment of human rights."
 HUMAN VALUES
• Basic human values refer to those values which are at the core of being
human. The values which are considered basic inherent values in humans
include truth, honesty, loyalty, love, peace, etc. Because they bring out the
fundamental goodness of human beings and society at large. Further,
since these values are unifying in nature and cut across individual's social,
cultural, religious and sectarian interests; they are also considered
universal, timeless and eternal applying to all human beings.
• Values are the guiding principles of human lives. They are essential for
positive human behaviour and actions in our daily lives. They are formed
on the basis of interests, choices, needs, desires and preferences. They
have played important role in not only sociology, but also psychology,
anthropology and related disciplines.
• Values are the ideals, customs or institutions from which we make
decisions about right and wrong. They also help weighing out what is
important and useful when we need to choose between two options or
decisions
 National Policy on Safety, Dignity,
Health and Environment atWork Place
• The Constitution of India provides detailed
provisions for the rights of the citizens and
also lays down the Directive Principles of State
Policy which set an aim to which the activities
of the state are to be guided. These Directive
Principles provide for securing the health and
strength of employees, men and women and
state:
• That the tender age of children are not abused. लहान मल ु ाांच्या
वयाचा गैरवापर होत नाही
• आर्थिक गरजे मळ ु े नागररकाांना तयाांच्या वयाला ककांवा सामर्थयािला
अनप ु यक् ु त व्यवसाय करण्यास भाग पाडले जात नाही.
• That just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief are
provided. कामाच्या न्याय्य आणि मानवी पररस्थथती आणि माततृ व
आराम प्रदान केला जातो.
• That the Government shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in
any other way, to secure the participation of employee in the
management of undertakings, establishments or other
organisations engaged in any industry
• कोितयाही उद्योगात गत ांु लेल्या उपक्रम, आथथापना ककांवा इतर
सांथथाांच्या व्यवथथापनात कमिचारयाांचा सहभाग सरु क्षित करण्यासाठी
सरकारने योग्य कायद्याद्वारे ककांवा इतर कोितयाही प्रकारे पावले
उचलली पाहहजे त.
• On the basis of these Directive Principles as well
as international instruments, Government is
committed to regulate all economic activities for
management of safety and health risks at
workplaces and to provide measures so as to
ensure safe and healthy working conditions for
every working man and woman in the nation.
Government recognizes that safety and health of
workers has a positive impact on productivity and
economic and social development.
 RIGHTS OF EXPLOITED PEOPLE
• India is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women,
and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labour and
commercial sexual exploitation. Internal forced labour may
constitute India's largest trafficking problem; men, women, and
children are held in debt bondage and face forced labour working in
brick kilns, rice mills, agriculture, and embroidery factories. The
estimates indicate that the problem affects 20 to 65 million
Indians.
• Women and girls are trafficked within the country for the purposes
of commercial sexual exploitation and forced marriage especially in
those areas where the sex ratio is highly skewed in favour of men.
Children are subjected to forced labour as factory workers,
domestic servants, beggars, and agriculture workers, and have been
used as armed combatants by some terrorist and insurgent groups.
• In order to take care of the human rights of these exploited people
the Government of India prohibits some forms of trafficking for
commercial sexual exploitation through the Immoral Trafficking
Prevention Act (TPA). Prescribed penalties under the ITPA ranging
from seven years' to life imprisonment are sufficiently stringent and
commensurate with those for other grave crimes. India also
prohibits bonded and forced labour through the Bonded Labour
Abolition Act, the Child Labour Act, and the Juvenile Justice Act.
• Indian authorities also use Sections 366(A) and 372 of the Indian
Penal Code, prohibiting kidnapping and selling minors into
prostitution respectively, to arrest traffickers. Penalties under these
provisions are a maximum of ten years' imprisonment and a fine.
 Role of the Government to Stop
Exploitation of Labour
• State Governments regularly conduct campaigns
through their welfare Departments along with police
raids. India's Central Bureau of Investigation
incorporated anti-trafficking training into its standard
curriculum. In November, the State of Maharashtra
developed an action plan to combat trafficking.
• India's efforts to protect victims of trafficking varies
from state to state. Victims of bonded labour are
entitled to 10,000 rupees ($225) from the central
government for rehabilitation. Children trafficked for
forced labour may be housed in government shelters
and are entitled to 20,000 rupees ($450).
• Some states provide services to victims of
bonded labour, but Non Governmental
Organizations provide the majority of
protection services to these victims. The
central government does not provide
protection services to Indian victims trafficked
abroad for forced labour or commercial sexual
exploitation. Indian diplomatic missions in
destination countries may offer temporary
shelter to nationals who have been trafficked
 Preventive Measures In India

• Most of the Indian workers pay huge sums of

money to agents who facilitate their
emigration outside the official channels and
willingly emigrate despite being aware of the
conditions prevailing in those destinations.
This is because of the fact that most of the
destinations abroad pay better sums of
money.
• Ministry of Labour and Employment displays
full-page advertisements against child labour
in national newspapers at periodic intervals.
The government has also instituted pre-
departure information sessions for domestic
workers migrating abroad on the risks of
exploitation
 RIGHTS OF CITIZENS
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),
adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948, is one of
the most important sources of economic, social and
cultural rights .
• It recognizes the right to social security in Article 22,
• the right to work in Article 23,
• the right to rest and leisure in Article 24,
• the right to an adequate standard of living in Article 25,
• the right to education in Ardticle 26
• the right to benefits of science and culture in Article
27.
 ICESCR
• The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(ICESCR) is the primary international legal source of economic, social and
cultural rights. The Covenant recognized and protects
• the right to work and to justice and favourable working conditions in
Article 6 and 7,
• the right to join trade unions and take collective labour action in Article 8,
• the right to social security in Article 9,
• the right to protection of the family including protection for mothers and
children in Article 10,
• the right to an adequate standard of living, including the right to food and
the right to housing, in Article 11,
• the right to health in Article 12,
• the right to education in Article 13, as well as the right to participate in
cultural life
• the right to benefits of science and culture in Article 15.
 Freedom of association
• Freedom of association is a fundamental human right guaranteed
by major international human rights standards, including the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and International
Labour Organization (ILO) conventions.

• It is crucial to the functioning of a democracy and an essential

condition for the exercise of other human rights.
• In the human rights and business context, freedom of association is
most frequently understood as the right of workers "to join
organizations of their own choice without previous authorization,"
which is a fundamental enabling right.
• It is a prerequisite for many other basic
labour rights, as the ability of workers to
organise allows them to use their collective
power to achieve improved labour rights,
health and safety at the workplace,
• the right not to be discriminated against and
freedom from forced labour and child labour.
 The French Revolution
• The French Revolution was a major event in
the history of Western societies, and had a
profound effect on the world today. Beginning
in 1789, the French Revolution saw the French
people overthrowing their absolute monarchy
and bringing about a republic that was based
on the principles of equality, liberty and
fraternity.
• Before the French Revolution, French society was
structured in the relics of a social system the system
known as the Estates System. The estate to which a
person belonged was very important because it
determined that person's rights and status in society.
Usually a person remains in one estate for his or her
lifetime, and any movement from upwards in the
estate system can take many generations. The first
estate was the clergy, the second estate was the
nobility and the third estate was the peasants. While
the peasants made up the vast majority of the people
in French society, over 96%, they lacked any political or
economic power.
• By 1789, this began to cause anger amongst the peasant class, as
many of them began to question the authority of their monarch,
Louis XVI. In addition to that, several other elements combined to
cause the French Revolution to begin.
• The first step of the revolution began in 1789 when Louis XVI called
the meeting of Estates-Geral representatives of each of the three
estates. Louis XVI called the meeting in order to solve the economic
crisis facing the country at the time. Unfortunately, the three
estates could not decide how to vote during the meeting of the
Estates-General representatives and the meeting failed.
• Angered with the inaction of the Estates-General and upset with
their position in French society, many of the third estate
representatives left and met to take the Tennis Court Oath.
• It was here that the third estate established the National Assembly,
the new revolutionary government, and pledged "not to separate,
and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the
constitution of the kingdom is established."
• Next, the French Revolution took a violent turn when the Parisian
citizens carried out the storming of the Bastille. The Bastille was a
prison fortress in Paris that the French monarchy used to store
weapons and imprison enemies of the state. For many years the
Bastille symbolized the king's absolute authority. On July 14, 1789 a
Paris mob stormed the Bastille and demolished it brick by brick with
their hands. Considered by many historians to be the "spark" of the
French Revolution, the storming of the Bastille was a significant
event because it saw the third estate citizens successfully
challenging the authority of Louis XVI.
• Then, on August 26th, 1789, the National
Assembly adopted the Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The
Declaration was written by Marquis de
Lafayette, a French military officer who fought
in the American Revolution and was inspired
by the ideals of liberty expressed by Thomas
Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence.
 3.2 HUMAN RIGHTS OF DISABLED
PERSONS Meaning of Disability:
• The definition of " disabled person" as anyone who cannot ensure the necessities of a normal
individual and or social life as a result of deficiency in physical or mental capabilities.

• The disability may be a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses or
activities. It substantially affects a person's life activities and may be present from birth or occur
during a person's lifetime. Disability is a contested concept, with different meanings of different
communities. It may be used to refer to physical or mental attributes that some institutions,
particularly medicine, view as needing to be fixed.
• It may refer to limitations imposed on people by the constraints of an ablest society.
• Disabilities can be physical in nature, cognitive, behavioural, or even emotional. All human beings
are born free and are equal in dignity and rights. People with disabilities all over the world
experience human rights violations, stigma and discrimination.
• There are many social factors that can affect the individuals with disabilities. They (the disabled) are
included or excluded from participation on various activities, which in turn can affect development
or esteem. Disability is thus just not a health problem.
• Persons with disabilities face discrimination and
barriers that restrict them from participating in
society, on an equal basis, with others every day.
• They are denied their rights to be included in the
general school system, to be employed, to live
independently in the community, to move freely,
to participate in sport and cultural activities, to
enjoy social protection, to access justice, to
choose medical treatment and to enter freely
into legal commitments such as buying and
selling property.
• In recent years, there has been a revolutionary
change in approach, globally, to close the
protection gap and ensure that persons with
disabilities enjoy the same standards of equality,
rights and dignity as everyone else.
• The Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities, which was adopted in 2006 and
entered into force in 2008, signalled a standard
shift from traditional charity-oriented, medical-
based approaches to disability to one based on
human rights.
• Former UN High Commissioner for Human
Rights, Louise Arbour, said, "The celebration of
diversity and the empowerment of the
individual are essential human rights
messages. The Convention embodies and
clearly conveys these messages by envisaging
a fully active role in society for person with
disabilities."
 The Convention and its Optional
System of Rules:
• The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities offers
sufficient standards of protection for the civil, cultural, economic,
political and social rights of persons with disabilities on the basis of
inclusion, equality and nondiscrimination.
• The convention makes clear that persons with disabilities are
entitled to live independently in their communities, to make their
own choices and to play an active role in society.
• The Optional Protocol on the Convention came into force at the
same time as the Convention. It gives the Committee of experts
additional capacities.
• The Committee can accept and examine complaints filed by
individuals, and where there is evidence of grave and systemic
violations of human rights, it can launch inquiries.
• The Convention and its Optional Protocol received immediate and
wide support from the international community
 The Committee of Experts:

• The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

(CRPD), a group of 18 independent experts (currently, most
of them persons with disabilities), oversees promotion and
implementation of the Convention.
• The experts are nominated by individual countries and then
elected by the States that have ratified the Convention.
• All States are obliged to report regularly to the Committee
on how the rights embodied in the Convention are being
implemented in each of their countries.
• The Committee in turn, makes comments and suggestions
for further progress, based on each of the reports.
• Civil society organizations and national human rights
institutions also contribute to the reviews.
 International Human Rights: UN
Charter:
•
• The charter of the United Nations of 1945 is the foundational treaty
of the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization. the
United Nations shall promote:
• • Higher standard of living, full employment and conditions of
economic for dissabilities
• social progress and development.
• Solutions of international economic, social, health, and related
problems and international cultural and educational cooperation.
• Universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and
fundamental
• freedoms for all without distinction as to , sex, language or religion.
 Declaration on the Rights of Disabled
Persons:
• The Declaration of the Rights of Disabled persons was a declaration of the General Assembly of the
United Nations made on 9th Dec 1975. It is the 3447th resolution made by the Assembly.
• The disabled person shall enjoy all rights contained in this declaration without distinction or
discrimination.
• The disabled persons have inherent rights to respect for their human dignity irrespective of the
origin, nature and seriousness of their handicaps and disabilities, have same Fundamental Rights.
• Disabled persons have the same civil and political rights as other human beings.
• Disabled persons are entitled to the measures designed to enable them to become as self-reliant as
possible.
• Disabled persons have the right to economic and social security, including the right, according to
their capabilities, to secure and retain employment or to engage in a useful, productive and
remunerative occupation and to join trade unions.
• Disabled persons have the right to live with their families or with foster parents and to participate
in all social, creative or recreational activities.
• Disabled persons shall be protected against all exploitation and treatment of a discriminatory,
abusive or degrading nature.
 CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF
DISABLED PERSONS
• 3.3.1 Prohibition of Discrimination
• Article 15 is a manifestation of "Right to Equality"
• Under article 15 the protection extends only to citizens, unlike article 14
which protects' any person'. Thus in application, article 15 protects from
discriminatory state activities but the domain of article 15 is narrower
than that of article 14.
• Article 15 of the Indian constitution deals with "prohibition of
discrimination" on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex.
• It runs as follows: Article 15(2) says, no citizen shall, on the grounds only
of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subjected to
any disabilities, liability restriction or condition with regard to : Access to
shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or
• • The use of wells, tanks, bathing Ghats, roads and places of public resort
• maintained wholly or partly out of the state funds dedicated to the use of
the general public.
 3.3.2 Equity in Social, Economic and
Cultural Rights
• Article 25 of the CRDP recognizes the "right of a person,
with disabilities, to education. With a view to realizing this
right without discrimination and on the basis of equal
opportunity,
• state parties shall ensure an inclusive education system at
all levels and lifelong learning." They considered
constitution to grant education to children with disabilities
if they explicitly guarantee the right to education, the right
to free education, or the right to compulsory education to
children with disabilities or prohibit discrimination in
education on the basis of disability.
• Globally only 28% of the countries provide some type of
constitutional guarantee of educational rights, for the
children with disabilities.
 Right to Work:
• Right to Work:
• Article 27 of the CRDP instructs states to "recognize the right of
persons with disabilities to work, on an equal basis with others; this
includes the rights to opportunity to gain a living by work freely
chosen or accepted in a labour market and work, environment that
is open, inclusive and accessible to persons with disabilities.
• Right to Liberty: Article 14 of the CRPD instructs state parties to
guarantee people with disabilities the right to liberty and security of
person. We considered the right to liberty to be guaranteed to
persons with disabilities if they were explicitly granted the right to
freedom or liberty. Globally, only 9% of the constitution explicitly
guarantee the right to liberty to persons with disabilities.
• However 19% of the constitution specifies that the right to liberty
can be denied to persons with the mental health condition.
• Right to Freedom of Expression: In article 21, the CRPD
states that take all appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities
can exercise the right to freedom of expression and opinion and include the
freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas on an equal basis with
others and through all forms of communications of their choice."
 Rights of Disabled Persons In India:
• Persons with disabilities are one of the most neglected sections of
our nation. This is due to the sheer indifference of the society which
subjects such people to disapproval and antipathy.
• Such people have several rights under various Indian laws as well as
UN conventions that are followed in India. Under Section 20 of
Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995,"disability" includes blindness,
low vision, leprosy cured, hearing impairment, locomotors
disability, mental retardation and mental illness.
• Disability Certificate: It is the most basic document that a
disabled person should possess in order to avail certain
benefits and concessions. The State Medical Boards
established under the State governments can issue a disability
certificate to any person with more than 40% disability.
• Disability Pension: People who are above 18 years of age, suffering with more than
80% disability and are living below the poverty line are entitled to the disability pension
under the Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme. Various NGOs are
dedicated to this i.e. they help such persons with disabilities to get their disability
pension.

• Employment: In government jobs, 3% of the

seats are reserved for persons with disabilities.
• Income Tax Concession: Under sections 80DD
and 80U of Income Tax Act, 1961, persons with
disabilities are also entitled to certain income tax
concessions.
• 3.4 PERSON WITH DISABILITIES-ACT 1995
• The Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995 had come into enforcement on Feb 7, 1996.
It is a significant step which ensures equal opportunities for the people with
disabilities and their full participation in the nation building.
• The Act provides for both the preventive and promotional aspects of rehabilitation
like education, employment and vocational training, reservation, research and
manpower development and rehabilitation of persons with disability,
unemployment allowance for the disabled persons.
• Main Provisions of the Act:
• • Prevention and Early Detection of Disabilities
• • Education
• Employment
• Non discrimination
• Social Security
• Research and manpower development
• Grievance Redress
 Policies In India:

• National policy for persons with disabilities, 2006.

• The Government of India formulated the national Policy for persons
with disabilities in Feb 2006 which deals with the physical,
educational and economic rehabilitation of persons with
disabilities.
• The National Policy recognises that the Persons with Disabilities are
valuable human resources for the country and seeks to create an
environment that provides them equal opportunities, protection of
their rights and full participation in society.
• Some of the aspects which the policy focuses on are:
• Prevention of Disabilities
• Rehabilitation Measures
• Women with disabilities
• Children with disabilities