Peace Treaties

Jann K Kleffner

Content type: Encyclopedia entries

Product: Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law
[MPIL]
Module: Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International
Law [MPEPIL]
Article last updated: March 2011

Subject(s):
Armed conflict — Peace treaties — Disarmament — Since World War II — Geneva Conventions 1949 —
Belligerence — Prisoners of war
Published under the auspices of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International
Law under the direction of Professor Anne Peters (2021–) and Professor Rüdiger Wolfrum (2004–2020). 

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 A.  Concept and Definition
1  Peace treaties are agreements concluded between the parties to an armed conflict that
end the state of war or the armed conflict between them (→ Armed Conflict, International).
One can broadly distinguish between two types of peace treaties. First, peace treaties
stricto sensu are agreements concluded between belligerent States in written form and
governed by international law that bring to an end the formal or material state of war
between them. Secondly, agreements that are concluded between a non-State party to an
armed conflict, on the one hand, and either one or more States or one or more non-State
parties, on the other hand, with a view to bringing to an end a non-international armed
conflict, are commonly referred to as peace agreements.

B.  Historical Evolution

2  Peace treaties have a long history. Indeed, due to their intrinsic link to ‘war’ in the non-
formal sense and to its termination, peace treaties are a constant in the evolution of
international law since ancient times. An important early example is the peace treaty
concluded between the Hittite and Egyptian empires after the Battle of Kadesh that took
place c 1274 BC. The peace treaty resembled later such treaties in its formal declaration of
an end of hostilities and the re-establishment of ‘a good peace and a good fraternity’ among
the belligerents. Other precedents stem from ancient Greece, with the Peace of Antalcidas
(387 BC) that ended the Corinthian War as a prominent example. Both aforementioned
examples also illustrate that peace treaties often go beyond a formal declaration of an end
to hostilities and the (re-)establishment of peace, to also set forth the new political order
that is held to ensure stability and prevent a relapse into violent conflict. Historically, peace
treaties hence recurrently provide important caesura in the development of the regional or
global political order. It is this aspect in particular which gives the major peace treaties,
including the Westphalian Peace Treaties (→ Westphalia, Peace of [1648]), their special
significance for international relations and law.

3  While there is a certain degree of continuity between peace treaties of ancient times and
those concluded in subsequent periods, a more standardized basic structure of peace
treaties evolved in Europe from the late 15th and 16th centuries. That structure remained
largely in place until the second half of the 19th century. Standard elements of peace
treaties during that period were clauses pledging the willingness to sustain peaceful
relations based on the rule of law (amicitia), those regarding amnesty, oblivion, and
→ restitution, and the mutual freeing of → prisoners of war (Lesaffer 36, 404; Neff 117–18).
These standard elements of the peace treaties of that period were an expression of the
evolution of a ius publicum europaeum with the sovereign State at its centre and the
ensuing constitutive elements of equality and religious neutrality (Lesaffer 406–9). The
European peace treaties of that period did not pronounce on the legality or illegality of the
belligerents’ claims in the dispute that gave rise to the resort to the use of force, as
illustrated in the practice of leaving each State to bear its own costs of the conflict (Neff
118).

4  From the late 19th century, the practice of peace treaties began to depart from the
dominant features of peace treaties in earlier periods in several respects. First, peace
treaties increasingly contained punitive and discriminatory elements. Several such treaties,
such as the 1848 Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo between the United States and Mexico (Arts
4, 11 Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement [1848] 9 Bevans 791), the
→ Frankfurt Peace Treaty (1871) between France and Germany (‘Traité de paix entre
l’Empire Allemand et la France’), and the 1898 Treaty of Paris between the United States
and Spain (Arts 2, 3 Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom
of Spain [1898] [1896–1899] 30 Stat 1754), provided for territorial concessions of the
vanquished State that went well beyond the original causes of the war. In a similar vein,

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 several peace treaties of the second half of the 19th century provided for the payment of
indemnities by the vanquished to the victorious State, a practice that, while being
contentious at the time, was continued in the → Versailles Peace Treaty (1919) and the
peace treaties following the Second World War (Neff 211–12; Lesaffer 410).

5  Secondly, the evolution of legal restraints on the resort to the use of armed force and its
gradual outlawing (→ Use of Force, Prohibition of), with the → Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
and the UN Charter of 1945 as culminating points, meant a revival of the medieval practice
rooted in just war doctrine, to distinguish between wrongdoer and victim in relation to
waging war. The Versailles Peace Treaty and several of the peace treaties after the Second
World War reflected that evolution and were couched in terms of aggressor and victim
States and the responsibility of the former (Brownlie 142–45).

6  Thirdly, due to the evolution of international organizations with a competence in

maintaining international peace and security, one can witness a certain diversification of
actors in the realm of peace treaties. International organizations gradually came to assume
roles in the conclusion of peace treaties between belligerent States as facilitators,
mediators or in relation to the implementation of the peace treaty concerned. Indeed, it has
been suggested that, on at least one occasion, namely in relation to the → Iraq-Kuwait War
(1990–91), the UN Security Council has adopted a resolution under Chapter VII of the UN
Charter (UNSC Res 687) that effectively served a role similar to that of a peace treaty (Gray
144; contra: Dinstein 53).

C.  Current Legal Situation

1.  Function
7  The function of peace treaties stricto sensu is, first and foremost, to terminate the ‘state
of war’ between the belligerent States and to restore amicable relations between them.
According to the ‘state of war doctrine’, the existence of a ‘state of war’ in the formal sense
depends on the intention of one or more of the States concerned and commonly commences
with a declaration of war. It is not dependent on the actual occurrence of hostilities.
Conversely, the States concerned can evade the existence of a state of war in the formal
sense by abstaining from making a formal declaration of war, despite the fact that large
scale hostilities may occur between them (Brownlie 26; Dinstein 9). However, the
importance of the ‘state of war doctrine’ has gradually diminished since the 1920s. The
modern law reflects a shift from a subjective notion of what constitutes ‘war’, to the fact-
based notion of an international armed conflict. The latter exists when States resort to
armed force against one another and renders applicable the pertinent international legal
framework (→ Humanitarian Law, International). This shift is accompanied by several
developments in the realm of peace treaties.

8  First, belligerent States at times use instruments that by substance and form resemble
classical peace treaties for the purpose of ending wars in the material sense, ie the actual
occurrence of a resort to armed force between States that does not satisfy the requirements
for the existence of a state of war in the formal sense between the belligerent parties. A
pertinent recent example is the 2000 Agreement between the Government of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Government of the State of Eritrea. While no
declaration of war was made in the instant case (Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission
Partial Award Jus Ad Bellum Ethiopia’s Claims 1–8 para 17; → Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims
Commission), the agreement bears some resemblance to a classical peace treaty in as much
as it provides for the permanent termination of military hostilities between the parties, and
the → repatriation and release of prisoners of war and other detainees, besides other

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 elements, such as an investigation into the root causes of the conflict, and the
establishment of a Border Commission and a Claims Commission.

9  Secondly, much as declarations of war have become the exception and contemporary
international armed conflicts between States regularly begin without such formal
pronouncements of the actual outbreak of hostilities between States, wars and international
armed conflicts are often terminated by less formalized modes than by peace treaties.
These modes include implied mutual consent that can be inferred from the mere
termination of hostilities; the complete defeat of one of the belligerents (→ Debellatio) and
unilateral declarations (Dinstein 47–50). It has also been suggested that certain instruments
which are traditionally regarded as merely suspending hostilities but which do not
terminate the state of war or the armed conflict (→ Suspension of Hostilities), such as
→ armistice[s], have nowadays effectively assumed roles comparable to those of peace
treaties (Dinstein 42).

10  In contrast to peace treaties stricto sensu, peace agreements do not have as their
function the termination of the ‘state of war’ in the formal sense. This is so because the
latter notion is foreign to non-international armed conflicts. The existence of a non-
international armed conflict depends on the fact of protracted armed violence between
States and organized armed groups or between organized armed groups that are pitted
against one another (Prosecutor v Tadić para 70). Conversely, the mere adoption of a peace
agreement, while indicating a certain intention of the parties to a non-international armed
conflict to end that conflict, does not put an end to the existence of a non-international
armed conflict and the applicability of the international legal framework pertaining to it. In
that sense, the statement that the law of non-international armed conflict applies ‘until … a
peaceful settlement is achieved’ (ibid) only holds true to the extent that the ‘peaceful
settlement’ is not a matter of mere agreement, but is also an accurate description of the
factual situation on the ground.

11  The functions of peace agreements fall into three broad categories, corresponding each
to a particular type of agreement that pertain to a specific stage of a peace process. First,
pre-negotiation agreements have the function to regulate who is going to negotiate on
behalf of the respective party to the armed conflict and with what status. Secondly,
framework or substantive agreements address the substantive issues of the dispute
underlying the armed conflict. Thirdly, → implementation agreements flesh out the
substantive aspects of the framework or substantive agreements (Bell 19–27).

2.  Negotiation and Conclusion

12  The principal actors in negotiating and concluding peace treaties are the parties to the
armed conflict in question. However, this does not exclude the participation of third parties.
Indeed, the participation of non-belligerents in the negotiation and conclusion of peace
treaties has a long tradition, as amply illustrated by the major European peace treaties,
including the Westphalian Peace Treaties and the → Paris Peace Treaty (1856) (General
Treaty for the Re-establishment of Peace [1856] [1855–56] 114 CTS 409). Today, the
participation of third States and of inter-governmental and regional organizations is a
constant feature of the negotiation and conclusion of peace treaties. The roles assumed by
such third parties range from pro-active mediation, such as in the case of the negotiations
leading up to the 1995 General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina
([1995] [1996] 35 ILM 89), to the mere ‘chairmanship’, as was the case with the peace

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 process in → Northern Ireland that led to the adoption of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement
(Agreement reached in the Multi-Party Negotiations [1998] 37 ILM 751).

13  In the past, it was not uncommon that peace treaties stricto sensu were preceded by
peace preliminaries, the main purpose of which consisted in preparing and facilitating a
definite peace treaty (Dinstein 39). While such peace preliminaries often bring about an end
to hostilities, they do not affect the state of war between the belligerents. Instead, they are
merely constitutive of an obligation to reach a peace treaty or to negotiate with a view to
reaching such a treaty (→ Pactum de contrahendo, pactum de negotiando). In the realm of
peace agreements, the distinct form of ‘preliminary agreements’ fulfill functions akin to
peace preliminaries in as much as they demonstrate the parties’ commitment to conducting
future negotiations and reaching a settlement (Definition at UN Peacemaker).

3.  General Features, Content, and Implementation

14  Like other treaties, modern peace treaties commonly begin with a preamble, which sets
forth the general context, the broad object and purpose of the treaty in question, and
regularly contains the expression of the parties’ desire to establish a sustainable peace
between them, as well as a pledge to settle future disputes by peaceful means (→ Peaceful
Settlement of International Disputes). The preamble is usually followed by an opening
operative provision, in which the parties declare that the state of war or the armed conflict
between them shall be terminated. In addition, peace treaties stricto sensu regularly
contain clauses that provide for the restoration of friendly relations between the belligerent
states. The precise content of the subsequent operative provisions of peace treaties
depends on the issues that underlie the armed conflict in question. However,
notwithstanding the idiosyncracies of a given conflict, one can identify some broad
categories of issues that the operative provisions of peace treaties regularly address. These
issues only partially overlap with those that featured in classical peace treaties. The
evolution of international law to regulate matters such as the use of force, → human rights,
→ refugees, and → internally displaced persons, as well as the close interplay between
international and domestic legal issues in non-international armed conflicts, have brought
about a departure from the fairly rigid scheme governing the content of traditional peace
treaties that had developed since the Middle Ages (see above para. 3). The Versailles Peace
Treaty constitutes an important reflection of the shift from classical to modern peace
treaties.

15  A first category of provisions that modern peace treaties commonly contain consists of
those that address the consequences of the conflict. Typical provisions in that regard
pertain to matters such as prisoners of war and other conflict-related detainees (eg Art. 2
(1) and (2) Agreement between the Government of the State of Eritrea and the Government
of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; Arts IX–XI Peace Agreement between the
Government of Liberia, the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, the
Movement for Democracy in Liberia and the Political Parties). Provisions on the release of
prisoners of war and other conflict-related detainees are without prejudice to the applicable
rules of the law of armed conflict that may oblige parties to an armed conflict to release
them prior to the conclusion of a peace treaty. More in particular, prisoners of war must be
released and repatriated without delay after the cessation of active hostilities (Art. 118
Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War), civilian internees must
be released as soon as the reasons which necessitated the internment no longer exist (Art.
132 Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War). Other
typical provisions that address the consequences of the conflict relate to displaced persons
(eg Arts 19–20 Agreement on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia

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 Conflict; Arts 12, 13, and 20 (1) (a) Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great
Lakes Region).

16  A second category of provisions addresses measures that are taken to avoid a relapse
into armed conflict. Peace treaties that are being adopted after an international armed
conflict over territory commonly contain clauses that regulate the peaceful settlement of
the underlying territorial dispute (eg Art. 4 Agreement between the Government of the
State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia). In
peace agreements, provisions typically address matters such as the → disarmament,
demobilization, rehabilitation, and reintegration of members of the → armed forces of
organized armed groups, restructuring and training of governmental armed forces,
democratization and power-sharing, and human rights issues (eg Arts III–VIII, XVI, XVII,
and XXIV–XXVI Peace Agreement Between the Government of Sierra Leone and the
Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone [‘Lomé Agreement’]). Amnesty clauses are also
a recurring feature of peace agreements (eg Art. IX Lomé Agreement; Art. XXXIV Peace
Agreement between the Government of Liberia, the Liberians United for Reconciliation and
Democracy, the Movement for Democracy in Liberia and the Political Parties),
notwithstanding the controversies surrounding amnesty for international crimes, such as
→ genocide, → crimes against humanity, and → war crimes that may have been committed
during the armed conflict in question.

17  Provisions that address the procedural and institutional dimensions of the
implementation of, and monitoring over the → compliance with, the terms of the peace
treaty constitute a third category. These dimensions can range from the setting up of, and
the procedures applicable to, joint commissions (eg Arts IV and IV Appendix to Annex I
Treaty of Peace between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Israel), bodies
entrusted with investigating the causes of the conflict (Art. 3 Peace Agreement between the
Government of the State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic
of Ethiopia) and boundary commissions in the case of territorial disputes (ibid Art. 4) to
→ mixed claims commissions (ibid Art. 5) and the role of third parties, such as inter-
governmental and regional organizations and third States in implementation and
monitoring (eg Arts XIII–XVI Lomé Agreement). A recurring feature of peace agreements is
the establishment of transitional bodies, including transitional governments (eg Art. XXI
Peace Agreement between the Government of Liberia, the Liberians United for
Reconciliation and Democracy, the Movement for Democracy in Liberia and the Political
Parties) and transitional justice mechanisms, such as → truth and reconciliation
commissions (eg Art. XXVI Lomé Agreement; Art. XIII Peace Agreement between the
Government of Liberia, the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, the
Movement for Democracy in Liberia and the Political Parties). At times, matters concerning
the implementation and monitoring of peace treaties such as the aforementioned ones are
subject to separate regulation in implementation agreements (Bell 27–29; UN Peacemaker).

D.  Special Problems

1.  Applicability of the General Law of Treaties to Peace Treaties
Stricto Sensu
18  As written international agreements are concluded between States and governed by
international law, the conclusion, entry into force, observance, application, and
interpretation, as well as other matters, such as the modification and amendment of peace
treaties stricto sensu are governed by the applicable lex generalis as stipulated in the
→ Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) (‘VCLT’). However, given the nature of

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 peace treaties stricto sensu, the following specific provisions of the VCLT deserve particular
mention.

19  First, according to Art. 52 VCLT, a treaty is void if its conclusion has been procured by
the threat or use of force in violation of the UN Charter (→ Treaties, Validity). In other
words, provisions of a peace treaty that are imposed by an aggressor State on a victim of
→ aggression have no legal force (Art. 69 (1) VCLT). Art. 52 VCLT has crystallized into a
norm of → customary international law (see Fisheries Jurisdiction Case [Federal Republic of
Germany v Iceland] [Jurisdiction of the Court] para. 24). The invalidity that is the
consequence of the threat or use of force in violation of the UN Charter affects the peace
treaty in its entirety (Art. 44 (5) VCLT). However, the nullity of such a peace treaty does not
affect the duty of any State to fulfill any obligation embodied in the treaty to which it would
be subject under international law independently of the treaty (Art. 43 VCLT). One such
obligation is to refrain from using force in violation of the UN Charter and the
corresponding rule of customary international law. In other words, the invalidity of the
peace treaty by virtue of Art. 52 VCLT leaves unaltered the prohibition of the use of force.
The nullity of the peace treaty hence does not reinstate the state of war between the former
belligerents (Dinstein 41). Art. 43 VCLT applies not only in the context of the invalidity of
treaties, but also in the context of their termination or denunciation (→ Treaties,
Termination), the withdrawal of parties from them, or the suspension of their operation.
Accordingly, a material breach of a peace treaty stricto sensu does not entitle the other
party to terminate the treaty and resume hostilities, notwithstanding that Art. 59 VCLT
provides that ‘[a] material breach of a bilateral treaty by one of the parties entitles the
other to invoke the breach as a ground for terminating the treaty or suspending its
operation in whole or in part’. Under the current law, such material breach hence cannot
provide a legal basis for the assertion that provisions of a peace treaty can be enforced by
the use of armed force (for analysis of that argument prior to the adoption of the VCLT, see
Brownlie 342–4.)

20  Secondly, as a normative complement to Art. 52 VCLT, Art. 75 VCLT stipulates that the
VCLT is without prejudice to any obligation in relation to a treaty which may arise for an
aggressor State in consequence of measures taken in conformity with the UN Charter with
reference to that State’s aggression. The provision hence contemplates and condones that a
State which has been the victim of aggression imposes upon the aggressor State a peace
treaty in the course of exercising its right to self-defence.

2.  Legal Status of Peace Agreements

21  Due to the fact that non-State organized armed groups are parties to them, peace
agreements are not subject to the 1969 VCLT (Arts 1 (1) in conjunction with 2 (1) (a) VLCT)
and the 1986 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International
Organizations or between International Organizations (‘VCLT-IO’) (Art.1 VCLT-IO). However,
as is clear from both Vienna Conventions, the exclusion of other instruments from their
regulatory ambit is without prejudice to any legal force that such other instruments may
possess (Arts 3 (a) VLCT and VCLT-IO). While the two Vienna Conventions on the Law of
Treaties clearly contemplate the existence of international agreements other than those
concluded between States or between States and international organizations or between
international organizations, the international legal status or lack thereof of peace
agreements is uncertain.

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 22  The drafting history of the 1986 VCLT-IO suggests that the → International Law
Commission (ILC) was of the view that the extension of the law of armed conflict to ‘entities
which have not yet been constituted as States’ means that agreements to which such
entities are parties are agreements governed by international law (UN ILC ‘Draft Articles
on Treaties Concluded Between States and International Organizations or Between
International Organizations’ 125). The Commission hence seems to have regarded the fact
that organized armed groups are subject to the law of armed conflict, and notably the law
applicable in non-international armed conflicts as granting them international legal
personality and treaty-making capacity.

23  In contrast, when the Special Court for Sierra Leone was confronted with the question
of whether the Lomé Agreement created obligations under international law for the parties
to it, the Court answered in the negative (Prosecutor v Kallon). It argued that the fact that
organized armed groups are subject to the law of armed conflict does not automatically
entail their being granted international legal personality (ibid para. 45) and that the
signatory organized armed group in question, the Revolutionary United Front, lacked
treaty-making capacity (ibid paras 46–50). Indeed, the Court’s argumentation suggests that
it viewed all organized armed groups as lacking that capacity, although the Court
acknowledged the possibility that a peace agreement may create rights and obligations
under domestic law (ibid para. 49).

24  It is submitted that to determine the question of the status under international law of
peace agreements from the perspective of international legal personality is of little
assistance. This is so because of the circular nature of determining that personality. It is
commonly held that an international legal person is an entity that possesses rights and
obligations under international law (Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the
United Nations [Advisory Opinion] 8–9), while the determination of whether such rights and
obligations exist draws on whether the addressee of those rights and obligations possesses
international legal personality. A better way of determining whether a peace agreement is
governed by international law is to examine the intention of the parties to the agreement.
Absent clear statements of the parties to that effect, the context in which the agreement
has been concluded is relevant in determining that intention (see mutatis mutandis
Oppenheim 1202). It has been suggested, for instance, that the significant involvement by
the parties to an armed conflict of intergovernmental organizations, and in particular the
UN, in the conclusion of a peace agreement, may be indicative of the intention of the
signatories to adopt a peace agreement that is international in character (Kooijmans 338).

Select Bibliography
I Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States (Clarendon Press Oxford
1963).
LF Oppenheim Oppenheim’s International Law vol I Peace R Jennings and A Watts eds
(9th ed Longman Harlow 1992).
C Gray ‘After the Cease-fire: Iraq, the Security Council and the Use of Force’ (1994)
65 BYIL 135–74.
PH Kooijmans ‘The Security Council and Non-State Entities as Parties to Conflicts’ in
K Wellens (ed), International Law: Theory and Practice: Essays in Honour of Eric Suy
(Nijhoff The Hague 1998) 333–46.
C Bell Peace Agreements and Human Rights (OUP Oxford 2000).
R Lesaffer (ed) Peace Treaties and International Law in European History: From the
Late Middle Ages to World War One (CUP New York 2004).
Y Dinstein War, Aggression, and Self-Defence (4th ed CUP Cambridge 2005).

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 S Neff War and the Law of Nations: A General History (CUP Cambridge 2005).

Select Documents
Agreement between the Government of the State of Eritrea and the Government of
the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (12 December 2000) 2138 UNTS 94.
Agreement on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict (signed
and entered into force 23 October 1991) (1992) 31 ILM 183.
Charter of the United Nations (adopted 26 June 1945, entered into force 24 October
1945) 145 BSP 805.
Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission Partial Award Jus Ad Bellum Ethiopia’s Claims 1–
8 (Ethiopia–Eritrea) (19 December 2005).
Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v Iceland) (Jurisdiction of the
Court) [1973] ICJ Rep 49.
General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy (signed 27
August 1928, entered into force 25 July 1929) 94 LNTS 57 (Kellogg-Briand Pact).
Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
(adopted 12 August 1949, entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 UNTS 287 (Geneva
Convention IV).
Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (adopted 12 August
1949, entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 UNTS 135 (Geneva Convention III).
International Conference on the Great Lakes Region ‘Pact on Security, Stability and
Development in the Great Lakes Region’ (adopted 15 December 2006, entered into
force 21 June 2008).
Peace Agreement Between the Government of Liberia, the Liberians United for
Reconciliation and Democracy, the Movement for Democracy in Liberia and the
Political Parties (signed and entered into force 18 August 2003) UN Doc S/2003/850.
Prosecutor v Kallon (Appeals Chamber Decision on Challenge to Jurisdiction)
SCSL-2004-15-AR72(E) and SCSL-2004-16-AR72(E) (13 March 2004).
Prosecutor v Tadić (Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on
Jurisdiction) IT-94-1-AR72 (2 October 1995).
Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations (Advisory
Opinion) [1949] ICJ Rep 174.
Traité de paix entre l’Empire Allemand et la France’ (signed 10 May 1871) in C
Samwer and J Hopf J Hopf (eds), Martens Nouveau Recueil Général de traités,
conventions et autres transactions remarquables, servant à la connaissance des
relations étrangères des puissances et états dans leurs rapports mutuels (reprinted
edn Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited Nendeln 1975) series I vol 19, 688.
Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany (signed 28
June 1919, entered into force 10 January 1920) (1919) 225 CTS 188 (Versailles Peace
Treaty).
UN ILC ‘Draft Articles on Treaties Concluded Between States and International
Organizations or Between International Organizations’ Yearbook of the International
Law Commission [1981] vol II part II UNYBILC 120.
UNSC ‘Peace Agreement between the Government of Sierra Leone and the
Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone’ in ‘Letter Dated 12 July 1999 from the
Chargé d’affaires ad interim of the Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations
Addressed to the President of the Security Council’ (12 July 1999) UN Doc S/1999/777
Annex.
UNSC Res 687 (1991) (3 April 1991) SCOR 46th Session 11.

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 Treaty of Peace between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Israel (signed 26
March 1979, entered into force 25 April 1979) (1979) 1136 UNTS 116.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (concluded 23 May 1969, entered into force
27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International
Organizations or between International Organizations (adopted 20 March 1986, not
yet in force) (1989) 25 ILM 543.

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