Chemistry Module 2

Elements- any substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes.

Example: oxygen gas in tank, hydrogen gas

Compound- any substance composed of identical molecules consisting of atoms of two or more chemical elements.

Example:

Table sugar, table salt, distilled water, baking soda, ethyl alcohol, vinegar

Chemistry Module 3

The following are the categories of consumer products.

1. Food and Nutrition. The food that we eat is a mixture of various chemicals. The food that is prepared and served by our mother in our kitchen table would have

gone various stages from collection of major ingredients, processing, storage, purchase, and preparation. In all these stages, Chemistry plays a critical role.

Republic Act 7394 or the Consumer Act of the Philippines- you notice that almost all food products in the grocery store are labelled with nutritional facts. This will

tell you how much salt, sugar, fat, or protein a product contains. Chemistry has been tapped to identify these nutrients.

Chemistry plays a very important role from production to cooking of almost all farm produce nowadays. Consider tomatoes, they are produced in farms. Fertilizers

and crop-protection chemicals like insecticides, pesticides etc., are used in farming to increase the production of tomatoes. Then ripe tomatoes are brought to food

processing industries, where they are converted into a finished product like ketchup. After various stages of food processing different ingredients like flavoring

agent, chemical additives are added based on chemistry. Finally, food products are subjected to safety and quality check by the Bureau of Food and Drugs and Food

and Drug Administration. These authorities analyze the content of food by chemical tests and approve the food for consumer consumption. It is also essential in
 Nutrition of which a knowledge of the composition of the major classes of foods like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins are needed in the

selection of foods for particular health conditions of individual.

2. Detergents and Soaps. We use detergents and soaps for cleaning, bathing, washing etc. They are a mixture of chemicals with cleaning properties. They are

manufactured in chemical industries through saponification of fatty acids. Common chemicals used in soap industries are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lauric

acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid etc. Knowing the ingredients will give us the knowledge in choosing what is safe and suited to our cleaning needs.

3. Medicine and Drugs. These are made of chemicals which are produced in pharmaceutical industries. The knowledge of chemistry is vital for pharmacists and

doctors. Have you ever glance at the label of a medicine? If yes, then you have observed various chemical ingredients listed on the label. It is based on these

ingredients medical practitioners decide a suitable pill for patients. The chemical nature of drugs also helps doctors to determine how drugs are going to interact

with a patient’s body. For example, antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are dependent on renal functions. So, the doctor who prescribed such pills needs

to be prudent for kidney patients. Moreover, antibiotics cannot also cure or treat covid -19 virus so medical practitioners especially doctors do not just prescribed

antibiotic for covid-19 patient unless the patient develop a bacterial infection as a complication. In this case, antibiotics may be recommended by a health care

provider. It also helps pharmacists to understand biochemical mechanisms in a body.

Chemicals are also used in sterilization, disinfection to kill microbes like hydrogen peroxide (agua oxigenada), povidone-iodine (betadine), bleach and the like.

4. Raw materials. These are materials or substances used in the primary production or manufacturing of goods such as in textile industry, wool, silk, jute, cotton, flax,

glass fibre, polyester, acrylic, nylon etc. are being used to produce different kinds fabric. These materials are transformed into usable finished products like clothes,

bags, carpets, furniture, towels, flags, nets, balloons etc. During this transformation, raw materials are subjected to numerous chemical processes. Pre-treatment

chemicals like cleaning and smoothing reagents are added to clean to fabric and smoothen it. Dyeing involves the application of fabric to dyes and pigments. Other

chemical processes are bleaching, permanent press, desizing, scouring, printing, finishing. Chemists work to improve the quality of a product or involve in the
 development of new materials. When you shop for clothes, read the labels to find out what materials they contain. The labels will also indicate how the clothes

should be cleaned.

5. Building Materials. Chemistry governs the performance of buildings. Building materials play a significant role in improving the performance of buildings. Coating

chemicals like acrylics, silicones, urethanes are responsible for reflective roofs, which decreases the heat transfer. Polymers like polyurethane reduce the weight of

buildings, which reduces the civil cost. Insulators like polyurethane foams, polystyrene foams decrease the heat leaks or in other words, improves the energy

efficiency of the building.

Polyethylene is a lightweight, flexible polymer which is used to create building piping. Polyethylene piping is easily curved and deformed to desired shapes. Vinyl

tiles give shining, resilient flooring.

Fillers like polystyrene beads lighten concrete without affecting the strength of concrete.

6. Paper and Pulp Industry. Over the last few decades, paper and pulp industries are responsible for negative impacts on the environment. Paper and pulp industries

are facing grave challenges to meet environmental norms. Pollutants released from these industries are sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, heavy

metals (lead, cadmium, mercury), dioxins, furans, chlorates, chelating agents etc. To overcome these, industries are more focused on green chemistry to mitigate

some of the environmental challenges. Green chemistry enables the researchers to design safer chemicals and products, to use renewable raw materials, conserve

the energy and develop better catalysts and others.

7. Fuel Industry. Petrol, diesel, LPG, CNG, kerosene, oils, hydrogen and the like are all fuel produced from complex refining processes. Today’s transportation (land,

water, and air) is possible because of these fuels. These fuels are extracted from crude oil found beneath the earth or oceans.

8. Batteries which are used in cars, cell phones, laptops, watches, flashlights, and many other power storage applications. Batteries work based on the principle of

electrochemistry. The energy inside a battery is stored in the form of chemical energy, which converts into electric energy by electrochemical reaction.
9. Environmental Chemistry which is the central subject in the study of environmental conservation. All those pollutants and greenhouse gases nothing but hazardous

chemicals. These pollutants destroy our precious environment, degrade the ozone layer, enter our food chain, and cause tumors and so forth. All these interactions

of pollutant with the environment are chemical reactions. Hence, chemistry is vital to alleviate the environment and ourselves from these poisons.

10. Forensic Chemistry has made jobs of police officers a lot easier. Forensic helps to identify criminals by detecting chemical evidence left behind crime scenes,

identifying dangerous drugs, and performing DNA tests. Chemical techniques used by forensic investigators are spectroscopy, chromatography, X-ray

diffractometry, color tests, melting point analysis etc.

Safe Chemistry

Chemistry plays an essential role in the products and technologies we use every day, from vital ingredients in consumer products to raw materials in manufacturing

processes. These chemicals must be produced and used in ways that protect human health and the environment. Manufactures that use chemical products often

need comprehensive information on hazards and risks so that they can use chemicals safely. Consumers should likewise need to be aware and consider chemical

components of the basic needs they are consuming. Nowadays, we should be meticulous on the things that we take in and use in our body as well as in our house

and in our surroundings.

Cost

Consumers tend to use price to judge a product's quality when their local identity is most important to them. When promoting high-priced or branded products,

marketers can situationally activate consumers' local identity. To accomplish this objective, businesses can encourage consumers to think locally or employ local

cultural symbols in advertising and other promotional material. Therefore, consumers should be wise enough to look into the quality and cost of what they are

buying because nowadays there are products which are low cost but of good quality due to competition in the market.