Learn Linux, 101: Debian package management

Add new software and keep your system current

Skill Level: Intermediate

Ian Shields
Senior Programmer
IBM

11 May 2010

Learn how to install, upgrade, and manage packages on your Linux® system. This
article focuses on the Advanced Packaging Tool, or APT, which is the package
management system used by Debian and distributions derived from Debian, such as
Ubuntu. You can use the material in this article to study for the LPI 101 exam for
Linux system administrator certification, or just to explore the best ways to add new
software and keep your system current.

About this series

This series of articles helps you learn Linux system administration
tasks. You can also use the material in these articles to prepare for
Linux Professional Institute Certification level 1 (LPIC-1) exams.

See our developerWorks roadmap for LPIC-1 for a description of

and link to each article in this series. The roadmap is in progress
and reflects the latest (April 2009) objectives for the LPIC-1 exams:
as we complete articles, we add them to the roadmap. In the
meantime, though, you can find earlier versions of similar material,
supporting previous LPIC-1 objectives prior to April 2009, in our LPI
certification exam prep tutorials.

Overview
In this article, learn to use the Debian package management tools to manage the
packages on your Linux system. Learn to:

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• Install, reinstall, upgrade, and remove Debian binary packages

• Find packages containing specific files or libraries, even if the package is
not installed
• Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package
integrity, and installation status, even if the package is not installed
This article helps you prepare for Objective 102.4 in Topic 102 of the Linux
Professional Institute's Junior Level Administration (LPIC-1) exam 101. The objective
has a weight of 3.

Prerequisites

To get the most from the articles in this series, you should have a basic knowledge
of Linux and a working Linux system on which you can practice the commands
covered in this article. Sometimes different versions of a program will format output
differently, so your results may not always look exactly like the listings and figures
shown here. In particular, much of the output we show is highly dependent on the
packages that are already installed on our systems. Your own output may be quite
different, although you should be able to recognize the important commonalities.

Introducing package management

Connect with Ian
Ian is one of our most popular and prolific authors. Browse all of
Ian's articles on developerWorks. Check out Ian's profile and
connect with him, other authors, and fellow readers in My
developerWorks.

In the past, many Linux programs were distributed as source code, which a user
would build into the required program or set of programs, along with the required
man pages, configuration files, and so on. Nowadays, most Linux distributors use
prebuilt programs or sets of programs called packages, which ship ready for
installation on that distribution. In this article, you will learn about package
management tools that help you install, update, and remove packages. This article
focuses on Advanced Packaging Tool, or APT, the package management system
used by Debian and distributions derived from Debian, such as Ubuntu. Another
article in this series, "Learn Linux 101: RPM and YUM package management,"
covers the Red Hat package management tools.

From a user perspective, the basic package management function is provided by

commands. As Linux developers have striven to make Linux easier to use, the basic
tools have been supplemented by other tools, including GUI tools, which hide some
of the complexities of the basic tools from the end user. In this article and in the
article on RPM and YUM package management, we focus on the basic tools,

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although we mention some of the other tools so you can pursue them further.

APT, RPM, and YUM (the latter two are package management tools for Red Hat
systems) have many similarities. All can install and remove packages. Information
about installed packages is kept in a database. All have basic command-line
functionality, while additional tools can provide more user-friendly interfaces. All can
retrieve packages from the Internet.

When you install a Linux system, you typically install a large selection of packages.
The set may be customized to the intended use of the system, such as a server,
desktop, or developer workstation. And at some time, you will probably need to
install new packages for added functionality, update the packages you have, or even
remove packages that you no longer need or that have been made obsolete by
newer packages. Let's look at how you do these tasks, and at some of the related
challenges such as finding which package might contain a particular command.

Installing Debian packages

Suppose you want to learn Lisp, and a colleague tells you to use the gcl command.
You might try gcl --help, or you might try which gcl, or type gcl. But if your
system can't find gcl, you might see output similar to that shown in Listing 1.

Listing 1. Missing gcl command

ian@pinguino:~$ gcl --help

-bash: gcl: command not found
ian@pinguino:~$ gcl --help
The program 'gcl' is currently not installed. You can install it by typing:
sudo apt-get install gcl
gcl: command not found
ian@pinguino:~$ which gcl
ian@pinguino:~$ type gcl
-bash: type: gcl: not found

If you did not get the helpful suggestion from the second form of output in Listing 1,
you might check back with your colleague to find out which package to install.
Otherwise, you might just guess that the gcl command is in the gcl package. This is
often a good guess, but not always the right one. We'll see later how to find the right
package. In this case, you need the gcl package, and you install it using the
apt-get command with the install option as shown in Listing 2. Note that
apt-get will determine which extra packages you need to satisfy dependencies
and will then give you a list of all the packages that will be installed. At that point,
you are prompted to continue. In our example, we respond y to install gcl and the
additional required package, libreadline5.

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Listing 2. Installing gcl using apt-get

ian@pinguino:~$ sudo apt-get install gcl

[sudo] password for ian:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
linux-headers-2.6.31-14 linux-headers-2.6.31-14-generic
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following extra packages will be installed:
libreadline5
Suggested packages:
gcl-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
gcl libreadline5
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 30 not upgraded.
Need to get 47.1MB of archives.
After this operation, 157MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com karmic/main libreadline5 5.2-6 [140kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com karmic/universe gcl 2.6.7-45ubuntu1 [47.0MB]
Fetched 47.1MB in 1min 33s (502kB/s)
Preconfiguring packages ...
Selecting previously deselected package libreadline5.
(Reading database ... 142156 files and directories currently installed.)
Unpacking libreadline5 (from .../libreadline5_5.2-6_i386.deb) ...
Selecting previously deselected package gcl.
Unpacking gcl (from .../gcl_2.6.7-45ubuntu1_i386.deb) ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
Setting up libreadline5 (5.2-6) ...
Setting up gcl (2.6.7-45ubuntu1) ...
install/gcl: Handling install for emacsen flavor emacs22
Loading 00debian-vars...
No /etc/mailname. Reverting to default...
Loading /etc/emacs/site-start.d/50dictionaries-common.el (source)...
Loading debian-ispell...
Loading /var/cache/dictionaries-common/emacsen-ispell-default.el (source)...
Loading /var/cache/dictionaries-common/emacsen-ispell-dicts.el (source)...
Loading /etc/emacs/site-start.d/50gcl.el (source)...
Wrote /usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/gcl/add-default.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/gcl/ansi-doc.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/gcl/dbl.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/gcl/doc-to-texi.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/gcl/gcl.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/gcl/man1-to-texi.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/gcl/smart-complete.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs22/site-lisp/gcl/sshell.elc
install/gcl: Handling install for emacsen flavor emacs23
Loading 00debian-vars...
No /etc/mailname. Reverting to default...
Loading /etc/emacs/site-start.d/50dictionaries-common.el (source)...
Loading debian-ispell...
Loading /var/cache/dictionaries-common/emacsen-ispell-default.el (source)...
Loading /var/cache/dictionaries-common/emacsen-ispell-dicts.el (source)...
Loading /etc/emacs/site-start.d/50gcl.el (source)...
Wrote /usr/share/emacs23/site-lisp/gcl/add-default.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs23/site-lisp/gcl/ansi-doc.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs23/site-lisp/gcl/dbl.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs23/site-lisp/gcl/doc-to-texi.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs23/site-lisp/gcl/gcl.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs23/site-lisp/gcl/man1-to-texi.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs23/site-lisp/gcl/smart-complete.elc
Wrote /usr/share/emacs23/site-lisp/gcl/sshell.elc
Processing triggers for libc-bin ...
ldconfig deferred processing now taking place

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From the output in Listing 2, you see that apt-get has read a package list from
somewhere (more on that shortly), built a dependency tree, and determined that
libreadline5 is a required prerequisite that is not currently installed. You will also
notice the suggestion to install the separate package for the documentation, gcl-doc.
After some additional summary information, including space usage, you are
prompted to continue, and gcl is installed along with the prerequisite package.
Debian packages usually have an extension of .deb, and you see that the packages
are downloaded and unpacked as shown in the line:

Unpacking gcl (from .../gcl_2.6.7-45ubuntu1_i386.deb) ...

Suppose that, instead of installing a package, you simply want to find out whether
the package depends on other packages. You can use the -s (for simulate) option
on apt-get. There are several other options with equivalent function, such as
--just-print and \--dry-run. Check the man pages for full details. Listing 3
shows what happens for a simulation of installing the gcl-doc package.

Listing 3. Simulated or dry-run install of gcl-doc

ian@pinguino:~$ sudo apt-get install -s gcl-doc

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
linux-headers-2.6.31-14 linux-headers-2.6.31-14-generic
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following NEW packages will be installed:
gcl-doc
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 30 not upgraded.
Inst gcl-doc (2.6.7-45ubuntu1 Ubuntu:9.10/karmic)
Conf gcl-doc (2.6.7-45ubuntu1 Ubuntu:9.10/karmic)

Not surprisingly, the documentation does not have any prerequisite packages.

Package locations
In the previous section, you learned how to install a Debian package. But where do
the packages come from? How does apt-get know where to download packages
from? We mentioned that apt-get read a package list from somewhere. The
starting point for that somewhere is /etc/apt/sources.list. The list tells apt-get
where to look for packages, including from a CD-ROM, from your local file system,
or over a network using http or ftp. You can add additional sources in the
/etc/apt/sources.list.d directory.

Listing 4 shows the first few lines of /etc/apt/sources.list on my system. Note that the
distribution CD on the first line is commented out (# in position 1). If you need to
install a lot of new packages that may not have been heavily updated, it may be
worthwhile to uncomment this and install from your distribution CD or DVD. If you
have a broadband network connection or need a lot of updates, it may be more
efficient to just download the additional packages at the latest level from the network

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sources that follow in /etc/apt/sources.list.

Listing 4. /etc/apt/sources.list

ian@pinguino:~$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list

#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 9.10 _Karmic Koala_ - Release i386 (20091028.5)]/ karmic main restrict
ed
# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic main restricted
## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic-updates main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic-updates main restricted
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic universe
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic universe
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic-updates universe
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic-updates universe

Apt-get and similar tools use a local database to determine what packages are
installed. They can check installed levels against available levels. To do this,
information on available levels is retrieved from the sources listed in
/etc/apt/sources.list and stored on your local system. You use the command
apt-get update to synchronize the information in your local database with the
sources specified in /etc/apt/sources.list. You should do this before installing or
updating any package, and always after modifying /etc/apt/sources.list or adding
files to /etc/apt/sources.list.d.

Removing Debian packages

If you want to remove a package, you can use the remove option of apt-get. A
simulated run is shown in Listing 5.

Listing 5. Simulated removal of gcl

ian@pinguino:~$ sudo apt-get remove -s gcl

[[sudo] password for ian:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
linux-headers-2.6.31-14 linux-headers-2.6.31-14-generic libreadline5
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following packages will be REMOVED:
gcl
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 30 not upgraded.
Remv gcl [2.6.7-45ubuntu1]

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Notice that the libreadline5 package that we installed as a prerequisite for gcl is not
removed automatically, although one of the output lines tells us that this package,
along with two Linux header packages, is no longer required. The autoremove
function of apt-get (or the equivalent remove function and the --auto-remove
option) will remove the requested packages, along with any packages that were
installed as dependencies but are no longer required by any installed packages. This
includes dependencies installed by packages other than the one or ones you are
trying to remove, such as the linux-headers-2.6.31-14 and
linux-headers-2.6.31-14-generic packages in our example. Listing 6 shows how to
remove gcl, its dependency libreadline5, and the two unrelated Linux header
packages that are no longer required.

Listing 6. Removing gcl and dependencies

ian@pinguino:~$ sudo apt-get autoremove gcl

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
gcl libreadline5 linux-headers-2.6.31-14 linux-headers-2.6.31-14-generic
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 4 to remove and 30 not upgraded.
After this operation, 239MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
(Reading database ... 142327 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing gcl ...
remove/gcl: purging byte-compiled files for emacs22
remove/gcl: purging byte-compiled files for emacs23
Removing libreadline5 ...
Removing linux-headers-2.6.31-14-generic ...
Removing linux-headers-2.6.31-14 ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin ...
ldconfig deferred processing now taking place

If you use the autoremove function of apt-get but do not specify any package
name, then all unused packages that were installed as dependencies will be
removed from your system. You can also use the apt-get purge option to
remove configuration information. See the man page for more information.

Updating Debian packages

If you need to update an individual package, use apt-get with the install option
again. Listing 7 shows how to update the already installed tzdata package on my
system. Remember to run apt-get update before updating packages to make
sure your local database reflects the latest available updates.

Listing 7. Updating a single package

ian@pinguino:~$ sudo apt-get install tzdata

[sudo] password for ian:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree

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Reading state information... Done

The following packages will be upgraded:
tzdata
1 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 29 not upgraded.
Need to get 679kB of archives.
After this operation, 0B of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com karmic-updates/main tzdata 2010i-0ubuntu0.9.10 [679kB]
Fetched 679kB in 1s (569kB/s)
Preconfiguring packages ...
(Reading database ... 124394 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to replace tzdata 2010h-0ubuntu0.9.10 (using .../tzdata_2010i-0ubuntu0.9.10_all
.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement tzdata ...
Setting up tzdata (2010i-0ubuntu0.9.10) ...
Current default time zone: 'America/New_York'
Local time is now: Mon May 3 16:11:57 EDT 2010.
Universal Time is now: Mon May 3 20:11:57 UTC 2010.
Run 'dpkg-reconfigure tzdata' if you wish to change it.

Updating all packages or upgrading to a new distribution

Rather than updating individual packages, you can update all packages on your
system using the apt-get upgrade command. Similarly,
apt-get dist-upgrade will help you migrate to a new level of your distribution.

For more information on other capabilities and options for apt-get, see the man
page.

APT configurationthe apt.conf file

If you check the man page for apt-get, you will find that there are many options. If
you use the apt-get command a lot and find the default options are not to your
liking, you can set new defaults in /etc/apt/apt.conf. A program, apt-config, is
available for scripts to interrogate the apt.conf file. See the man pages for apt.conf
and apt-config for further information.

Reconfiguring Debian packages

APT includes a capability called debconf, which is used to configure packages after
they are installed. Packages that use this capability (and not all do) can be
reconfigured after they are installed. The easiest way to do this is to use the
dpkg-reconfigure command. For example, the adduser command may create
home directories that are readable by all system users. You may not want this for
privacy reasons. Similarly, the tzdata package that we upgraded in Listing 7
suggested running dpkg-reconfigure tzdata to change the time zone. You
must run dpkg-reconfigure with root authority.

Figure 1 shows the first question you will be asked if you run
dpkg-reconfigure tzdata. The preset default may not be America; it will reflect
your own system. Navigate around this text-mode screen using the Tab key and the

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cursor movement keys.

Figure 1. Using dpkg-reconfigure to reconfigure time zone

Debian package information

Now let's look at some tools for getting information about packages. Some of these
tools do other things as well, but we'll focus here on how to get information.

Package status with dpkg

Another tool that is part of the APT system is the dpkg tool. This is a medium-level
package management tool that can install and remove packages as well as display
status information. Configuration of dpkg can be controlled by /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg,
and you may also have a .dpkg.cfg file in your home directory to provide further
configuration.

The dpkg tool uses many files in the /var/lib/dpkg tree in your filesystem. In
particular, the file /var/lib/dpkg/status contains status information about packages on
your system. Listing 8 shows the use of dpkg -s to display the status of the tzdata
package after we updated it and the gcl package after we removed it. Note that the
gcl package still shows some config files as remaining. You can also use the purge
option to purge downloaded package files from the cache and remove configuration

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information.

Listing 8. Tzdata package status

ian@pinguino:~$ dpkg -s gcl tzdata

Package: gcl
Status: deinstall ok config-files
Priority: optional
Section: interpreters
Installed-Size: 152848
Maintainer: Ubuntu MOTU Developers <ubuntu-motu@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: i386
Version: 2.6.7-45ubuntu1
Config-Version: 2.6.7-45ubuntu1
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.7), libgmp3c2, libice6 (>= 1:1.0.0), libncurses5 (>= 5.6+20071006-3
), libreadline5 (>= 5.2), libsm6, libx11-6, libxaw7, libxext6, libxmu6, libxt6, tcl8.4 (
>= 8.4.16), tk8.4 (>= 8.4.16), debconf (>= 1.2.0), gcc, emacs22 | emacsen
Suggests: gcl-doc
Conffiles:
/etc/default/gcl 9301be50652f86b8d3f8b835f6dce03e
/etc/emacs/site-start.d/50gcl.el 12116c8c8988326764799973a0a7d5ab
Description: GNU Common Lisp compiler
GNU Common Lisp (GCL) is a Common Lisp compiler and interpreter
implemented in C, and complying mostly with the standard set
forth in the book "Common Lisp, the Language I". It attempts
to strike a useful middle ground in performance and portability
from its design around C.
.
This package contains the Lisp system itself. Documentation
is provided in the gcl-doc package.
Original-Maintainer: Camm Maguire <camm@enhanced.com>
Package: tzdata
Status: install ok installed
Priority: required
Section: libs
Installed-Size: 6276
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: all
Version: 2010i-0ubuntu0.9.10
Replaces: libc0.1, libc0.3, libc6, libc6.1
Provides: tzdata-squeeze
Depends: debconf (>= 0.5) | debconf-2.0
Description: time zone and daylight-saving time data
This package contains data required for the implementation of
standard local time for many representative locations around the
globe. It is updated periodically to reflect changes made by
political bodies to time zone boundaries, UTC offsets, and
daylight-saving rules.
Original-Maintainer: GNU Libc Maintainers <debian-glibc@lists.debian.org>

Packages and the files in them

You will often want to know what is in a package or what package a particular file
came from. These are both tasks for dpkg. Listing 9 illustrates the use of dpkg -L
to list the files (including directories) installed by the libparted package. For most
packages, you can just give the package name and not worry about specifying a
particular version. However, some packages may be available in multiple versions,
so you may need to specify a more detailed package name when using dpkg to
interrogate the package information.

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Listing 9. What is in the libparted package?

ian@pinguino:~$ dpkg -L libparted

Package `libparted' is not installed.
Use dpkg --info (= dpkg-deb --info) to examine archive files,
and dpkg --contents (= dpkg-deb --contents) to list their contents.
ian@pinguino:~$ dpkg -L libparted1.8-12
/.
/lib
/lib/libparted-1.8.so.12.0.0
/usr
/usr/share
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/libparted1.8-12
/usr/share/doc/libparted1.8-12/copyright
/usr/share/doc/libparted1.8-12/changelog.Debian.gz
/lib/libparted-1.8.so.12

To find which package contains a specific file, use the -S option of dpkg, as shown
in Listing 10. The name of the package is listed on the left.

Listing 10. What package contains a file?

ian@pinguino:~$ dpkg -S /lib/libparted-1.8.so.12

libparted1.8-12: /lib/libparted-1.8.so.12

Sometimes a file may not appear to belong to any package. When this occurs, you
may need to do some extra sleuthing to find where a package comes from. For
example, the installation setup step may perform tasks such as creating symbolic
links that are not listed as part of the package contents. A relatively recent addition
to Linux systems is the alternatives system, which is managed using the
update-alternatives command. Alternatives are frequently created for
commands such as java, which might be the openJDK, Sun or IBM version, among
other possibilities.

Listing 11 shows how to use the which command to find what is invoked if we try to
run java. Then we use the ls command to see what that java command is
symbolically linked to. The link to the /etc/alternatives directory is a tip-off that we are
using the alternatives system, so we use the update-alternatives command to
find more information and finally we use the dpkg -S command to confirm that the
java command comes from the openjdk-6-jre-headless. The setup for the
alternatives system would have been done by a post-install script that is part of the
openjdk-6-jre-headless package.

Listing 11. A more complex use of dpkg -S

ian@pinguino:~$ which java

/usr/bin/java
ian@pinguino:~$ ls -l $(which java)
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22 2010-05-03 17:51 /usr/bin/java -> /etc/alternatives/java

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ian@pinguino:~$ update-alternatives --display java

java - auto mode
link currently points to /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk/jre/bin/java
/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk/jre/bin/java - priority 1061
slave java.1.gz: /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk/jre/man/man1/java.1.gz
Current `best' version is /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk/jre/bin/java.
ian@pinguino:~$ dpkg -S /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk/jre/bin/java
openjdk-6-jre-headless: /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk/jre/bin/java

Using aptitude
Earlier, we mentioned that the status for packages is kept in /var/lib/dpkg/status. We
also mentioned that dpkg could do more than just display package information. Now
let's look at the aptitude command, which provides a text-based full-screen
interface (using ncurses) to the APT package management functions. You can use
aptitude to install or remove packages as well as to control status flags that indicate
whether packages should be kept up-to-date or held in their present state, for
example. If you run the aptitude command (as root), you see a screen similar to
Figure 2.

Figure 2. Running aptitude

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Press Enter to expand or collapse the various selections, then use ctrl-t to access
the menu bar. Figure 3 shows that a new kernel version, 2.6.31.20, is available for
my system, among other available updates. The 'i' in the left column indicates that
the current status is to install the package. The Help menu item explains the various
options you have, including holding a package at its current level rather than
updating it, removing it, or marking it as being automatically installed and thus
eligible for automatic removal. Remember the autoremove option of apt-get?
Now you know how to examine or control which packages are eligible for automatic
removal. Use the keyboard shortcuts described in the Help or use the Package
menu item to change the flags.

Figure 3. Running aptitude and examining package flags

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You can use the slash ("/") key to search for packages. For example, if you wanted
to reinstall the gcl package that we removed earlier, simply type "/gcl" to search for
it. If the search takes you to something else with gcl in it, such as gcl-doc, press the
"n" key to advance to the next match. Then use the Package menu to mark the
package for installation.

When you are finished, select Actions->Install/remove packages (or press "g") to
apply your selections to the system. You can also select the quit option if you do not
want to apply the changes.

For help at any time, use the menu bar or type "?" (question mark) for help, and then
press the "q" key to exit the help.

Upgrading Debian with other tools

You have now seen that aptitude can help you install or remove individual packages
as well as upgrade all the packages on your system to the latest level.

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In addition to aptitude, there are several other interactive package management

interfaces for Debian systems, including dselect, synaptic, update-manager,
gnome-apt, and wajig. Synaptic is a graphical application for use with the X Window
System. Figure 4 shows the synaptic user interface with our old friend, the gcl
package, marked for installation.

Figure 4. Installing gcl using synaptic

The Apply button will install gcl and update any other packages that are scheduled
for update. The Reload button will refresh the package lists. If you are accustomed
to GUI interfaces, you may find synaptic easier to use than apt-get, dpkg, or dselect.

Similarly, you may find that your system includes update-manager, an X Window
System application, specifically tailored to help you keep your system up-to-date. If
installed, it is likely to be started automatically on a regular basis, so that you don't
forget to update. Figure 5 shows how update manager displays the set of updates
that you saw in Figure 2. As was the case with aptitude, the updates are classified
so you know which updates are important security updates.

Figure 5. Update Manager example

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Finding Debian packages

In our final topic on Debian package management, we look at ways to find
packages. Usually, apt-get and the other tools discussed here will already know
about any Debian package you might need from the list of available packages. A
command that we haven't used yet is apt-cache, which is useful for searching
package information on your system. apt-cache can search using regular
expressions (see Learn Linux, 101: Search text files using regular expressions for
more information on regular expressions). Suppose you wanted to find the name of
the package containing the Linux loader. Listing 12 shows how you might
accomplish this.

Listing 12. Searching for the Linux loader with apt-cache

ian@pinguino:~$ apt-cache search "linux loader"

lilo - LInux LOader - The Classic OS loader can load Linux and others
lilo-doc - Documentation for LILO (LInux LOader)

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You saw earlier that aptitude and synaptic also offer search tools. If you use
synaptic, note that you have options on the search menu for searching only package
names or package descriptions as well.

If you still can't find the package, you may be able to find it among the list of
packages on the Debian site (see Resources for a link), or elsewhere on the
Internet.

Most of the package tools can tell you a lot more about an installed package than
about one that you do not yet have installed, such as the list of files within a
package. If you need to find what package contains a program that you do not have
installed, there are a few ways:

• You can guess what package might contain it and download the package
without installing. Once you have the package, you can interrogate it.
• You can search the Internet.
• You can try the command-not-found capability, which is described under
"Command not found" later in this article.
The apt-get command has a -d option to download a package and not install it.
There is also a --print-uris option to show where a package would be
downloaded from and what its checksum would be. Current checksums are likely to
be SHA256 checksums, so you can check the integrity of the downloaded package
using the sha256sum command. Note that the URI and checksum information are
not displayed if you have already downloaded the package, so you should get this
information before downloading the package.

Suppose you want to know whether the gcl command is really contained in the gcl
package. Listing 13 shows you how to use apt-get to just download the gcl
package without installing it.

Listing 13. Using apt-get for download-only

ian@pinguino:~$ sudo apt-get install -d gclReading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
libreadline5
Suggested packages:
gcl-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
gcl libreadline5
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 47.1MB of archives.
After this operation, 157MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]?
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com karmic/main libreadline5 5.2-6 [140kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com karmic/universe gcl 2.6.7-45ubuntu1 [47.0MB]

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Fetched 47.1MB in 7s (6,475kB/s)

Download complete and in download only mode

Once you have the package downloaded, you can use the --info option of dpkg
to display the package information, or the --contents option to show what files the
package installs. The downloaded file will be usually be located in
/var/cache/apt/archives/. Listing 14 shows how to locate the file you downloaded and
find out what binaries it will install (assuming they are installed in a .../bin/...
directory).

Listing 14. Using dpkg to list the contents of a .deb

ian@pinguino:~$ sudo find /var/cache -name "*.deb"

/var/cache/apt/archives/gcl_2.6.7-45ubuntu1_i386.deb
/var/cache/apt/archives/libreadline5_5.2-6_i386.deb
ian@pinguino:~$ sudo dpkg --contents /var/cache/apt/archives/gcl*.deb| grep "/bin/"
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2008-12-06 07:42 ./usr/bin/
-rwxr-xr-x root/root 617 2008-12-06 07:42 ./usr/bin/gcl

If you do find and download a .deb file using something other than apt-get, you
can install it using dpkg -i.

If you decide you do not want to install the package you downloaded into the APT
archives, you can run apt-get clean to clear out any downloaded package files.

If all else fails, there is another possible source for packages. Suppose you find a
program packaged as an RPM rather than a .deb. You may be able to use the
alien program, which can convert between package formats. You should read the
alien documentation carefully as not all features of all package management
systems can be converted to another format by alien.

Command not found

Back in Listing 1, you saw a helpful message telling you what package to install to
get the gcl command. How is this done? When the Bash shell searches for a
command and does not find it, then the shell searches for a shell function named
command_not_found_handle. Listing 15 shows how this is defined on my Ubuntu
9.10 system.

Listing 15. command_not_found_handle

ian@pinguino:~$ type command_not_found_handle

command_not_found_handle is a function
command_not_found_handle ()
{
if [ -x /usr/lib/command-not-found ]; then
/usr/bin/python /usr/lib/command-not-found -- $1;
return $?;
else
return 127;

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fi
}

If the command_not_found_handle function exists, it is invoked with the original

command and original arguments as its arguments, and the function's exit status
becomes the exit status of the shell. If the function is not defined, the shell prints an
error message and returns an exit status of 127. The function is usually set in the
system /etc/bash.bashrc file. You can see from Listing 15 that the function checks
for the existence of /usr/lib/command-not-found and runs it as a Python script if it
exists. If it does not exist, perhaps because the command-not-found package that
supplies it was removed after the shell session was started, then the function mimics
the standard system behavior and returns 127.

PackageKit
No discussion of package installation would be complete without mentioning
PackageKit, which is a system designed to make installing and updating software
easier. The intent is to unify all the software graphical tools used in different
distributions. PackageKit uses a system activated daemon, which means that the
daemon is activated only when needed. Packagekit has version for Gnome
(gnome-packagekit) and KDE KPackageKit).

There is a lot more to the Debian package management system than covered here.
There is also a lot more to Debian than its package management system. See
Resources for additional details and links to other articles in this series.

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Resources
Learn
• Use the developerWorks roadmap for LPIC-1 to find the developerWorks
articles to help you study for LPIC-1 certification based on the April 2009
objectives.
• At the LPIC Program site, find detailed objectives, task lists, and sample
questions for the three levels of the Linux Professional Institute's Linux system
administration certification. In particular, see their April 2009 objectives for LPI
exam 101 and LPI exam 102. Always refer to the LPIC Program site for the
latest objectives.
• Review the entire LPI exam prep series on developerWorks to learn Linux
fundamentals and prepare for system administrator certification based on earlier
LPI exam objectives prior to April 2009.
• The Debian home page is your starting point for information about the Debian
distribution.
• Refer to the "Debian installation guide" for more information on installing
Debian.
• At Debian packages, display and search Debian package lists.
• See the "APT HOWTO" to learn more about the Debian package management
utility, APT.
• Check out the "Debian New Maintainers' Guide."
• Visit Ubuntu, Linux for Human Beings.
• See the PackageKit home page to learn more about PackageKit.
• The Linux Documentation Project has a variety of useful documents, especially
its HOWTOs.
• In the developerWorks Linux zone, find hundreds of how-to articles and
tutorials, as well as downloads, discussion forums, and a wealth other
resources for Linux developers and administrators.
• Stay current with developerWorks technical events and webcasts focused on a
variety of IBM products and IT industry topics.
• Attend a free developerWorks Live! briefing to get up-to-speed quickly on IBM
products and tools as well as IT industry trends.
• Watch developerWorks on-demand demos ranging from product installation and
setup demos for beginners, to advanced functionality for experienced
developers.

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• Follow developerWorks on Twitter, or subscribe to a feed of Linux tweets on

developerWorks.
Get products and technologies
• Get the Alien package converter.
• Get Debian packages from the Debian home page.
• Evaluate IBM products in the way that suits you best: Download a product trial,
try a product online, use a product in a cloud environment, or spend a few hours
in the SOA Sandbox learning how to implement Service Oriented Architecture
efficiently.
Discuss
• Participate in the discussion forum for this content.
• Get involved in the My developerWorks community. Connect with other
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About the author

Ian Shields
Ian Shields works on a multitude of Linux projects for the
developerWorks Linux zone. He is a Senior Programmer at IBM at the
Research Triangle Park, NC. He joined IBM in Canberra, Australia, as a
Systems Engineer in 1973, and has since worked on communications
systems and pervasive computing in Montreal, Canada, and RTP, NC.
He has several patents. His undergraduate degree is in pure
mathematics and philosophy from the Australian National University. He
has an M.S. and Ph.D. in computer science from North Carolina State
University.

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