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NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND ACCEPTABILITY OF BLUE TERNATE CHIPS
______________________________
A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the
Faculty of the Professional Schools
University of Mindanao
Davao City
______________________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject in
ACADEMIC WRITING (GS 100)
Course Professor: Rey Anthony Malig-on
____________________________
ANECITA L. CALAMOHOY
Mobile Number: 09463020121
December 09, 2020
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Rationale
With the prevalence and relevance of the issue of malnutrition, this
present study will aim to identify the nutritional value of Clitoria ternatea,
otherwise known as butterfly pea, or blue ternate, or pokindong in the Philippines
(Ansari, Dubey, Zingare, Zingare, 2013), and to evaluate the acceptability of
Clitoria ternatea. This study will have three treatments, namely, 25% blue ternate
concentration (T1), 50% blue ternate concentration (T 2), and 75% blue ternate
concentration (T3) which will be the independent variable. The treatments will
serve as the basis for variety of formulation for the production of Clitoria ternatea
chips.
On the other hand, the dependent variable will be the overall acceptability
of the Clitoria ternatea chips, influenced by the results of the sensory evaluation
in terms of taste, color, texture, and appearance to be done by the sensory
panel. The ratings for the sensory evaluation will have numerical value of 1-5,
one being the lowest and five being the highest rating. Each treatment will be
evaluated separately in three replications.
Malnutrition is obviously one of the timely problems that needs to be
tackled by the world's nations. Accordingly, the study by Aguila et al. (2018)
found that school children in households headed by fisherfolk (HHF) had a higher
prevalence of underweight (39.9%) and stunting (39.9%) but lower prevalence of
overweight (4%) than the prevalence of underweight (29.1%), stunting (29.9%)
and overweight (9.1%) among all school children in Phil. With the abundance of
Clitoria ternatea in the Philippines particularly in settled areas at low and medium
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altitudes (Stuart, 2019), the production and commercial cost of the chips will be
efficient for every Filipino household. Furthermore, Clitoria ternatea has been
proven to have promising antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective (Caroline
and Padmavati, 2015), antiasthmatic, and neurogenic properties for enhanced
learning and memory (Ramli and Salleh, 2018; Rai, 2010). Therefore, the chips
will be nutritious, appealable, and palatable for Filipino children to snack on. With
all the beneficial properties of Clitoria ternatea, the results of this study hope to
mitigate the occurrence of any form of malnutrition among Filipino children and
adults, alike.
Research Objective
The study intends to determine the nutritive value and acceptability of blue
ternate chips.
Specifically, the study intends to address the following objectives:
1. Determine the nutritive value of blue ternate chips.
2. Determine the willingness to pay for blue ternate chips.
3. Determine the willingness to accept of blue ternate chips
Review of Related Literature
Malnutrition extends to any deviations from adequate and optimal
nutritional status due to particular nutrient shortages or diets dependent on
unhealthy food combinations or quantities (Madore, Pearson, Rosenberg,
Wachter & Weintraub, 2015). Malnutrition has two forms: overnutrition which is
the intake of calories and nutrients more than needed for growth, metabolism,
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and development and can result to obesity and undernutrition which is a result of
inadequate consumption of dietary energy but may also be caused by infections
that hinder absorption of vital nutrients (Madore et al., 2015).
Malnutrition is clearly one of the timely issues that the countries of the
world need to drastically address. In 2015, countries of the United Nations (UN),
of which also included the ASEAN members, endorsed the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs are 17 objectives that cover a wider set
of economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable developments than the
earlier Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which only included developing
countries, and eradicating world hunger is one of the goals (International
Monetary Fund, 2018). Listed as the second goal, “Zero Hunger,” it has two
targets, namely, having universal access to safe and nutritious food and ending
all forms of malnutrition by 2030 (UNICEF, 2019).
Moreover, Blössner and De Onis (2005) stated that child-bearing women
and children are the most affected by malnutrition. On a recent joint survey
conducted by UNICEF, World Health Organization (WHO), and World Bank
Group published in 2019, Asia has the highest rate of children suffering from
wasting (68%), stunting (55%), and being overweight (47%) across the world.
Wasting refers to a child too thin for his or her height, stunting is when a child is
too short for his/her age, while being overweight happens when a child is too
heavy for his or her height (UNICEF et al., 2019).
In addition, in the FAO (2018) survey, Southeast Asia ranked third among
East Asia, South Asia, and the Pacific as having the most children under 5 years
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of age suffering from stunting (26 percent) and wasting (8.9 percent), but has the
highest rise in overweight children under 5 years of age since 2000. Similarly, the
Philippines has already been identified as the ninth country with the most stunted
children (ACF and IRIS, 2016).In the 2018 study of Aguila, Capanzana,
Gironella, and Montecillo, 30.3% of 13,423 Filipino children aged 5 years and
below were stunted, which was the most prevalent malnutrition followed by
underweight (19.9%), wasting (7.9%), and overweight (5%). At the same time,
among the 16,398 Filipino children aged 5-10 years, stunting was the most
common (29.9%), underweight was next (29.1%) followed by overweight (9.1%)
and wasting (8.6%). However the study by Aguila et al. (2018) found that school
children in fish-headed households (HHF) had a higher prevalence of
underweight (39.9 percent) and stunting (39.9 percent) but lower prevalence of
overweight (4 percent) than the prevalence of underweight (29.1 percent),
stunting (29.9 percent), and overweight (9.1 percent) among all school children in
the Philippines. ARMM, MIMAROPA and Eastern Visayas were also reported as
having the highest incidence of stunting in 2015 (ACF et al., 2016). Currently,
there are 193 countries that have nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive policies
and plans and also promotional strategies for healthy diet (UNICEF, 2019).
Specifically, two of these nutrition-specific plans included increasing of fruit and
vegetable consumption, including locally available traditional foods, and
reformulation of processed foods by decreasing sodium and sugar level,
eliminating trans-fat, and reducing saturated fat in order to improve population
health significantly (ASEAN, UNICEF, WHO, 2016).
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Consequently, thorough studies on the potential of certain plants to human
health has been done that could satisfy the goals of the two plans mentioned
above. Similarly, further research on the consumable value and acceptability of
these plants are also done in order for citizens to utilize them in several dishes or
as commercial products.
Piwowar, Rychlikto, and Teleszko conducted a study in 2017 to examine
how much and what types of vegetable do students eat and to assess their
acceptance level for new vegetable products. Also this research emphasized on
the production technologies of dried vegetable snacks to address low vegetable
consumption among students in Poland. A research was conducted by Piwowar,
Rychlikto, and Teleszko in 2017 to investigate how much and what types of
vegetables students consume and to determine their level of acceptance for new
vegetable products. This research also highlighted the production technologies
for dried vegetable snacks aimed at addressing the low consumption of
vegetables among students in Poland.
Likewise, this present study will be focusing on identifying the nutritional
value of Clitoria ternatea and determining the acceptability of the value-added
product Clitoria ternatea chips that school children may snack on in the hopes of
addressing the issue of malnutrition among Filipino children. Clitoria ternatea,
commonly known as Butterfly pea or pokindang in the Philippines coming from
the Fabaceae family and sub-family Papilionaceae (Ansari, Dubey, Zingare,
Zingare, 2013), is a climbing tropical legume naturally found in Asia, Africa, and
Australia (Staples, 1992). At the base, its stems are woody and may grow up to
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five meters in length. Only at the tip are the butterfly pea roots, the leaves are
pinnate, and the flowers are four centimeters wide, single or paired, and usually
deep blue or pure white (Brown, Cook, Donnelly, Eagles, Franco, Hanson,
Mullen, Partridge, Pengelly, Peters, Schultze-Kraft, 2005).The pods are flat,
linear, slightly pubescent, measures 6-12 centimeters long and 0.7-1.2
millimeters wide, and contains at most 10 seeds. The seeds, additionally, are
often mottled, colored as olive, brown, or black, and are 4.5-7 millimeters long
and 3-4 millimeters wide (Ansari et al., 2013).
Moreover, Clitoria ternatea is commonly grown as an ornamental,
medicinal, or fodder plant. The plant is well-adapted to various climates and
highly palatable to livestock, therefore, it is used as forage (Ansari et al., 2013).
Also, most of the parts of the butterfly pea are used in traditional medicine. The
juice extracted from the flowers are used as ointment for insect bites and skin
diseases; the roots are helpful against asthma, burning sensations, ascites,
inflammation, leucoderma, leprosy, hemicrania, amentia, and pulmonary
tuberculosis; and the seeds are cathartic and useful for visceralgia. In India, the
flower, root, and stem are even recommended for the treatment of scorpion
stings and snakebites (Ansari et al., 2013).
Past studies have also evaluated Clitoria ternatea extracts and it was
shown that the plant contain promising antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective
(Caroline and Padmavati, 2015), antiasthmatic, and neuropharmacological
properties (Ramli and Salleh, 2018). Butterfly pea was found to contain
phytochemicals, having high levels of antioxidant activities and phenolic
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compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, xanthenes, procyanidins
(Ansari et al., 2013), anthocyanins, alkaloids, ternatins, saponins, taraxerol, and
taraxerone (Ramli et al., 2018). These antioxidants pose as radical scavengers
that prevent lipid peroxidation and other free radical-mediated processes,
enabling Clitoria ternatea to protect the human body from several diseases that
come from reactions of radicals (Ansari et al., 2013). Furthermore, the leaf and
flower extracts of Clitoria ternatea possess hypoglycemic effects that can
regulate biochemical activitites associated with diabetes mellitus (Ansari et al.,
2013). Leaf extracts also showed strong hepotoprotective properties against
paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride in induced rats (Ramli et al., 2018) due to
the phytochemicals and antioxidants present (Ansari et al., 2013).
Consequently, in the Taur and Patil (2011) study, when mice were given a
high concentration of butterfly pea root extract by injection, the total leucocyte
and eosinophil counts decreased after 24 hours, largely due to the root extract's
anti-histamine and anti-inflammatory effects. The root extract also has
neurological advantages, too. Murthy, Rai, and Rao (2001) found out that
neonatal rats administered with 100 mg/kg of aqueous butterfly pea root extract
have increased acetylcholine (Ach) content in their hippocampus and showed
improvement on retention of passive avoidance and spatial learning tests when
intubated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of aqueous root extract for 30 days which are
indicators of improving cognitive behavior. Finally, the root extract has also
increased the brain structure of dendritic arborization, namely hippocampal
neurons and amygdala, leading to increased protein synthesis such as
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acetylcholinesterase (Murthy et al., 2001). These findings reinforce the capacity
of Clitoria ternatea to affect the improvement of learning skills and neurological
health.
On the other hand, in the research of Deshmukh and Jadhav, a mineral
analysis was conducted on the leaves of blue and white butterfly pea varieties
(2014). Calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron and zinc were revealed to contain
the leaves. Calcium and magnesium are essential for the development of the
skeleton, growth and other critical processes in the body; manganese is required
for the support of the immune system and for the production of energy and also
works to regulate the effects of stress with B-complex vitamins and with vitamin K
to support blood clotting; iron is essential for the prevention of anemia and other
related diseases, while zinc plays an important role in protein synthesis, normal
body development, and recovery from illness (Deshmukh et al., 2014).
. In addition, studies have been carried out to determine the value-added
products derived from the plant of Clitoria ternatea. One of these studies was
conducted by Abeysekera, Abeysekera, Jayanath, and Lakshan (2019) to assess
the antioxidant and glycemic-regulating properties of the plant and to establish a
blue butterfly pea flower extract-incorporated beverage with commercial
potential. At different time intervals, the produced beverage was evaluated for 28
days along with a color map. The results revealed that the most accepted
formulation of the butterfly pea-incorporated beverage was composed of butterfly
pea blue flower extract, Stevia extract, and lime at a ratio of 983.25:1.75:15
which also had significantly higher consumer preference for sensory attributes
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and shelf life of 28 days without preservatives. The butterfly pea-incorporated
beverage was also discovered to have antioxidant properties but no glycemic-
regulating activities. This study then concluded that because the drink caused by
Clitoria ternatea has antioxidant properties, it can be consumed as a natural drink
to control oxidative stress associated with chronic diseases.
Another study by Caroline et al. (2015) had two objectives, namely,
determining the physicochemical properties, anti-microbial activity, and
antioxidant property of Clitoria ternatea flower extract and fully incorporating the
extract into hard candies with high antioxidant property but still retaining the
natural color of the extract. Via quantitative analysis, this study showed that
flavanoids, phlobatannins, reducing sugars, proteins and carbohydrates were
found in the Clitoria ternatea extract and that the flower extract has the highest
59.3 percent free radical-scavenging property. In addition, the results showed the
antimicrobial activity of the flower extract by measuring its inhibition zone against
Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and salmonella species. Finally, sensory
evaluation of the butterfly pea flower extract-based candy was conducted using a
nine-point hedonic scale in terms of taste, color, odor, and appearance. The shelf
life of the preservative product was found to be 57 days, while those without it
were 30 days. The overall approved formulation for candies with preservatives
was the 2.5 mL concentration that was purple-reddish but those without
preservatives, the 2 mL concentration was the overall accepted concentration
that was bluish and had the highest hedonic scale of all the formulations. The
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authors of this study then concluded that Clitoria ternatea extract's natural and
edible dye can be used as an alternative food colorant in any food compound.
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children ages 0–5 and 5–10 years old in households headed by fisherfolks in the
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324542568_Nutritional_status_of_childr
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on December 20, 2019 from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clitoria-
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Brown, Cook, Donnelly, Eagles, Franco, Hanson, Mullen, Partridge, Pengelly,
Peters, Schultze-Kraft, (2005). Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea). Retrieved on
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https://www.academia.edu/11475072/Evaluation_of_C._Ternatea_Extract
_and_Incorporation_into_Hard_Candy
Deshmukh, S. & Jadhav, V. (2014). Bromatological and mineral assessment of
Clitoria ternatea linn. Leaves. Retrieved on December 16, 2019 from:
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human health. Retrieved on December 20, 2019 from:
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https://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme-2019-key-findings.pdf?ua=1
Aguila, D., Capanzana, M., Gironella, G., Montecillo, K. (2018). Nutritional status
of children ages 0–5 and 5–10 years old in households headed by
fisherfolks in the Philippines. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324542568_Nutritional_status_of
_children_ages_0-5_and_5-
10_years_old_in_households_headed_by_fisherfolks_in_the_Philippines
Ansari, A., Dubey, A., Zingare, M., Zingare, P. (2013). Clitoria ternatea
(Aparajita): a review of the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective
potentials. Retrieved on December 20, 2019 from:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clitoria-ternatea-(-APARAJITA-)-
%3A-A-REVIEW-OF-THE-%2C-Zingare-Zingare/
bd5499007caa11b37b3ab81b0a7d48d77c606154
Caroline, A. & Padmavati, R. (2015). Evaluation of C. ternatea extract and
incorporation into hard candy. Retrieved on December 16, 2019 from:
https://www.academia.edu/11475072/Evaluation_of_C._Ternatea_Extract
_and_Incorporation_into_Hard_Candy
FAO. (2018). Asia and the Pacific regional overview of food security and nutrition
2018 – accelerating progress towards the SDGs. Retrieved on December
22, 2019 from: http://www.fao.org/3/CA0950EN/ca0950en.pdf
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Madore, A., Pearson, H., Rosenberg, J., Wachter, K., Weintraub, R. (2015).
Malnutrition. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
https://www.globalhealthdelivery.org/case-collection/concept-notes/
malnutrition
Rai, K. (2010). Neurogenic potential of Clitoria ternatea aqueous root extract–a
basis for enhancing learning and memory. Retrieved on January 3, 2020
from: https://publications.waset.org/10297/pdf
Ramli, E. & Salleh, R. (2018). A potential of telang tree (Clitoria ternatea) in
human health. Retrieved on December 20, 2019 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325183019_A_potential_of_Tela
ng_tree_Clitoria_ternatea_in_human_health
Stuart, G. (2019). Pukingan. Retrieved on January 3, 2020 from:
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pukingan.html
Aguila, D., Capanzana, M., Gironella, G., Montecillo, K. (2018). Nutritional status
of children ages 0–5 and 5–10 years old in households headed by
fisherfolks in the Philippines. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324542568_Nutritional_status_of
_children_ages_0-5_and_5-
10_years_old_in_households_headed_by_fisherfolks_in_the_Philippines
Ansari, A., Dubey, A., Zingare, M., Zingare, P. (2013). Clitoria ternatea
(Aparajita): a review of the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective
potentials. Retrieved on December 20, 2019 from:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clitoria-ternatea-(-APARAJITA-)-
%3A-A-REVIEW-OF-THE-%2C-Zingare-Zingare/
bd5499007caa11b37b3ab81b0a7d48d77c606154
Caroline, A. & Padmavati, R. (2015). Evaluation of C. ternatea extract and
incorporation into hard candy. Retrieved on December 16, 2019 from:
https://www.academia.edu/11475072/Evaluation_of_C._Ternatea_Extract
_and_Incorporation_into_Hard_Candy
FAO. (2018). Asia and the Pacific regional overview of food security and nutrition
2018 – accelerating progress towards the SDGs. Retrieved on December
22, 2019 from: http://www.fao.org/3/CA0950EN/ca0950en.pdf
15
Madore, A., Pearson, H., Rosenberg, J., Wachter, K., Weintraub, R. (2015).
Malnutrition. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
https://www.globalhealthdelivery.org/case-collection/concept-notes/
malnutrition
Rai, K. (2010). Neurogenic potential of Clitoria ternatea aqueous root extract–a
basis for enhancing learning and memory. Retrieved on January 3, 2020
from: https://publications.waset.org/10297/pdf
Ramli, E. & Salleh, R. (2018). A potential of telang tree (Clitoria ternatea) in
human health. Retrieved on December 20, 2019 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325183019_A_potential_of_Tela
ng_tree_Clitoria_ternatea_in_human_health
Stuart, G. (2019). Pukingan. Retrieved on January 3, 2020 from:
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pukingan.html
