Comparative Analysis on the Effectiveness of Citrofortunella

Microcarpa and Averrhoa Bilimbi as Stain Remover

Group 11

Eliorda, Aliyah Cassandra O.

Galon, Allyzah E.

Gamus, Nizennie E.

Hortelano, Aaliyah Shannel S.

Incipido, Melrose V.

Lapitan, Hannah M.
 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This section of the research presents the review of related

literature and studies from both local and international source that exhibits

similarities to the research being done. They are obtained from readings

done from a thesis, dissertations, unpublished studies, books, and other

printed materials as well as various readings from electronic sources. This

chapter aims to establish the study’s argument and purpose of creation.

STAIN REMOVERS

Removing a stain is the act of getting rid of a mark or spot that

one substance has left on a certain surface, such as cloth. Most stains may

be removed with a solvent or detergent, many of which are sold over the

counter. (Helmenstine A., 2018) As commercialization advances, there is an

increasing need for cleanliness. Over the years, several cleaning products

companies, notably detergent brands, have arisen. On the other hand, there

is a growing demand for ecologically friendly and sustainable goods,

including laundry detergent (Legaspi K., 2014). The majority of stain

removers also include irritating and extremely hazardous chemicals like

chlorine and caustic soda. The better ones use softer, greener ingredients in

place of the dangerous chemicals present in conventional washing

detergents. Enzymes and other proteins are frequently used by stain

removers to disassemble stain compounds. In stains, proteins and fats are

digested by enzymes in a manner similar to how you would digest food. On

certain stains, enzyme-based stain removers work quite well (Helmenstine

A., 2018).

CITRUS FRUITS

Citrus, a genus in the Rutaceae family, is a popular fruit tree crop

grown across the world's tropical and subtropical regions (Patsalou et al.,

2017). Due to their flavor, nutritional value, and household use, citrus fruits

are extremely popular all over the world. Citrus is predominantly grown

across the tropical-subtropical zone from 40° latitude north to 40° latitude

south, in both humid and arid locations. Citrus was first introduced in

Southeast Asia. Citrus production is vital for the global fruit industry and the

world economy (Cooper and Chapot, 2010). Other citrus goods include

candied peel and fruits from citron and kumquat, as well as fresh

unpasteurized juice, processed segments, pulp and molasses for cow feed,

citric acid from lemons and limes, pectin, essential oils, and flavonoids from

the peel (Samson, 2016). Citrus fruits are frequently consumed as fresh
meals or processed into juices, jellies, wines, and many other types of food

due to their pleasant perfume and sweet-sour flavor (Zhou et al., 2018).

One of the main reasons why citrus fruits are effective natural organic

cleaners is because they contain citric acid. Zeki (2016) Acidity in citrus

fruits can be measured in terms of activity or concentration (titrable acids)

(pH). The most common free acid is citric acid, a relatively weak

tricarboxylic acid containing tiny quantities of malic acid (p.34). According to

Ravichandran et al. (2018), the composition and chemical structures of

essential ingredients in citrus fruits define the characteristics and functions

of the volatile components. Numerous citrus essential oils' volatile

constituents have been shown to be effective cleaning and degreasing

agents. D-limonene, for instance, can be used as a "green" solvent for

degreasing or the extraction of natural products in place of hazardous

organic solvents like chlorinated hydrocarbons and n-hexane (Sahad et al.,

2015).

CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA (CALAMANSI)

According to Skaria (2020), small citrus fruits called Calamansi

(Citrofortunella Microcarpa) have an extremely sour flavor. The tree can

reach a height of ten feet and has upright branches with minimal thorns. Its

3-inch evergreen leaves are widely round and have a kumquat-like pale

green underside. It has tiny, white blooms. The segmented, loose-skinned

fruit is 1 3/4 inches in width, is tiny, depressed, globular, and rich

orange-yellow when ripe (Newman, 2022). This fruit with vivid colors is

indigenous to Southeast Asia, where fresh juice is frequently made from

them. Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) has significant levels of acidity

and can be used to help wash stains off of garments (Cleanipedia Ph, 2022).

Its extract has antiseptic, carminative, and refrigerant qualities, so it can be

used for more than just cleaning up stains. This is why people plant this

amazing thorny citrus tree (Wisdomanswer, 2020).

AVERRHOA BILIMBI (KAMIAS)

Averrhoa Bilimbi (Kamias or Cucumber Tree), a fruit-bearing tree,

is a close relative of the carambola, Domingo (2019). One of nature's most

abundant fruits in the area was Averrhoa bilimbi, which was widely available

in the countryside. Its fruit juice can be used for a variety of domestic tasks,

including cleaning and bleaching. It removes stains and rust, (Castro, 2021).

In terms of cleaning stains, Averrhoa Bilimbi is preferable to commercial

bleach in the study, (Hitalia, 2021). Furthermore, Averrhoa Bilimbi’s

nutrient-rich fruit is a great source of vitamins B and C, iron, phosphorus,

and antioxidants (Castro, 2021). The acidity of Averrhoa bilimbi is due to its

high oxalic acid levels. It is a great option for those who want to avoid harsh

chemicals. Averrhoa Bilimbi is also a reliable and efficient way to remove

grease and grime from kitchen and bathroom fixtures. It works as an

all-natural stain remover for garments, glasses, grout, and even plastic

containers (Riley H., 2022)

CITRIC ACID

The citric acid helps break apart stains so they can be flushed

away, provides a gentle bleaching action and acts as a bactericide and

fungicide (Leverette, 2022). Citric acid can also be beneficial on its own for

certain cleaning applications. Citric Acid is a common ingredient that is found

in a wide variety of consumer products, including cleaning products, food,

etc. (CORECHEM, 2022). Since it is a natural product that is relatively mild

and safe to use, it may be preferred over more aggressive chemicals for

cleaning. Citric Acid is an effective cleaner for removing mineral and metal

deposits in a variety of applications, including descaling, water softening,

and cleaning hard water stains (Corechem, 2022). While it may help lighten

stains by pulling minerals into solution, it isn’t going to function well as a

stain remover or bleach substitute. It’s also not a great rust removal product

when used on its own, especially if there is a lot of rust. Citric Acid is very

good at binding to metal atoms or minerals, in a chemical reaction known as

chelation (Corechem, 2022).

 Chapter III

Research Methodology

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the methodology that

was used by the researchers to collect and analyze the data. The following

section describes the research design, environment, selection of subject/

respondents, tool, and procedures that will assist in data analysis and

collection, as well as the ethical considerations that were taken during the

process.

RESEARCH SUBJECT

Various stains of different natures and kinds (Enzymatic,

Oxidizable, Greasy, and Particulate Stains) will be the selected subject of our

research. The aforementioned extracts (Calamansi and Kamias extract) were

applied to each of these stains as a stain remover and left on for a while, or

until the stain was gone. Each stain underwent similar treatments and is

observed precisely during the curing process.

RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

Southwestern University PHINMA was the chosen locale of the

study. It is the most suitable location that allows convenient meet up with

fellow researchers. The location is also near various markets where

researchers were easily able to buy the necessary materials for the research.

The location is suitable for the study because it also provides open and

shady areas that was helpful for the study.

References (APA Format)

Patsalou M, Menikea KK, Makri E, Vasquez MI, Drouza C, Koutinas M.

(2017).Development of a citrus peel-based biorefinery strategy for the
production of succinic acid. J Clean Prod. 166:706–16.

Zhou Y, He W, Zheng W, Tan Q, Xie Z, Zheng C, et al. (2018).Fruit sugar and

organic acid were significantly related to fruit Mg of six citrus cultivars. Food
Chem. 259:278–85.

Yi F, Jin R, Sun J, Ma B, Bao X. (2018).Evaluation of mechanical-pressed

essential oil from Nanfeng mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Kinokuni)
as a food preservative based on antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. LWT
Food Sci Technol. 95:346–53.

Ravichandran C, Badgujar PC, Gundev P, Upadhyay A.(2018).Review of

toxicological assessment of d-limonene, a food, and cosmetics additive. Food
Chem Toxicol. 120:668–80

Sahad N, Som AM, Baharuddin AS, Mokhtar MN, Busu Z, Sulaiman A.(2015).
Recovery of residual crude palm oil (RCPO) from oil palm decanter cake
(OPDC) using d-limonene. Adv Mater Res. 1113:405–10.

Berk Z.(2016).Citrus Fruit Processing. Elsevier Book Aid. p.34-36

Cooper, W.C., and Chapot, H. (1977).Fruit production with special emphasis

on fruit for processing. In: Citrus Science and Technology, (eds S. Nagy, P.E.
Shaw and M.K. Veldhuis), Vol. 2, AVI Publishing Co., Inc., Westport, CT, pp.
107

Skaria, R. (2020). Calamondin Magic: 7 Amazing Health Benefits of

Calamansi Juice. US Citrus.

Newman, R. (2022) A Comparative Study Between Bleach and Kalamansi

Essay Example. GraduateWay.

Cleanipedia PH. (2022). How to Clean Stains from Clothes.

Can Calamansi be used for cleaning? – WisdomAnswer. (2020)

Hitalia (2021).KAMIAS (AVERRHOA BILIMBI), STARFRUIT (AVERRHOA

CARAMBOLA), AND KARAMAY (PHYLLANTHUS ACIDUS) FRUIT EXTRACT AS
ALTERNATIVE STAIN REMOVER.p.1-2

Castro (2021).Development of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Jam with

Coconut Water.p.1

Domingo, Nuque, Samson, Tizon, Vargas (2019). Averrhoa Bilimbi as an

alternative stain remover.

Riley H. (2022).Using Kamias As a Stain Remover Will Make Your Life So

Much Easier.

Helmenstine, A. (2018).How Do Stain Removers Work?

Legaspi, K. (2014).Comparative Analysis Between Stain Removers

Marlowe, L. (2022, September 26).How to Clean With Citric Acid Safely and
Efficiently. Dotdash Merideth.

CORECHEM Inc. (2022).CLEANING WITH CITRIC ACID? HERE’S WHAT YOU

NEED TO KNOW. Knoxville, TN

This copy of Chapters 2 and 3 will be subjected to changes that will reflect in
the final output (Performance Task 1).