IOT Platforms Design

Methodology
Lecturer: Dr. Sandeep Aggarwal

Internet of Things by Aeshdeep Bahga & Vijay Madisetti

Introduction
 Designing IoT systems can be a complex and challenging task as
these systems involve interactions between various components
such as IoT devices and network resources, web services, analytics
components, application and database servers.
 IoT system designers often tend to design IoT systems keeping
specific products/services in mind.
 So that designs are tied to specific product/service choices made.
But it make updating the system design to add new features or
replacing a particular product/service choice for a component
becomes very complex, and in many cases may require complete re-
design of the system.
Introduction
 Here we discuss a generic design methodology for IoT system
design which is independent of specific product, service or
programming language.
 IoT systems designed with the proposed methodology have reduced
design, testing and maintenance time, better interoperability and
reduced complexity.'
IOT Platforms Design Methodology
It includes:
Purpose & Requirements Specification
Process Specification
Domain Model Specification
Information Model Specification
Service Specification
IOT Platforms Design Methodology
IoT Level Specifications
Functional view Specification
Operational View Specification
Device & component Integration
Application Development
Purpose & Requirements Specification

The first step in IoT system design methodology is to define the

purpose and requirements of the system. In this step, the system
purpose, behavior and requirements are captured.
 Purpose & Requirements Specification

Purpose : A home automation system

that allows controlling of the lights in a
home remotely using a web application.
Behavior : The home automation system
should have auto and manual modes. In
auto mode, the system measures the
light level in the room and switches on
the light when it gets dark. In manual
mode, the system provides the option of
manually and remotely switching on/off
the light.
System Management Requirement : The
system should provide remote
monitoring and control functions.
Process Specification
• Purpose : A home automation system that allows controlling of the lights in
a home remotely using a web application.
• Behavior : The home automation system should have auto and manual
modes. In auto mode, the system measures the light level in the room and
switches on the light when it gets dark. In manual mode, the system
provides the option of manually and remotely switching on/off the light.
• System Management Requirement : The system should provide remote
monitoring and control functions.
• Data Analysis Requirement : The system should perform local analysis of the
data.
• Application Deployment Requirement : The application should be deployed
locally on the device, but should be accessible remotely
• Security Requirement : The system should have basic user authentication
capability.
Process Specification(second step)

In this step, the use cases of the IoT

system are formally described based on
and derived from the purpose and
requirement specifications.
Domain Model Specification

• The third step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Domain
Model.
• The domain model describes the main concepts, entities and objects
in the domain of IoT system to be designed. Domain model defines
the attributes of the objects and relationships between objects.
• Domain model provides an abstract representation of the concepts,
objects and entities in the IoT domain, independent of any specific
technology or platform.
 Domain Model Specification
The entities, objects and concepts defined in the domain model
include:
Physical Entity : Physical Entity is a discrete and identifiable entity in
the physical environment (e.g. a room, a light, an appliance, a car, etc.).

Virtual Entity : Virtual Entity is a representation of the Physical Entity in

the digital world.

Device provides a medium for interactions between Physical Entities

and Virtual Entities. Devices are either attached to Physical Entities or
placed near Physical Entities.
 Domain Model Specification
Resource :- Resources are software components which can be either
"on-device" or "network-resources". On-device resources are hosted
on the device and include software components that either provide
information on or enable actuation upon the Physical Entity to which
the device is attached.

Service : Services provide an interface for interacting with the Physical

Entity. Services access the resources hosted on the device or the
network resources to obtain information about the Physical Entity or
perform actuation upon the Physical Entity.
Domain Model Specification
Information Model Specification
The fourth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the
Information Model.
Information Model defines the structure of all the information in the
IoT system, for example, attributes of Virtual Entities, relations, etc.
Information model does not describe the specifics of how the
information is represented or stored.
To define the information model, we first list the Virtual Entities
defined in the Domain Model.
Information model adds more details to the Virtual Entities by defining
their attributes and relations
Information Model Specification
Service Specification
The fifth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the service
specifications. Service specifications define the services in the IoT
system, service types, service inputs/output, service endpoints, service
schedules, service preconditions and service effects.
Service Specification
From the process specification
and information model, we
identify the states and
attributes.
For each state and attribute we
define a service.
These services either change
the state or attribute values or
retrieve the current values.
 IoT Level Specifications

The sixth step in the IoT design

methodology is to define the IoT
level for the system.
Functional view Specification(seventh step )

The Functional View (FV) defines the functions of the IoT systems
grouped into various Functional Groups (FGs).
Each Functional Group either provides functionalities for interacting
with instances of concepts defined in the Domain Model or provides
information related to these concepts.
Functional view Specification

The Functional Groups (FG) included in a Functional View include:

 Device : The device FG contains devices for monitoring and control. In
the home automation example. the device FG includes a single board
mini-computer, a light sensor and relay switch(actuator).
 Communication : The communication FG handles the
communication for the IoT system. The communication FG includes
the communication protocols that form the backbone of IoT systems
and enable network connectivity.
The communication FG also includes the communication APis
(such as REST and WebSocket) that are used by the services and
applications to exchange data over the network.
 Functional view Specification
• Services : The service FG includes various services involved in the IoT
system such as services for device monitoring , device control services,
data publishing services and services for device discovery.
• Management : The management FG includes all functionalities that are
needed to configure and manage the loT system .
• Security : The security FG includes security mechanisms for the loT
system such as authentication, authorization, data security, etc.
• Application : The application FG includes applications that provide an
interface to the users to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT
system. Applications also allow users to view the system status and the
processed data.
Functional view Specification
 Operational View Specification

In this step, various options pertaining to the loT system deployment

and operation are defined, such as, service hosting options, storage
options, device options, application hosting options, etc.
Operational View specifications for the home automation example are
as follows:
• Devices: Computing device (Raspberry Pi), light dependent resistor (sensor), relay
switch (actuator).
• Communication APls: REST APis
• Communication Protocol s: Link Layer - 802.11, Network Layer - 1Pv4/1Pv6,
Transport TCP, Application - HTTP.
 Operational View Specification

Operational View specifications for the home automation example are as

follows:
Services:
 Controller Service - Hosted on device, implemented in Python and run as
a native service.
• Mode service - REST-fol web service, hosted on device, implemented with
Django-REST Framework.
• State service - REST-ful web service, hosted on device, implemented with
Django-REST Framework.
Application:
• Web Application - Django Web Application, Application Server - Django App
Server, Database Server - MySQL.
 Operational View Specification

Operational View specifications for the home automation example are

as follows:
Security:
• Authentication: Web App, Database Authorization: Web App,
Database
Management:
• Application Management - Django App Management Database
Management - MySQL DB Management, Device Management -
Raspberry Pi device Management.
Operational View Specification
 Device & component Integration

The devices and components used in this example are Raspberry Pi mini
computer, LDR sensor and relay switch actuator.
Application Development
 The application has controls for the mode (auto on or auto off) and
the light (on or off).
 In the auto mode, the IoT system controls the light appliance
automatically based on the lighting conditions in the room.
 When auto mode is enabled the light control in the application is
disabled and it reflects the current state of the light.
 When the auto mode is disabled, the light control is enabled and it is
used for manually controlling the light.
Application Development
Case Study Weather Monitoring System
The purpose of the weather monitoring system is to collect data on
environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, humidity and
light in an area using multiple end nodes.
 The end nodes send the data to the cloud where the data is aggregated
and analyzed.
Case Study Weather Monitoring System

Figure shows the process

specification for the
weather monitoring
system.
The process specification
shows that the sensors
are read after fixed
intervals and the sensor
measurements are
stored.
Case Study Weather Monitoring System

In this domain model the physical entity is the environment which is being
monitored .
There is a virtual entity for the environment. Devices include temperature
sensor, pressure sensor, humidity sensor, light sensor and single-board mini
computer.
Resources are software components which can be either on-device or
network-resources.
Services include the controller service that monitors the temperature ,
pressure deriving the services from the process specification and information
model for the weather monitoring system, humidity and light and sends the
readings to the deriving the services from the process specification and
information model for the weather monitoring system.
Case Study Weather Monitoring System(domain
model )
 Case Study Weather Monitoring System(controller
service )

• The controller service

runs as a native service
on the device and
monitors temperature,
pressure, humidity and
light once every 15
seconds.
• The controller service
calls the REST service
to store these
measurements in the
cloud.
 Case Study Weather Monitoring System
(deployment design for the system )
• The system consists of multiple
nodes placed in different locations
for monitoring temperature,
humidity and pressure in an area.
• The end nodes are equipped with
various sensors .
• The end nodes send the data to
the cloud and the data is stored in
a cloud database.
• The analysis of data is done in the
cloud to aggregate the data and
make predictions
Case Study Weather Monitoring System)

Mapping deployment level to functional groups for the weather

monitoring system.
 Case Study Weather Monitoring System

Mapping functional Groups to operational view specifications for the weather

monitoring system.
 Case Study Weather Monitoring System(controller
service )

The schematic diagram

of the weather
monitoring system.
The devices and
components used in this
example are Raspberry
Pi mini computer,
temperature sensor,
humidity sensor,
pressure sensor and LDR
sensor.
 Summary

Generic design methodology for IoT system design which is independent of

specific product, service or programming language. Designing Steps are

1.Define the purpose and requirements of the system.

2. Define use cases of the IoT system are formally described based on the purpose
and requirement specifications.
3.Define the Domain Model which describes the main concepts, entities and
objects in the domain of IoT system to be designed.
4.Define the Information Model which defines the structure of all the information
in the IoT system.
Summary
Generic design methodology for IoT system design which is independent of specific product,
service or programming language. Designing Steps are

5 Define the Functional View which defines the functions of the IoT systems grouped into
various Functional Groups.
6.Define the service specifications which define the services in the IoT system, service types,
service inputs/output, service endpoints, service schedules, service preconditions and service
effects.
7.Define the Deployment & Operational View Specifications in which various options pertaining
to the IoT system deployment and operation are defined.
8.The eight step is the integration of the devices and components.
9.The final step in the IoT design methodology is to develop the IoT application.
 Impacts of IoT
Economic Growth
Several economic analyses, The current global IoT market has
been valued at about $2 trillion, with estimates of its predicted
value over the next five to ten years varying from $4 trillion to
$11 trillion.
Economic Sectors:
 Agriculture
 Energy
 Health Care:
 Infrastructure and Smart Cities
 Manufacturing Integration
 Transport
 Social and Cultural Impacts The Internet of Things..... by Eric A. Fischer 41
 Impacts of IoT
Agriculture:
 precision agriculture, with the goal of optimizing production and efficiency while
reducing costs and environmental impacts.
 For farming operations, it involves analysis of detailed, often real-time data on
weather, soil and air quality, water supply, pest populations, crop maturity, and
other factors such as the cost and availability of equipment and labor.
 Field sensors test soil moisture and chemical balance, which can be coupled with
location technologies to enable precise irrigation and fertilization.
 Drones and satellites can be used to take detailed images of fields, giving farmers
information about crop yield, nutrient deficiencies, and weed locations.
 For ranching and animal operations, radio frequency identification (RFID) chips
and electronic identification readers (EID) help monitor animal movements,
feeding patterns, and breeding capabilities, while maintaining detailed records on
The Internet of Things..... by Eric A. Fischer 42
individual animals.
 Impacts of IoT

Energy :Within the energy sector, the IoT may impact both
production and delivery, for example through facilitating
monitoring of oil wellheads and pipelines.
When IoT components are embedded into parts of the electrical
grid, the resulting infrastructure is commonly referred to as the
“smart grid.”
This use of IoT enables greater control by utilities over the flow of
electricity and can enhance the efficiency of grid operations.
It can also expedite the integration of microgenerators into the grid.

The Internet of Things..... by Eric A. Fischer 43

 Impacts of IoT
 Smart-grid technology can also provide consumers with
greater knowledge and control of their energy usage through
the use of smart meters in the home or office.
 Connection of smart meters to a building’s HVAC, lighting, and
other systems can result in “smart buildings” that integrate the
operation of those systems.
 Smart buildings use sensors and other data to automatically
adjust room temperatures, lighting, and overall energy usage,
resulting in greater efficiency and lower energy cost.
 Information from adjacent buildings may be further integrated
to provide additional efficiencies in a neighborhood or larger
division in a city.

The Internet of Things..... by Eric A. Fischer 44

 Impacts of IoT
Health Care:
 The IoT has many applications in the health care field, in both
health monitoring and treatment, including telemedicine and
telehealth.
 Applications may involve the use of medical technology and the
Internet to provide long-distance health care and education.
Medical devices—which can be wearable or non wearable, or
even implantable, injectable, or ingestible—can permit remote
tracking of a patient’s vital signs, chronic conditions, or other
indicators of health and wellness.
 Wireless medical devices may be used not only in hospital
settings but also in remote monitoring and care, freeing patients
from sustained or recurring hospital visits.

The Internet of Things..... by Eric A. Fischer 45

 Impacts of IoT
 Manufacturing Integration of IoT technologies into manufacturing and
supply chain logistics is predicted to have a transformative effect on the
sector.
 The biggest impact may be realized in optimization of operations,
making manufacturing processes more efficient.
 Efficiencies can be achieved by connecting components of factories to
optimize production, but also by connecting components of inventory
and shipping for supply chain optimization.
 Another application is predictive maintenance, which uses sensors to
monitor machinery and factory infrastructure for damage .
 Impacts of IoT
Transportation systems are becoming increasingly connected. New
motor vehicles are equipped with features such as global positioning
systems (GPS) and in-vehicle entertainment, as well as advanced driver
assistance systems (ADAS), which utilize sensors in the vehicle to assist
the driver, for example with parking and emergency braking.
 Further connection of vehicle systems enables fully autonomous or
self-driving automobiles, which are predicted to be commercialized in
the next 5-20 years.
 Impacts of IoT

Infrastructure and Smart Cities: The capabilities of the smart grid, smart
buildings, and ITS combined with IoT components in other public utilities—
such as roadways, sewage and water transport and treatment, public
transportation, and waste removal—can contribute to more integrated and
functional infrastructure, especially in cities. For example, traffic
authorities can use cameras and embedded sensors to manage traffic flow
and help reduce congestion.47 IoT components embedded in street lights
or other infrastructure elements can provide functions such as advanced
lighting control, environmental monitoring, and even assistance for drivers
in finding parking spaces.48 Smart garbage cans can signal waste removal
teams when they are full, streamlining the routes that garbage trucks take.
 Impacts of IoT

Social and Cultural Impacts The IoT may create webs of connections
that will fundamentally transform the way people and things interact
with each other. The emerging cyberspace platform created by the
IoT and SMAC has been described as potentially making cities “like
‘computers’ in open air,” where citizens engage with the city “in a
real-time and ongoing loop of information
Question?

Ref: IOT by Ashdeep Bahga &Vijay Madisetti 50

Thank you

Ref: IOT by Ashdeep Bahga &Vijay Madisetti 51