MonoSaccharides HORMONES

Glucose Further hydrolysis is not possible

Steroids
 Neutral: equal no.
Preparation:- Molecules that are
(simple sugar).
H+ synthesised by endocrine of -NH2 and -COOH group.
Sucrose  →Glucose +Fructose Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Ribose glands to control and Polypeptides
regulate the functioning  Basic: More no. of
starch + NH2 O Glucose -NH2 then -COOH group.
of specific organs.
Chemical properties:- Amino Acids  Acidic: more no.
∆, HI n-Hexane of-COOH than-NH2 group.
NH2OH OligoSaccharides
Oxime
Glucose Br2/water Yields two to ten Polyhydroxy aldehyde

number of -NH2 and -COOH group

Gluconic acid
Acetic anhydride monosaccharides. (aldose) or ketone
Glucosepenta-acetate Ex: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose (ketose) containing at
least one chiral center  Essential amino acids can
 Cyclic structure of glucvose
be synthesized in the

On the relative
body.
PolySaccharides On the basis of
Polymer of α-amino acids that  Non-essential amino acids
Yields a large number of contain -NH2 and -COOH group place of synthesis
cH2OH CARBOHYDRATE are synthesized in the
monosaccharides units. body.
O Ex: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
H H H
H
H
4 1
HO O
OH H ON the basis 1. Fibrous: fibre like
H OH OH
structure
H
3 2 of shape
CH2OH H OH 2. Globular protein.
[α-D(+)- Glucose] α-D-(+)-Glycopyranose Classification
PROTEINS
(Fischer Formula) (Haworth structure)

Starch Cellulose Glycogen

H2 N − CH2 − CO− NH− CH− COOH
Peptide linkage
This is known as CH3
Polymer of It is found in animal starch. It is
α-glucose with plants. present in liver,
two components It contains muscle and brain. Denaturation of protein
amylose(15-20%) β−D- glucose units It's structure is
connected vice similar to
When a protein in its native form is
and amylopectin
(80-85%) glycosidic linkage amylopectin. subjected to physical change, globules unfold,
and proteins loses it's biological activity.
NUCLEIC ACID
BIOMOLECULES Nitrogenous
base
Pentose
sugar Phosphate GP
Enzyme N

Globular proteins that are VITAMINS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

specific to a particular Particles of nucleus of (DNA)
reaction and for a substrate. the cell responsible for
heredity are called Nucleoside
chromosomes Compound of sugar
β-D-2 deoxyribose

Mechanism of enzyme action Organic compounds required

in diet in small amounts to
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
perform specific biological (RNA)
CLASSIFICATION Bases that at make up nucleic acid chain
functions for maintenance DNA and RNA
Substrate
Enzyme and growth.
Product Compound of Sugar
Adenine (A) Base Base Base
Guanine (G) β-D-ribose
Cytosine (C) Sugar - Phosphate - [sugar - phosphate]-sugar
n
Water Soluble: B group and Fat Soluble: Soluble in Thymine (T)
fats and oils but Types of RNA:
vitamin C are soluble in insoluble in water Uracil (U)
water. (vitamins A, D, E and K) m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA