Mono Saccharides HORMONES

Glucose Can't be hydrolysed further

Steroids
 Neutral: equal no.
Preparation:- Molecules that specialised
(simple sugar) of NH2 and COOH gp.
H+ glands synthesis generate
Sucrose  → Glucose + Fructose to control and regulate Polypeptides
Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Ribose  Basic: More no. of
H+
starch + NH 2 O → Glucose the functioning of specific
-NH2 then -COOH gp.
cells r organs.
Chemical properties:- Amino Acids  Acidic: more no.
∆, HI of-COOH than-NH2 gp
NH2OH Oligo Saccharides
Glucose Br2/water Polyhydroxy aldehyde
Yield two to ten mono

number of -NH2 and -COOH gp

Acetic anhydride saccharides (aldose) or ketone
(ketose) containing at
 Limitation of the open chain structure Ex: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

On the being of reactive

least one chiral center  Essential cann't be
glucose penta-acetate does note synthesized in the
react with hydroxyl amine thus indi- body.
cating the absence of free-CHO group. Poly Saccharides On the basis of
Polymer of α-amino acids  Non-essential
Yield a large number of mono contain -NH2 and -COOH group place of synthesis
 Cyclic structure of glucvose CARBOHYDRATE synthesized in the
saccharides units.
body
O Ex: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
H H H
H
H
4 1
HO O
OH H ON the basis  Fibrous: fibre like
H OH OH
structure
H
3 2 of shape
CH2OH H OH  Globular- Spherical
[a-D(+)- Glucose] [a-D - Glycopyranose] Classification
PROTEINS
(Fisher Formula) (Fisher Formula)

Starch Cellulose Glycogen

H 2 N − CH 2 − CO − NH − CH− COOH
Peptide linkage
CH3
Polyhydroxy Known as animal
Polymer of
aldehyde (aldose) starch.
d-glucose with
or ketone (ketose) Present in liver,
two components
containing at muscle and brain When a protein in its native form is
anylase and
amylopectin. least one subjected to physical change, globules unfold,
chiral center and proteins loses it's biological activity.

NUCLEIC ACID
BIOMOLECULES Nitrogenous
base
Pentose
sugar Phosphate GP
Enzyme N

Globular proteins specific for

VITAMINS Particles of nucleus of DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
particular reaction and for the cell responsible for (DNA)
particular substrate. heredity are called
chromosomes Nucleotide
Compound of sugar
β-D-2 deoxyribose

Mechanism of enzyme action Organic compounds required

in diet in small amounts to
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
(RNA) Nucleotide
perform specific biological COMPOSED OF NUCLEOTIDES
functions for maintenance CLASSIFICATION BASE AS FOLLOWS
Structure
Substrate
Enzyme and growth.
Product Compound of Sugar
Adenine (A)
•
Fat Soluble: Soluble in β-D-ribose
Base Base Base
fats and oils but Gwanine (G)
insoluble in water Cytosine (C)
(vitamins A, D, E and K) Sugar - Phosphate - [sugar - phosphate]-sugar
Thymine (T)
Water • Soluble: B group Types of RNA
and vitamin C are Uracil (U) Phosphodiester
soluble in water. m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA linakge