St.
Patrick's Vidya Bhawan , Jodhpur
2022-23
English Project
Topic : Report on War Victims
Class : XIth Science Maths Roll No: 1
Submitted To Submitted By
Ma'am Chitra Trivedi Anchal Purohit
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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my profound gratitude to CBSE for
giving me this opportunity to select a topic and prepare a
project titled – War Victims.
I extend my sincere thanks to Sister Principal (Sister Meena)
who motivated me to enhance my inner capabilities. I am
highly indebted to my English Teacher, Ma'am Chitra Trivedi
for guidance, constant supervision, and her support in
completing the project. I would like to express my heartfelt
gratitude to my parents and friends who helped me in
finalizing the project in a limited time frame.
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Certificate of Authenticity
This is to certify that Anchal Purohit bearing Roll No. 1 a
Student of class XIth Science Maths has successfully
completed her English Project as per the guidelines of the
Central Board of Secondary Education for the academic year
2022-23
It is further certified that this project is the individual
Bonafide work of the candidate.
Date of Submission :
Teacher's Signature:
Name of Teacher: Ma'am Chitra Trivedi
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INDEX
S.No. Topic Page No. Remarks
1. Acknowledgement 2
2. Certificate 3
3. About the Author 5-6
4. Summary of Address 7
5. World War 1st 8-11
6. World War 2nd 12-15
7. Peace 16-17
8. People…Organization working on 18-19
Peace – Mahatma Gandhi
9. Poem on Peace 19
10. Conclusion 20
11. Biblography 21
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MARGA MINCO
Marga Minco (pseudonym of Sara Menco; born 31 March 1920) is a Dutch
journalist and writer. Her real surname was Menco. in May 1940, and even
before proclamation by the occupying forces of anti-Jewish measures, she
was fired by order of the newspaper's German-sympathizing board. In the
early part of World War II Minco lived in Breda, Amersfoort,
and Amsterdam. She contracted a mild form of tuberculosis and ended up
being treated in hospitals in Utrecht and Amersfoort. In the autumn of 1942
she returned to Amsterdam and her parents, who were forced by the
German occupiers to move into the city's Jewish Quarter.
Later in the war, Minco's parents, her brother, and her sister were all
deported, but having escaped arrest herself she spent the rest of the war in
hiding and was the family's only survivor. She also received a new name,
Marga Faes, the first part of which she continued to use. Minco married the
poet and translator Bert Voeten (who died in 1992) whom she had met in
1938 and with whom she hid during the war. After the war, they worked on
a number of newspapers and magazines. They have two daughters, one of
whom is the writer Jessica Voeten. She turned 100 in March 2020.[1]
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WORK
In 1957 Minco published her first book, Het bittere kruid [nl] ("The bitter
herb"), in which a nameless character goes through war experiences
reminiscent of the author's. The title of her later book Een leeg huis ("An
empty house") refers not only to the demolished house that the protagonist
finds after emerging from hiding at the end of the occupation but also to the
emptiness that she and her friend Yona experience in the postwar years, to
which was added the distance and sometimes even hostility displayed by
many people in the Netherlands towards returnees from the concentration
camps. This phenomenon was further described by Marga Minco in her
collection of short stories, De andere kant ("The other side").
Existentialism imposes a special tightness on her work. The main characters,
often survivors of the Holocaust, experience their lives as meaningless.
Often, they have survived the war only by a series of coincidences, while
their loved ones have been murdered. Frieda Borgstein, for example, in the
novella De val ("The Fall"), manages by chance to survive the whole war
without falling into the hands of the Nazis who have taken her husband's
life. She dies, nevertheless, just before her 85th birthday, by falling
accidentally into an unprotected well.
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The Address Summary
After ringing the doorbell of Mrs. Dorling who lived at Number 46, Marconi
Street, the protagonist was given a cold reception and Mrs Dorling took
much time to recognize her. Mrs Dorling had thought everyone in the
protanogist’s family was dead and asked if anyone else had come along
with her. Mrs Dorling refused to let the protagonist inside her home and
told her to come back sometime later. The protagonist recognized her
mother’s green cardigan which Mrs Dorling was wearing. She decided to go
back to the train station and thought about her mother and how she told her
about Mrs. Dorling who was an acquaintance of hers. During the war, Mrs
Dorling would visit their house and take their possessions with her as she
didn’t want them to get lost if they ever left the place. Mrs. Dorling had a
broad back.
The protagonist decided to go to Mrs Dorling’s home to get back their
belongings. When she rang the bell, Mrs. Dorling’s daughter answered the
door. She let her in and asked her to wait in the living room. When they
were crossing the passage, the protagonist noticed their Hanukkah candle
stand that they had never used because it had been unmanageable. When
she reached the living room, she was horrified as she saw all her mother’s
things that were arranged in a tasteless manner. The furniture was ugly and
the room had a muggy smell and it made her disinterested and she wanted
to leave the place. Mrs. Dorling’s daughter offered her a cup of tea and the
protagonist noticed the old table cloth that had a burn mark on it. When the
girl was showing her the silver fork and spoons that actually belonged to
the protagonist, she jumped up and walked out of the house. She decided
not to visit the place again as it brought back memories of the past and
hence, she decided to forget the address.
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WORLD WAR 1st
(1914 to 1918)
The Start of the War
World War I began on July 28, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war
on Serbia. This seemingly small conflict between two countries spread
rapidly: soon, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, and France were all drawn
into the war, largely because they were involved in Treaties that obligated
them to defend certain other nations. Western and eastern Fronts quickly
opened along the borders of Germany and Austria-Hungary.
The Western and Eastern Fronts
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The first month of combat consisted of bold attacks and rapid troop
movements on both fronts. In the west, Germany attacked
first Belgium and then France. In the east, Russia attacked both Germany
and Austria-Hungary. In the south, Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia.
Following the Battle Of The Marne (September 5–9, 1914), the western
front became entrenched in central France and remained that way for the
rest of the war. The fronts in the east also gradually locked into place.
The Ottoman Empire
Late in 1914, the Ottoman Empire was brought into the fray as well, after
Germany tricked Russia into thinking that Turkey had attacked it. As a
result, much of 1915 was dominated by Allied actions against the Ottomans
in the Mediterranean. First, Britain and France launched a failed attack on
the Dardanelles. This campaign was followed by the British invasion of
the Gallipoli Peninsula. Britain also launched a separate campaign against
the Turks in Mesopotamia. Although the British had some successes in
Mesopotamia, the Gallipoli campaign and the attacks on the Dardanelles
resulted in British defeats.
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Trench Warfare
The middle part of the war, 1916 and 1917, was dominated by
continued Trench Warfare in both the east and the west. Soldiers fought
from dug-in positions, striking at each other with Machine Guns, Heavy
Artillery, and Chemical Weapons. Though soldiers died by the millions in
brutal conditions, neither side had any substantive success or gained any
advantage.
The United States’ Entrance and Russia’s Exit
Although both sides launched Renewed Offensives in 1918 in an all-or-
nothing effort to win the war, both efforts failed. The fighting between
exhausted, demoralized troops continued to plod along until the Germans
lost a number of individual battles and very gradually began to fall back. A
deadly outbreak of Influenza, meanwhile, took heavy tolls on soldiers of
both sides. Eventually, the governments of both Germany and Austria-
Hungary began to lose control as both countries experienced multiple
mutinies from within their military structures.
The war ended in the late fall of 1918, after the member countries of the
Central Powers signed Armistice Agreements one by one. Germany was
the last, signing its armistice on November 11, 1918. As a result of these
agreements, Austria-Hungary was broken up into several smaller countries.
Germany, under the Treaty Of Versailles, was severely punished with
hefty economic reparations, territorial losses, and strict limits on its rights to
develop militarily.
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Germany After the War
Many historians, in hindsight, believe that the Allies were excessive in their
punishment of Germany and that the harsh Treaty of Versailles actually
planted the seeds of World War II, rather than foster peace. The treaty’s
declaration that Germany was entirely to blame for the war was a blatant
untruth that humiliated the German people. Furthermore, the treaty
imposed steep War Reparations payments on Germany, meant to force the
country to bear the financial burden of the war. Although Germany ended
up paying only a small percentage of the reparations it was supposed to
make, it was already stretched financially thin by the war, and the
additional economic burden caused enormous resentment. Ultimately,
extremist groups, such as the Nazi Party, were able to exploit this
humiliation and resentment and take political control of the country in the
decades following.
Effects of World War 1st
One of the main ways the war affected civilians was a shortage of food.
Agriculture felt the strain of war; production declined and prices rose. As a
grocer's assistant in Yorkshire, Walter Hare soon noticed there was less food
available. Now, the first thing we were short of was sugar.
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WORLD WAR 2nd
(1939–1945)
Cause of World War 2nd
World War II: Germany invading Poland
World War II began in Europe on September 1, 1939,
when Germany invaded Poland. Great Britain and France responded by
declaring war on Germany on September 3. The war between the U.S.S.R.
and Germany began on June 22, 1941, with Operation Barbarossa, the
German invasion of the Soviet Union. The war in the Pacific began on
December 7/8, 1941, when Japan attacked the American naval base at Pearl
Harbor and other American, Dutch, and British military installations
throughout Asia.
What Countries Fought in World War 2nd
World War II began in Europe on September 1, 1939,
when Germany invaded Poland. Great Britain and France responded by
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declaring war on Germany on September 3. The war between the U.S.S.R.
and Germany began on June 22, 1941, with Operation Barbarossa, the
German invasion of the Soviet Union. The war in the Pacific began on
December 7/8, 1941, when Japan attacked the American naval base at Pearl
Harbor and other American, Dutch, and British military installations
throughout Asia.
Leaders of World War 2nd
Photograph of President Franklin D. Roosevelt Signing the Declaration of War Against Japan
The Allied powers were led by Winston Churchill (United
Kingdom); Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union); Charles de Gaulle (France);
and Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (United States). The Axis
powers were led by Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy),
and Hideki Tojo (Japan).
Turning points of World War 2nd
The war in the Pacific turned against Japan during the Battle of
Midway (June 3–6, 1942), an American victory that destroyed the Japanese
first-line carrier force and, together with the Battle of Guadalcanal, ended
Japan’s ability to prosecute an offensive war.
The tide of the war in Europe shifted with the Soviet victory at the Battle of
Stalingrad (February 1943). More than one million Soviet troops and tens of
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thousands of civilians died in the defense of the city, but the destruction of
two entire German armies marked the beginning of the end of the Third
Reich.
End of World War 2nd
Allied Victory in World War 2nd
The Allied landings at Normandy on June 6, 1944, opened a second front in
Europe, and Germany’s abortive offensive at the Ardennes in the winter of
1944–45 marked the Third Reich’s final push in the west. The Red
Army advanced from the east and effectively claimed all the territory under
its control for the Soviet sphere. The Allied armies converged on
Berlin. Adolf Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, and the war in
Europe ended on May 8.
The American “island hopping” campaign had destroyed key Japanese
installations throughout the Pacific while allowing bypassed islands to
wither on the vine. Hundreds of thousands were killed in firebombing of
Japanese cities, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
August 1945 knocked Japan out of the war.
Deaths during World War 2nd
Estimates of the total number of people killed during World War II have
ranged from 35,000,000 to 60,000,000—a significant span, because statistics
about the war’s casualties are inexact. The Soviet Union and China are
believed to have suffered the most total casualties, while an estimated
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5,800,000 Poles died, which represents about 20 percent of Poland’s prewar
population. About 4,200,000 Germans died, and about 1,972,000 Japanese
died. In all, the scale of human losses during World War II was vast. A table
that details estimated deaths by country is available here.
Effect of World World 2nd on Civilians
New families were created as women married servicemen of other nations
and moved overseas; children were born in fatherless homes as a result of
demobilized troops leaving the UK to return to the US or Canada or due to
a death as a result of the war; and the divorce rate spiked as many families
struggled to re-adjust.
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Peace
“Everyone must be committed in the matter of peace, to do everything that they can
....Peace is the language we must speak.” — Pope Francis
Several elements are useful in defining peace. On an individual level, peace
may start with having calmness within oneself. Expanding outward, peace
entails agreement and harmony among people.
Peace enriches our communities and individual lives, as it directs us to
embrace diversity and fully support one another possible.
Promoting peace requires valuing and considering both oneself and others.
As such, peace is central to every situation throughout our lives. In
community organizing, promoting peace is in many ways like other areas of
strategic planning. There are some among many potential areas of focus
that individuals and community peace organizations have chosen, ranging
along a continuum from simple to more extensive:
• Arts, music, and cultural programs that promote peace
• Peace and interfaith collaborations, events, vigils, and rallies
• Anti-bullying and other violence prevention initiatives in schools
• Restorative justice programs in schools and community settings
that focus on healing rather than punishment
• Partnership strengthening between residents and police
• Formation of local peace commissions
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• Establishment of sister-city programs with other communities
• Instituting community by-laws and other policies that foster peace
and justice
We need peace education, from early education through graduate programs
in universities. The Charter for Compassion is working toward this end,
with a growing number of school partners from across the world committed
to the principles of compassion. National Peace Academies and Peace
Institutes also now exist in Canada, Costa Rica, Romania, Spain, and the
United States.
Promoting peace is not a solitary activity. We are joined in the effort by
most people in the world who yearn for peace, and work to live together
peaceably.
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Mahatma Gandhi
His non-violent resistance helped end British rule in India and has
influenced modern civil disobedience movements across the globe. Widely
referred to as Mahatma, meaning great soul or saint in Sanskrit, Gandhi
helped India reach independence through a philosophy of non-violent non-
cooperation.
Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led
nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights,
building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, and, above all,
achieving swaraj or self-rule.
The Gandhi Peace Foundation is an Indian organization that studies and
develops Mahatma Gandhi's thought.
Gandhi promoted non-violence not just as a philosophy and a political
strategy, but to achieve justice and change”, he said. “Many of his ideas
foreshadow the holistic thinking behind the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development.
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While leading nationwide campaigns to ease poverty, expand women's
rights, build religious and ethnic harmony, and eliminate the injustices of
the caste system, Gandhi supremely applied the principles of nonviolent
civil disobedience, playing a key role in freeing India from foreign
domination.
Organizations
He formed the Natal Indian Congress and drew international attention to
the plight of Indians in South Africa. In 1906, the Transvaal government
sought to further restrict the rights of Indians, and Gandhi organized his
first campaign of satyagraha, or mass civil disobedience.
Poem on Peace
“Peace we achieve
When we do not expect anything From the world,
But only give, give and give
Unconditionally
What we have and what we are.”
- Sri Chinmoy
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Conclusion
War not only kills, it also mains people, separates family members, causes
disease, hunger, and other forms of deprivation. War brings destructions
and deaths. It destroys the feeling of love and sympathy, and it also makes
people cruel and selfish.
We can all learn to appreciate life no matter how challenging the situation
we may going through.
Theme
War victim should be carefully approached and treated professionally,
sympathetically and with respect to their human dignity. Victims must be
given space and opportunity to express their opinions, concerns, or
objections to your work.
Cause
Wars are fought primarily for economic, religious, and political reasons.
Others have claimed that most wars today are fought for ideological
reasons.
Suggestions
Wars can be prevented by following ways:
- By developing policies that are aimed at reducing conflict
- By limiting the production and sale of arms
- By redistributing economic resources more equally among nations
- By making better use of international bodies dedicated to peace keeping
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Bibliography
I am Anchal Purohit of class XI th Science Maths, I have done
this project with the help of my parents, subject teacher, and
friends. I have used the Internet, Notepad, Notion editing
software, Wikipedia, Youtube, and Wiki images for finalizing
the project.
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