Readings in

Philippines History
Course Code: GE2

Instructor: Kristin Mae S. Serafica

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 Chapter 2:
Content and Contextual
Analysis of Selected
Primary Sources
in Philippine History
 Learning Objectives

 Distinguish between knowledge of some primary and secondary

sources in History;
 Study Philippine History using the primary sources;
 Use primary sources competently;
 Explain historical phenomena through the use of primary
sources, and
 Value Filipino history and culture through primary sources.

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Distinction Between
Primary Sources and
Secondary Sources
 Primary Sources

➢ A primary source is an original document or other

material that has not been changed in any way.

➢ Primary sources are an immediate firsthand

account of a topic from people who had

a direct connection with it.

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 Secondary Sources

➢ Secondary sources are documents based on primary

sources.

➢ Secondary sources are any account of

something that is not primary.

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“The primary source refers to primary evidence which
records the actual words of someone who participated in
or witnessed the events described, while secondary
evidence records the findings of someone who did not
observe the event but who investigated
primary evidence.”
-Benjamin Franklin (1994)

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 Internal and
External Criticisms
 Internal Criticism

Internal criticism deals with the analysis of the

content of the documents. This means that the historian
should evaluate the relevance of the content of the

documents to the time and place of the

phenomenon.

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 External Criticism

External criticism deals with the analysis of the

form of the documents. This criticism allows the historian
to evaluate the authenticity of the documents by giving

importance to the author of the document

and the time when the document was written.

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 To sum up, internal criticism and external
criticism are not only very important tools in
establishing the validity of historical writing but also
in establishing the validity of the discipline of
history as an academic discipline.

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 First Voyage

Around the World

by Antonio Pigafetta

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“

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 Historical background

• Victoria was one of the five ships that were first to

circumnavigate the world.
• Started the voyage (1519) until it successfully
went back to Spain.
• Juan Sebastian Elcano

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• The copies of this account were presented by
Pigafetta to Pope Clement VII, King Francis I’s
mother, etc.
• His original diary was lost and not known in
what language it was written.

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MARCH 17, 1521
• Arrival in “Zamal” (Samar) particularly on the island of
“Humunu” (Homonhon)
• Magellan called it “Acquada da li buoni Segnialli”
(Watering place of God Signs)
• The district was called “Las Islas de San
Lazaro”(Islands of Saint Lazarus)

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APRIL 1, 1521
• The first mass in the Philippines happened in “Mazaua”
• Attended by Magellan, Rajah
Kolambu, Rajah Siagu (Siaui)
and local islanders.

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APRIL 8, 1521
• Magellan went to Zubu (Cebu) and met Rajah Humabon.
• The rajah wanted Magellan and his men to pay tribute to them but
told his translator
Enrique that they are working
for the King of Spain and
threatened him with a war.

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APRIL 15, 1521
• Held a mass in Humabon’s place was attended by 800 local
members.
• Magellan gave Hara Humamay an image of Sto. Niño.
• Humabon became “Carlos”
and Humamay became “Juana”.

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APRIL 27, 1521
• Rajah Zula told Magellan that Matan’s (Mactan) chieftain
Cilapulapu (Lapulapu)
refused to obey the King of Spain.
• Zula requested Magellan to send
him only one boatload of men to fight
Cilapulapu.

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APRIL 28, 1521
• 60 of Magellan’s men set out armed with corselets and helmets and
20-30 Balanhais loaded by Rajah Humabon’s men went to Matan to
attack Lapulapu.
• The local islanders had lances of
bamboo and stakes hardened with fire.
• “Battle of Mactan” happened.

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 Customs
of the Tagalog
by Fray Juan de Plasencia

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 Historical background

• Written by Fray Juan de Plasencia in 1589

• Currently kept in Archivo General de Indias in Seville,
Spain.
• Its English version appeared in Volume VII
of Blair and Robertson’s collection of
Spanish documents
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• Contains extensive information about the political
and socio-cultural history of the Tagalog region

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 It discusses the early Tagalog:

1. Social Classes
- Datu, Maharlika, Timawa, Alipin (Namamahay and
Saguiguilir).
2. Houses
- Made of bamboo, wood
and nipa palm.

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3. Ornaments
- Adds distinction to a person (Kalumbiga and Agimat).
4. Dressing
- Male: Putong, Kangan,Bahag Female: Baro, Saya.
5. Government
- Barangay system
(30-100 families)

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6. Marriage
- Paninilbihan, Bigay-kaya, Panghihimuyat.
7. Religious beliefs (Paganism/Animism)
- Badhala (Supreme being), Idayanale (agriculture), at iba pa
8. Economic life
- Agriculture, fishing, hunting,
shipbuilding, foreign trades
9. Language - Baybayin

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10. Burials
- Normal people were buried beside their house, Datu buried
under a porch after a four-day mourning Mourning was
accompanied by drinking.
11. Witchcraft
- Mancocolam, Hocloban,
Manggagauay, Tigbalang,
Patianac.

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 Any
Questions?

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