History - Positivism

o Is the school of thought that emerged

- Historia = Knowledge Acquired through inquiry
between the 18th and 19th century.
or investigation This is thought requires empirical and
- Study of Past observable evidence before on can
- The account of the past of a person pr group of
claim that a particular knowledge is
people through written documents and
true.
historical evidences o Historians were required to show
- It also focused on the writings about wars, written primary documents in order to
revolutions, and other important break write a particular historical narrative
throughs - Post-Colonialism
No Document, No History o Is the school of thought that emerged in
the early 20th century when formerly
- It means that unless a written document can colonized nations grappled with the
prove a certain historical even, then it cannot idea of creating their identities and
be considered as a historical (fact) understanding their societies against
- Some Valid Historical Documents the shadows of their colonial past.
o Government Records - Two Things in Writing History
o Chronicle’s Account o Tell the history of their Nation that will
o Personal Letters highlight their identity free from that
o Receipts, etc. colonial discourse and knowledge
o To criticize the methods, effect, and
Discrimination in the Validity of History
idea of colonialism.
- Restricting historical evidence as exclusively - History and the Historian
written is a discrimination against other social o Facts cannot speak for themselves. It is
classes who were not recorded in paper. the historian’s job not just to seek
- Others got their historical documents burned or historical evidences and facts but also
destroyed in the events of war or colonization to interpret them. It is their job to give
meaning to these facts and organize
Question and Issue in History them in to time line, establish cause,
and write history.
- Historiography
- Historical Methodology
o It is the history of history
o It comprises certain techniques and
o It covers how historians have studied
rules that historians follow in order to
and developed history including its
properly utilize sources and historical
sources, techniques, and theoretical
evidences in writing history.
approaches.
- Historical Sources
o It should not be confused with history
o Two Classification
because history is the study of the past,
 Primary Sources
the events that happened in the past.
 Secondary Sources
o It focused on how a certain historical
 Tertiary Sources (included in
text was written, who wrote it, what
the last exam)
was the context its publication, what
o Primary Sources
historical method was employed, what
 Are those sources produced at
sources were used.
the same time as the event,
 period, or subject being o In 1968, an American historian William
studied. Henry Scott debunked the authenticity
o Ex. (Commonwealth 1935) of the code due to lack of evidence to
 Minutes prove that the code existed in
 Newspapers Clippings precolonial Philippine society
 Records - Ferdinand Marcos as World War II Soldier
 Photographs o This was widely believed by students of
 Eyewitnesses history and Marcos had war medals to
o Secondary Sources show. This claim was disproven when
 Are those sources produced by historian counterchecked Marcos’s
an author who used primary claims with the war records of United
sources to produces the States.
material.
o Ex. (Phil. Revolution 1935) Context and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary
 Teodoro Agoncillo's Revolt of Sources
the Masses 1956 - “First Voyage Around the World” by Antonio
- When examining a source, the historian must Pigafetta
conduct: - “Custom of the Tagalog” by Fray Juan de
o External Criticism Plasencia
 The practices of verifying the - “Kartilya ng Katipunan” By Emilio Jacinto
authenticity of evidence by - “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” by Emilio
examining the physical Agunaldo
characteristics; consistency with - “Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia
the historical characteristic of del Pueblo Filipina” by Ambrosio Bautista
the time when it was produced, - “Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the
and the materials used for the American Era” by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo
evidence. Roces
o Internal Criticism - “Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood”
 Is the examination of the by Commission on Independence
truthfulness and factuality of - “President Corazon Aquino’s Speech before
the evidence. It looks at the the U.S Congress (September 18,1986)
content of the source and - “Raiders of the Sulu Sea (Film)
examines the circumstance of - Works of Luna and Amorsolo(paintings)”
its production. It could be done
by looking at the author, its “First Voyage Around the World” by Antonio Pigafetta
context, agenda, the purpose
- “Primer Viaje en Torno del Globo”
behind its creation.
- Written by Antonio Pigafetta in one of the five
Deception Cases in Philippine History ships that first circumnavigate the world
- It covers the time when Ferdinand Magellan’s
- Hoax Code of Kalantiaw Fleet “Armada de Molucca” started the voyage
o The code was a set of rules contained in (1519) until it was successfully went back to
an epic Maragtas which was allegedly Spain.
written by Datu Kalantiaw. The - The copies of this account was presented by
document was sold to National Library Pigafetta to Pope Clement VII, King Francis I’s
and was regarded as important Mother, Etc.
precolonial document
- His original diary was lost and not known is - April 15, 1521 (original April 14)
what language it was written o Held a mass on Humabon’s Place where
- Survived in 4 in manuscript Version; 1 Italian attended by 800 local members
(Carlo Amoretti) and French. o Magellan gave Raja Humamay an Image
- March 17, 1521 (originally March 16) of Sto Nino
o Arrival in “Zamal” (Samar) particularly in o Humabon became “Carlos”
the island of “humunu” (Homonhon) o Humamay became “Juana”
o Magelan called it “Acquada da li buoni - April 27, 1521 (original April 26)
Segnilli” (Water place of God Signs) o Rajah Zulata told Magellan that Matan’s
o The district was called “ Las Islas de San (Mactan) chieftain Cilapulapu
Lazaro” (Islands of Sait Lazurus) (Lapulapu) refused to obey the king of
- March 30 (original March 29) Spain
o “Umangkla ang barko naming sa isla ng o Zula requestd Magellan to send him
Mazua, malapit sa bahay ng Rajah only one boatload of men to fight
nito(Rajah Siaya) at umakyat ng barko Cilapulapu but Magellan
ang Rajah at sila Magellan kung saan - April 28, 1521 (original April 27)
sila’y nagpalitan ng regalo. o 60 of Magellan’s men set out armed
o Nag-almusal at ipinasyal ni Magellan with corselets and helmets and 20-30
ang Rajah sa paligid ng kanyang barko Balanhais loaded by Rajah Humabon’s
at ipinakita ang kanyang mga armas. men went to Matan to attack
Gayundin ako at isang kasama ay Cilapulapu
sumama sa Rajah at sa Balanghai, kami o The local islanders had lances of
ay pinakain ng baboy pinainom ng alak bamboo and stakes hardened with fire
at pinakita ng hari ang kanilang o “Battle of Mactan” happened
palasyo at nagpakain pa. o “Organisado ang paglusob ng mga tiga-
- March 31 (original March 30) Mactan habang nagsisigawan. Isang
o “ Bumalik kami sa aming mga barko grupo kada tagiliran ng mga Espanyol at
kasama ang kapatid ng Rajah ng isa sa harap na tila tatsulok. Nang
Mazaua, ang Rajah ng Butua-Calagan si magpaputok ng mga kanyon at ripple
Calambu, ang pinakamaayos na lalaking ang mga Espanyol, nakahanda na ang
nakita naming.” mga kalasag ng mga ito. Gayundin,
- April 1, 1521 (Original March 31) kanya-kanyang tago ang mga
o First mass in the Philippines was mandirigma upang makaiwas, malinaw
happened in Mazaua na malinaw na sila’y handa sa atake.
o Attended by Magellan, Rajah Kolambu, Hindi nakayanan ng mga Europeo ang
Rajah Saigu (Siaui) and local islander mga pana, siabt putik at bato na
- April 8, 1521 dumapo sa kanila.
o Magellan went to Zulu (Cebu) and met o At matapos nito’y iniutos ni Madgellan
Rajah Humabon na magsunog ng mga bahay ng mga
o The rajah wanted Magellan and his men taga-Mactan na siyang lalong ikinagalit
to pay tributed to them but told his ng mga ito. At natutunan ng mga
translator Enrique that they are working mandirigmang taga-Mactan na
for king of Spain and threatened him a puntiryahin sa paa ang mga kalabang
war naka baluti.
o Tinamaan si Madgellan ng panang may
lason sa kanang binti, pero sinabi nitong
 bumalik na sa mg barko. Sa katapusan  Balangaw (Rainbow)
ng laban si Magellan ay tinamaan ng  Mandarangan (war)
sibat sa muka ngunit nkalaban pa,  Lalahon (harvest),
nasugatan pa braso at nakakampilan pa  Sinaguran (hell)
sa kaliwang binti. Sa kanyang o Economic Life
pagbagsak, pinagtulungan na siya ng  Agriculture
mga tiga-Mactan. At nang makita ng  Fishing
mga kasama na patay na si Magellan,  Hunting
sila’y nagsiatrasan, dala-dala ang ibang  Shipbuilding
pang mga sugatan.”  Foreign Trades
- Other content of Pigafetta’s Manuscript o Languange
o Lifestyle of early Filipinos in Visayas  Baybayin
o First Vocabulary of Visayas words ever o Burial
panned by a European  Normal people buried beside
o Description of early Visayan music their house, Datu buried under
o Evidence that the world is round a porch after a four-day
o Re-discovery of Pacific Ocean morning
o Witchcraft
Custom of the Tagalog (Relacion De Las Costumbres De
 Mancocolam
Los Tagalog)  Hoclaban
- The Early Tagalog  Manggagauy
o Social Classes  Tigbalang
 DATU. Mahalika, Timawa, Alipin  Pantianac
 (Namamahay and Saguiguilid) Kartilya ng Katipunan
o Houses
 Made of bamboo, wood and - Historical Background
nipa palm o Written by Emilio Jacinto in 1896
o Ornaments o Codified document listing the duties
 Adds distinction to a person and responsibilities of every katipunan
((Kalumbiga and Agimat) member
o Dressing o Chose by Bonifacio instead of his
 Male: Putong, Kangan, Bahag “Katungkulang Gagawin.
 Female: Baro, Saya - It was influenced by:
o Government o Age of Enlightenment
 Barangay System (30-100 o French revolution
families) o Masonry
o Marriage o Propaganda
 paninilbihan o La Liga Filipina
 Bigay-kaya - Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugol sa isang Malaki at
 Panghihimuyat banal na kadahilan ay kahoy na walang lilim,
 Bigay Suso kundi damong makamandag
o Religious Beliefs (Paganism/Aminism) - Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa
 Badhalala (Supreme being) pagpipita sa sarili at hindi sa talgang nasang
 Idayanale (agriculture) gumawa ng isang kagalingan ay di kabaitan.
 sidapa (death) - Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang
 Agni (fire) gawa, ang pagibig sa kapwa at ang isukat ang
 bawat kilos gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang - Katipunan was the first to unite the Philippine Citizens
kultura. in a sense that they were the first to
- Maiitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat
ng tao’y magkakapantay: mangyayaring ang Sagutan ng mga tula (set of poems, watch the video to
isang higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda understand this part further)
ngunit di mahihigtan sa pag katao. - Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espana written by
Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan Hermenegildo Flores, highlighted thee abuse
and suffering of the indio's (filipino's) against
- Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo the friars and spaniards.
o Aguinaldo had a rich family (Carlos - Response to the Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang
Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy Espana
o Aguinaldo studied at Colegio de San o Marcelo Del Pilar wrote “Ang sagot ng
Juan de Letran but stopped because of espana sa hibik ng Pilipinas”
Father’s death o Andres Bonifacio wrote “Katapusang
o Aguinaldo became Cabeza de Barangay hibik ng Pilipinas”
of Binakyan (1895) because of Maura
Law During the time of wars in the Philippines many poems
and kundiman, writers refer to our country as inang
o Aguinaldo became the first Capitan
Municipal of Cavite Viejo (Kawit) bayan to further emphasize their passion and love for
o Aguinaldo became successful in the country.
different battles in Cavite that caused Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangan Katipunan ng mga
some issues in Katipunan Anak ng bayan
o The Katipunan in Cavite split in two
“Magdalo”(Pro-Aguinaldo) and - Leaders
“Magdiwang”(Pro-Bonifacio) o Emilio Jacinto
o Bonifacio wanted to solve the rivalry in  utak ng Katipunan
a December 1896 meeting in Imus  editor and writer of Kartilya ng
(resulted into a decision to dissolve the Katipunan
Katipunan and to have a formal election  Kartila ng Katipunan , book that
for new revolutionary government) states how a katipunero should
o Aguinaldo agreed to be in a peace pact act and behave in order to be
in the Biak na Bato, San Miguel Bulacan deserving of being called :Mga
with the Spaniards that led his exile to anak ng Bayan"
Hong Kong in 1897 o Andres Bonifacio
 Supremo ng katipunan (Highest
Himagsikan Filipino Video : Summary Leader of KKK)
1892  he wrote Ang dapat mabatid ng
mga Tagalog which explains
- it took 4 years for the Katipunan built their why Filipinos should revolt
plans and widen their group. against the Spaniards
- it took them 2 years to succesfully beat the
spaniards

August 1896

- first national government was established (pertaining

to the 1896 revolt)
Strengthening the KKK’s Unity

- Sanduguan/Sandugo
o Bonifacio used this ritual to strengthen
the member's unity.
o New member's will extract blood from
their wrist and use it to sign their
names, showing the Katipunero's sacred
purpose which is the freedom of the
country.

We are the first country in asia that went against the

colonizers

The KKK's 4 year planning took a lot of effort, this

include

- they have organized retreats (during the war)

- own communication lines and command
between the KKK members posted in each part
of the provinces all around the country
- KKK didn't prioritize the freedom of the country
first but instead they gained the trust and
loyalty of the people first. They first prove that
they deserve the to lead the people once the
revolution begins.
Mutiny instead of being assistants to the
regular friars.
- A rebellion against an authority
- Father Mariano Gomez
- Mutine = Revolt o Old man in his mid-70 Chinese Filipino,
- Attack upon Military born in Cavite.
- Revolt among group of people who wants to
o He held the most senior position of
oppose or overthrow as specific association or
three as archbishop’s vicar in Cavite.
organization o Deemed Nationalistic for accepting the
Cavite Mutiny death penalty calmly as though it were
his penance for being Pro-Filipinos
- January 20, 1872 - Father Jose Burgos
- A major factor in the awakening of nationalism o Spanish descent but was born in the
among the filipinos Philippines
- One of the most significant historical account in o A Parish Priest of Manila Cathedral,
the Philippine history known for his closeness to the Liberal
Governor General De La Torre
History of Cavite Mutiny
o He was 35 years old at the time of the
- Without the 1872 Cavite Mutiny the 1896 event.
Philippine Revolution would not happen o He was active and outspoken in
- It took place in the Cavite Arsenal advocating for the Filipinization of the
- The Uprising of the Military Personnel of Fort Clergy
San Felipe (Spanish Arsenal in Cavite) on - Father Jacinto Zamora
January 20, 1872 o 37 years old, Spanish born in the
- Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the Philippines
belief that it would elevate to national uprising o A parish priest of the Marikina
however the mutiny was unsuccessful and Cathedral, known for his unfriendliness
many of the participants were executed by and doesn’t support any arrogance or
government soldiers. authoritative behavior from Spaniards
that were from Spain
The Martyrdom of the Three Priest
Two Versions of the Cavite Mutiny
- There are three priests tagged as the
Mastermind of the Cavite Mutiny and were - Spanish Accounts
later executed for alleged complicity in the o Montero’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny
mutiny of about 200 soldiers and laborers in the  Jose Montero Y Vidal, a
Cavite Arsenal. Spanish Historian
o Jacinto Zamora  His account centered on how
o Mariano Gomez the event was an attempt to
o Jose Burgos overthrow the Spanish
- The Gomburza government in the Philippines.
o Prominent Filipino priest charged with  His account of mutiny was
treason and sedition criticized as woefully biased
o the spanish clergy connected the priest o An excerpt from Montero’s account of
to the mutiny as part of a conspiracy to the Cavite mutiny
stifle the movement of secular priest  “The idea of attaining their
who desired to have their own parishes independence. It was towards
this goal that they started to
 work with the powerful - Differing Account
assistance if a certain section of o Pardo De Taverna’s Account of the
the native clergy…” Cavite Mutiny
o Underscore the reason for the  Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo
revolution Pardo De Tavera, A Filipino
 Abolition of Privileges enjoyed Scholar
by the workers of Cavite  Wrote a Filipino version of the
Arsenal such as exemption from bloody incident in Cavite
payment of tribute and being  According to him the incident
employed in Polos y Servicious was merely amunity ny Filipino
(Force Labor) soldiers and laborers of the
o Presence of the Native Clergy, Against cavite arsenal due to the
the Spanish Friars, “Conspired and dissatisfaction arising from the
Supported” the rebels draconian policies of izquiedero
o Timeline of the Cavite Mutiny o An excerpt from Taverna’s Account of
according to the Spaniard’s Account the Cavite Mutiny
 1872  “Filipinos had great hopes of an
 The beginning of improvement in the affairs of
Conspiracies among their country”
educated leaders  “The friars feared that their
(Spaniards) power in the colony would soon
 Alleged plan for be completely a thing of the
liquidating high-ranking past”
Spanish officers and o Edmund Plauchut
killing friars  French writer, complemented
 January 20, 1872 Tavera’s Account and analyzed
 Fireworks display from the motivation of the 1872
the celebration of the Cavite Mutiny
feast of the Virgin o An excerpt from the Plauchut’s Account
Loreto of the Cavite Mutiny
 Caviteños mistook it as  “The arrival in Manila of Gen.
the signal to commence Izquierdo put a sudden end to
with the attack all dreams of reforms”
 200 men, led by  “Such policy must really end in
Sergeant Lamadrid a strong desire on the part of
attacked spanish the other to repress cruelly”
officers - Our Philippine Independence can be traced
 Izquierdo ordered to back from the Cavite Mutiny
quell the revolt o Cavite Mutiny
 Revolution was easily o Death of GomBurZa
crushed and leader of o Jose Rizal’s El Filibusterismo / Noli Me
the plot were killed Tangere
 February 17, 1872 o 1896 Philippine Revolution
 GomBurZa were o Independence Day (June 12, 1898)
publicly executed
through Garrote