Question 1

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When the distribution of characteristics in a sample is systematically different from that
of the target population, the sample is called a

Select one:
a.
Stratified sample.
b.
Biased sample.
c.
Distorted sample.
d.
Representative sample.

Question 2
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The most serious disadvantage of the case study method, because of internal validity
issues, is the

Select one:
a.
Possible problem of observer bias affecting the interpretation of the outcome.
b.
Difficulty of making causal inferences regarding the effect of treatment.
c.
Limitation of information based on self-reports.
d.
Possible problem of generalizing from a single individual.
Question 3
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In a line graph of a complex design, the dependent variable is typically represented

Select one:
a.
On the x-axis (horizontal).
b.
By multiple lines within the space of the graph.
c.
On the y-axis (vertical).
d.
Using multiple graphs.

Question 4
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Placebo control groups and double-blind procedures are typically used to control for

Select one:
a.
Selective subject loss and mechanical subject loss.
b.
Demand characteristics and experimenter effects.
c.
Manipulated variables and extraneous variables.
d.
Individual differences variables and matching variables.

Question 5
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Clinical psychologists who make behavioral assessments of parent-child interactions are
likely making use of an observation technique called

Select one:
a.
Low-intervention observation.
b.
Structured observation.
c.
Quasi-controlled observation.
d.
Disguised participant observation.

Question 6
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The fundamental characteristic of case studies is

Select one:
a.
They lack a high degree of scientific control.
b.
They are nomothetic approaches to science.
c.
The high degree of scientific control.
d.
They contribute important testimonial evidence.

Question 7
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Researchers may not be required to obtain informed consent in which of the following
situations?

Select one:
a.
When asking participants to complete questionnaires on the Internet
b.
When doing research with children
c.
When observing behavior in public settings with no intervention
d.
When doing research that involves more than minimal risk

Question 8
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Four students plan to conduct an experiment with four conditions (A, B, C, and D) during
one semester. Each student will serve as an experimenter. The best way to control for the
extraneous variable of having four experimenters test participants in the study is to

Select one:
a.
Have the first experimenter test a random order of conditions during the first two weeks
of the semester, the second experimenter test a second random order during the next
two weeks, and so on.
b.
Make sure each experimenter tests only one of the conditions.
c.
Have each experimenter test condition A during the first two weeks of the semester,
condition B during the next two weeks, and so on.
d.
Have each experimenter test randomized blocks of conditions.

Question 9
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When observers have biases regarding what they expect participants' behavior to be like
in an experiment, the observations may be influenced by

Select one:
a.
Experimenter effects.
b.
Demand characteristics.
c.
Placebos.
d.
Selective subject loss.

Question 10
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A sampling frame in survey research could be considered a __________ of the

Select one:
a.
Biased sample
b.
Representative sample
c.
Operational definition
 d.
Probability sample

Question 11
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An experiment that is described as a 3 x 3 x 2 is one that has

Select one:
a.
Three independent variables, two with 3 levels and one with 2 levels.
b.
Two independent variables, each with three levels and 18 conditions.
c.
One independent variable with a total of 8 conditions.
d.
Two independent variables with 3 levels and two dependent variables with 2 levels.

Question 12
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A researcher has manipulated only one independent variable at two levels, has held
constant as many other variables as possible and has balanced individual differences by
using random assignment. The researcher is likely to be able to claim that the
independent variable caused the observed changes in the dependent variable because
the experiment is

Select one:
a.
Statistical.
b.
A natural groups design.
 c.
Internally valid.
d.
Externally valid.

Question 13
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Using the data in the following table, determine the two values that represent the main
effect of the Test Anxiety independent variable:

Select one:
a.
75 and 70
b.
80 and 70
c.
80 and 65
d.
80 and 60

Question 14
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The application of single-case experimental designs to socially relevant problems has its
origin in
Select one:
a.
Behaviorism and the experimental analysis of behavior.
b.
Psychoanalytic theory and intensive psychoanalysis of individuals.
c.
The study of children who have been severely neglected.
d.
Neuropsychology and the examination of individuals with rare brain disorders.

Question 15
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Case studies sometimes provide evidence for the "success" of a particular treatment.
People often find reports of these successful treatments highly persuasive. People are
persuaded by testimonial evidence primarily because they fail to

Select one:
a.
Consider why the treatment would work for them.
b.
Check thoroughly into the qualifications of those who conducted the case study.
c.
See the personal relevance of the case study to their own situation.
d.
Consider reasons for why the treatment would not work for them.

Question 16
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Scientific skepticism refers to the idea that
Select one:
a.
Scientists accept explanations for phenomena as "true" until research is completed.
b.
Scientists do not trust anything or anyone.
c.
Scientists automatically assume that common-sense interpretations of phenomena could
not be true.
d.
Claims about phenomena should be tested and claims that are untestable should be
rejected.

Question 17
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A complex design always involves

Select one:
a.
Only one independent variable.
b.
Two or more different research designs.
c.
Two or more dependent variables.
d.
Two or more independent variables.

Question 18
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A new measure of intelligence (e.g., speed of processing spatial distances) would be a
valid measure of intelligence if scores on the new measure were

Select one:
a.
More precise than scores on other accepted measures of intelligence.
b.
Related to scores on other accepted measures of intelligence.
c.
Unrelated to scores on other accepted measures of intelligence.
d.
More varied across people than scores on other accepted measures of intelligence.

Question 19
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In a study that investigates the effects of two different doses of a drug on memory
performance, memory performance represent the ____ variable and doses of the drug
represent the ____ variable.

Select one:
a.
Experimental; control
b.
Dependent; independent
c.
Correlational; confounding
d.
Independent; dependent

Question 20
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 Question text
When participants begin an experiment but fail to complete it, the internal validity of the
experiment can be threatened. Which of the following types of subject loss poses the
most serious threat to internal validity?

Select one:
a.
The loss occurs because of some characteristic of the participant that is related to the
outcome of the study.
b.
The loss occurs because of an error by the experimenter.
c.
The loss leads to different numbers of participants in the groups in the experiment.
d.
The loss occurs because of equipment failure.

Question 21
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The additional step needed when analyzing the results in a complete repeated measures
design is to

Select one:
a.
Multiply participants' score in each condition by the order in which the condition
appeared.
b.
Subtract the mean of all conditions from each participant's score.
c.
Compute the mean (or median) score for each participant for each condition of the
experiment.
d.
Add the participants' scores across all conditions and divide by the number of
conditions.

Question 22
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In a complex design experiment, researchers found that younger and older people
performed equally well on a memory task when they were tested in the afternoon, but
the older people performed better than the younger people when they were tested in
the morning. The different effect of age at the two times of day represents

Select one:
a.
An interaction effect.
b.
A simple comparison effect.
c.
A correlational effect.
d.
A main effect.

Question 23
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Which of the following statements is false?

Select one:
a.
Scientists strive to draw conclusions based on empirical evidence rather than subjective
judgments.
b.
Psychological scientists often withhold judgment about findings because they recognize
human behavior is complex.
c.
Scientists are cautious about accepting claims about behavior until they see the findings
published in psychology journals.
d.
Scientists recognize that researchers can make mistakes in their research.

Question 24
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A researcher randomly assigns one classroom to a new teaching method and a second
classroom to the control condition (the regular teaching method). This researcher faces
the potential problem of confounding due to

Select one:
a.
Intact groups.
b.
Experimenter effects.
c.
Extraneous variables.
d.
Selective subject loss.

Question 25
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Which of the following is the most likely reason that a researcher studying
aggressiveness of children would choose to use naturalistic observation?

Select one:
a.
Naturalistic observation would allow for the greatest control over the setting in which
the observations were made.
b.
Naturalistic observation would allow for the most precise operational definition of
aggressiveness and thus the highest degree of internal validity.
 c.
Naturalistic observation is the preferred method when systematic manipulation of
independent variables is required.
d.
Naturalistic observation is the preferred method when moral and ethical limitations
apply to the topic under investigation.

Question 26
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Which of the following is not a source of bias in case studies?

Select one:
a.
Testing clinical innovations
b.
Distortions in the client's memory for past events
c.
Inaccuracies in the therapist's observations of the client's behavior
d.
Socially desirable responses in a client's report of his or her behaviors

Question 27
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A researcher develops a brief questionnaire measure of people's level of optimism. To
determine whether his measure is a good one, he asks a sample of people to complete
his questionnaire twice, separated by one month. At the second session, he also asks his
participants to complete another measure of optimism-one that has been an accepted
measure of optimism for many years. Using this procedure, the researcher is establishing
the

Select one:
 a.
Reliability and validity of his measure.

b.
Nomothetic and idiographic features of optimism.

c.
Independent variable of optimism.

d.
Precision and accuracy of his measure.

Question 28
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A researcher calibrates an instrument by placing a five-pound weight on a scale to see if
the scale gives a reading of 5.0 pounds. The researcher is testing the scale's

Select one:
a.
Validity.
b.
Accuracy.
c.
Reliability.
d.
Correlation.

Question 29
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A student sets a computer program to record participants' responses to materials in her
experiment to the millisecond, rather than to the tenth of a second. Which characteristic
of the measuring instrument is the student trying to ensure?

Select one:
a.
Reliability
b.
Validity
c.
Accuracy
d.
Precision

Question 30
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Which of the following characteristics do most surveys have in common?

Select one:
a.
Direct observation and coding
b.
Interviewing and the use of focus groups
c.
Limited scope and pragmatic purpose
d.
Sampling and a set of predetermined questions

Question 31
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Which of the following statements is false?

Select one:
a.
Factorial combination of two independent variables, each with three conditions, would
yield six experimental conditions.
b.
A 2 x 3 complex design experiment has two independent variables.
c.
The simplest complex design experiment has one independent variable and one
dependent variable.
d.
A "mixed design" is when one independent variable is manipulated as an independent
groups variable and a second independent variable is manipulated as a repeated
measures design.

Question 32
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There can be no confounding by individual differences variables in the repeated
measures designs because

Select one:
a.
Intact groups of participants are assigned to the different conditions of the experiment.
b.
Individual differences variables are held constant.
c.
Participants are tested in only one condition of the experiment.
d.
The same participants are tested in all conditions.

Question 33
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Which of the following effects occurs in a complex design when the effect of one
independent variable differs depending on the level of a second independent variable?

Select one:
a.
Collapsed effect
b.
Main effect
c.
Factorial effect
d.
Interaction effect

Question 34
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Which of the following designs is used when the researcher focuses on the way behavior
changes with the systematic introduction and withdrawal of the treatment?

Select one:
a.
ABAB design
b.
Successive treatment design
c.
Multiple baseline design
d.
Case study

Question 35
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The difference between repeated measurements to establish test-retest reliability and
experiments using repeated measures designs is that in experiments with repeated
measures designs

Select one:
a.
Measurements occur only twice.
b.
The reliability of measurement is not important.
c.
Measurements are compared for different conditions of an independent variable.
d.
A correlation coefficient would be used to determine consistency across measurements.

Question 36
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The relationship of the case study method to other research methods of investigation
can best be described as

Select one:
a.
Interrelated with and complementary to other methods.
b.
Very similar to experimental approaches.
c.
Antagonistic to more controlled methods.
d.
Most related to research methods for confirmatory studies.

Question 37
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When researchers use the multimethod approach they can reach comparable
conclusions about a research question after using different methods to study it. Our
confidence in these conclusions increases and the conclusions are said to have

Select one:
a.
Correlational validity.
b.
Convergent validity.
c.
Concurrent validity.
d.
Multiple validity.

Question 38
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In a single-case experiment to treat a young girl's selective mutism (refusal to speak),
treatment was applied at a restaurant, an office building, and when playing with peers.
This represents

Select one:
a.
A multiple-baseline design across situations.
b.
A multiple-baseline design across behaviors.
c.
A case study.
d.
An ABABAB design.
Question 39
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The first stage of a single-case experiment is the baseline stage. The baseline stage
provides information about

Select one:
a.
The likelihood that the participant will be receptive to the treatment.
b.
Personality characteristics of the participant.
c.
What behavior would be like if the treatment were not provided.
d.
The effectiveness of the treatment in the experiment.

Question 40
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Data fabrication, plagiarism, and failure to acknowledge individuals who contributed to a
research project

Select one:
a.
Are easy to detect in research reports.
b.
Are behaviors that happen less often than people think.
c.
Reflect the social and cultural context in which scientists conduct their work.
d.
Represent violations of scientific integrity.
Question 41
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An instructor randomly assigns two sections of his course to an experimental condition
(new teaching method) or control condition (regular teaching method). Students in the
9:30 section receive the experimental treatment and students in the 1:30 section
participate in the control condition. At the end of the semester the instructor's tests
reveal that students in the 9:30 section had significantly higher test scores than students
in the 1:30 section. Based on this summary, we can state that

Select one:
a.
The experiment has internal validity.
b.
The results are uninterpretable because of intact groups.
c.
All of these
d.
The findings have external validity across two times of day.

Question 42
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Idiographic research, as represented by the case study method, has the potential to
reveal

Select one:
a.
Causal mechanisms underlying behavior.
b.
Definitive evidence for the effectiveness of a particular treatment.
c.
Contradictory effects in well-controlled treatment studies.
d.
Nuances and subtleties of individual behavior.

Question 43
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When people change their usual behavior because they know they are being observed,
the problem of ______________ has occurred.

Select one:
a.
Spurious relationship
b.
Demand characteristics
c.
Selective deposit
d.
Reactivity

Question 44
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Researchers interested in factors that influence people's performance identified an
interaction effect between stress level and the difficulty of the task. Performance on easy
tasks was relatively better under high stress than under low stress; performance on
difficult tasks was relatively better under low stress than under high stress. The
researchers further found that the interaction effect of stress and difficulty was more
pronounced for men than for women. The combined effect of the stress, difficulty, and
gender independent variables represents a

Select one:
a.
Triple or three-way interaction effect.
b.
Ceiling (men) and floor (women) effect.
c.
Simple main effect.
d.
Modified main effect.

Question 45
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An effective treatment is identified in an ABAB (reversal) design when

Select one:
a.
Behavior after the intervention is at the same level as the baseline in both the first and
second AB stages.
b.
Behavior after the intervention is different from the baseline in both the first and the
second AB stages.
c.
Behavior after the intervention is different from the baseline in the first AB stage, but not
in the second AB stage.
d.
Behavior after the intervention is different from the baseline in the second AB stage, but
not in the first AB stage.

Question 46
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When each level of one independent variable is combined with each level of a second
independent variable, the combination of these two variables is called
Select one:
a.
A complete design.
b.
An interaction effect.
c.
Counterbalanced combination.
d.
Factorial combination.

Question 47
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The procedure for using block randomization in an independent groups experiment with
three conditions (A, B, C) and 60 subjects is to

Select one:
a.
Generate one random order of conditions (e.g., ACB) and test the first 20 subjects in
condition A, the second 20 subjects in condition C, and the last 20 subjects in condition
B.
b.
Select intact groups of 20 subjects each and randomly assign the groups to condition A,
B, or C.
c.
Generate sixty random orders of the conditions, one for each subject.
d.
Generate twenty random orders of the conditions (e.g., ACB, BAC) and assign subjects
one block at a time (i.e., 3 subjects in the first block, 3 in the second block, and so on).

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 Question text
Which of the following is an advantage of the case study method?

Select one:
a.
Case studies complement the idiographic study of behavior.
b.
Case studies are a source of ideas and hypotheses about behavior.
c.
Case studies are a source of definitive evidence in support of theoretical assumptions.
d.
Case studies provide cause-and-effect inferences for clinical treatments.

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Case studies have been used successfully to study individuals with brain disorders and
individuals with exceptional memory abilities. These studies illustrate the use of the case
study method to

Select one:
a.
Test a clinical innovation.
b.
Apply the nomothetic approach.
c.
Study rare phenomena.
d.
Provide conclusive evidence for a particular theory.

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 Question text
The following table includes the results of a 2 x 2 design in which one independent
variable was the gender of a research confederate leading a group discussion (male or
female) and the second independent variable was the outcome of the group
performance (success or failure). Both variables were manipulated by the experimenter
using random groups designs. The dependent variable was participants' rating of the
confederate leading the discussion. There is an interaction effect in this experiment.
Which of the following statements is appropriate for describing the interaction effect?

Select one:
a.
The effect of the type of outcome depends on the gender of the confederate.
b.
Both statements are appropriate to describe the interaction effect.
c.
The effect of gender of the confederate depends on the type of outcome.
d.
Neither statement is appropriate to describe the interaction effect.