Yarn manufacturing

By Tekalgn M.

ጥቅምት/2015 ዓ/ም
October/2022 G.C.

1
 Textile terms
• SPINNING:
• The extrusion of a solution of fiber-forming substances through holes in a spinneret
to form filaments (fiber spinning)
• The process or processes used in the production of single yarns.
• The process of converting staple or short lengths of fibers, into continuous yarn or
thread. (yarn spinning)
• YARN
• A generic term for a continuous strand of textile fibers, filaments, or
material in a form suitable for knitting, weaving, braiding, or otherwise
intertwining to form a
textile fabric.
• TWIST
• The number of turns about its axis per unit of length of a yarn, or textile
strand.
• Twist is expressed as turns per inch (tpi), turns per meter (tpm) or turns
per centimeter (tpc)

2
 Raw material properties and spinning Technologies
• Raw material represents about 50 - 75 % of the • Textile fibers’ diameter is
manufacturing cost of a short-staple yarn undetermined
• significance of the raw material for the yarn
producer • Therefore fiber and yarn fineness
• Fiber fineness determined by weigh to length ratio
• one of the three most important fiber 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑔
characteristics (length and strength) • 𝑡𝑒𝑥 = ∗ 1000
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑚)
• Determines how many fibers are present in the
cross-section of yarn of a given thickness. 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑔
• A multitude of fibers in the cross-section provide
• 𝑡𝑒𝑥 =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝐾𝑚)
high strength and better distribution in the yarn. Mic VALUE FINENESS
• Minimum spinning limit 30 but usually >100 up to 3.1 very fine
fibers 3.1 - 3.9 fine
• Influences medium (premium
4.0 - 4.9
• spinning limit range)
• drape of the fabric
• Yarn strength 5.0 - 5.9 slightly coarse
• luster
• yarn evenness above 6 coarse
• handle
• yarn fullness • productivity of the process.
Conversion factor: dtex = Mic × 0.394 3
 Conti…

Fiber maturity Fiber length • 4 - 5 mm = will be lost

• The cotton fiber consists of cell wall and lumen • 12 - 15 mm
• It influences:
• maturity index is dependent upon the thickness of • do not contribute
• spinning limit strength but only to
this cell wall
• yarn strength fullness of the yarn
• Immature fibers never have • yarn evenness • >15mm = important
• Adequate strength
• handle of the product
• Adequate longitudinal stiffness this lead to:
• luster of the product
• loss of yarn strength
• yarn hairiness
• Neppiness
• Productivity (influenced by)
• a high proportion of short fibers
• the end-breakage rate
• varying dyeability
• the quantity of waste

4
 Conti…
Fiber strength
Fiber elongation
• predominant characteristic • permanent elongation (plastic elongation)
• fiber does not return on relaxation
• most of the fibers are not usable for textiles
because of inadequate strength • elastic elongation
• fiber does return on relaxation
• Because fibers are binds in to yarn by twisting
• breaking elongation
• New spinning running speed is high • Extension of the fiber until it breaks
• Except for hydrophobic fibers (polyester, • permanent elongation and elastic elongation
polypropylene fibers) strength is moisture- together
dependent. • Form best deformation and recovery elastic
elongation is important for textile materials
• As moisture increase strength of:
• cotton fiber elongation
• Cellulosic fibers increase
• below 5.0 % = very low
• polyamide fiber decrease • 5.0 - 5.8 % = low
• Some significant breaking strengths of fibers are: • 5.9 - 6.7 % = average
• polyester fiber 35 - 60 cN/tex • 6.8 - 7.6 % = high
• above 7.6 % = very high
• cotton 15 - 40 cN/tex
• wool 12 - 18 cN/tex 5
 Conti…

Stiffness/slenderness ratio Fiber cleanness

• plays a significant role in rolling, revolving, and • Vegetable matter • Other foreign matter
twisting movements • husk portions • metal fragments
• too stiff has difficulty • seed fragments • cloth fragments
• dependent upon • stem fragments • packing material
• fiber substance • leaf fragments
• the relationship between fiber length • wood fragments
• and fiber fineness. • Mineral material • up to 1.2 % = very clean
• Earth • 1.2 - 2.0 % = clean
• Slenderness ratio = Fiber length/Fiber diameter
• Sand • 2.1 - 4.0 % = medium
• ore dust picked up in transport • 4.1 - 7.0 % = dirty
• dust picked up in transport • 7.1 % and more = very
• Sticky contaminations dirty
• honeydew (insect sugar)
• grease, oil, tar
• additives

6
 Conti…
Chemical deposits
Neps Dust (sticky substances)
• Neps are small entanglements or knots of
fibers • small and
• There are two types of neps microscopic particles • Common sticky substance in
• fiber neps • Transporting in air cotton is called honey dew
• small knots that consist only of fibers with fiber • this is a secretion of white
• seedcoat neps • stress on personnel fly
• small knots containing foreign • dust is unpleasant • or the plants themselves
particles such as husk, seed or leaf (for eyes and nose)
fragments • allergies • Resist fiber opening and stick on
• amount of neps depends on • it can induce machine parts
• Maturitiy respiratory disease
• fiber fineness
• The processing method
• produced by picking and hard ginning
• up to 150 = very low • 350 - 450 = high;
• 150 - 250 = low • above 550 = very high
• 250 - 350 = average
7
 Conti…
Fiber characteristics which affect yarn breaking
force properties
Relative importance of the fiber
influences
• Influence of fiber parameters
• Differs for the individual spinning
systems,
• new or conventional

8
 Ginning
• Cotton fibers are produced in the seed pods (“bolls”) Objectives
of the cotton plant
• Remove seed from lint
• as a result, the fibers (“lint”) in the bolls are
interspersed with the seeds • Cleaning
• So it is necessary to separate the “seed” from “lint” • Remove foreign matters
• Ginning is the first mechanical process involved in • Compressing and packing bales for
processing cotton easy transportation
• Used to separate cotton fibers from their seeds • Control moisture

Input process Out put

Lint (cotton fiber)

Seed/raw cotton Ginning

Cotton seed
9
 Types of ginning

Saw ginning
• separates the lint from the seed by pulling fibers by
saws through ribs.
• consists of a series of circular saws ( 305-407 mm in
diameter)
• mounted closely on an axle
• revolve at high speed to tear the lint away from a roll
of seed cotton.
• bars or ribs prevent the seed from going forward.
• the saw projects slightly between bars or ribs
• seed falls through a grid into a collecting box (
conveyer).
• lint is removed from teeth of the saws by high-speed
brushes or an air blast.
• used for short and medium staple cotton i.e. up to
28 mm
10
 Conti…
Roller ginning
- most suitable for ginning
- medium, long and extra long staple cotton varieties-
- b/c gentle as compared to saw ginning Principle of seed
separation:
- gripping and stretching of fiber though rollers/blades.
- consists of :
- Roller(leather surface) - to carry the seed cotton to a
stationary knife
- Stationary knife: prevents passing of seeds.
- reciprocating knife /rotary knife- beats the seed so that the
fibers are separated by a stretching action.
- due to a push-pull-hit action fibers are separated from the
seeds.
- Roller Gin preserves fiber length whereas Saw Gins have the
inherent
- disadvantage of breaking fiber, increasing short fiber
content and creating neps which are detrimental to lint spin
ability.
11
Machine sequence

12
 Machine sequence

1. Feeder
• The stationary head feeder employs a 2. Dryer
dispersing head with spiked rollers for
breaking apart the module. • heated air conveys the cotton
• modules are transported to the through the shelves for 10-15 sec.
stationary dispersing head on a series of
beds • Fiber breaking force increases
• The stationary dispersing head is with fiber moisture content
equipped with a series of horizontal
spiked cylinders • But excessive fiber dryness cause
• that remove cotton from the face of the brittleness which results in fiber
module and deposit the cotton onto a
conveyor or into an airline for breakage, thereby shortening the
mechanical or pneumatic conveying to staple length
the gin.

13
 Conti…
3. Cylinder Cleaner

• Here the foreign mater are gets remove

from the seed cotton
• Cleaners have spiked cylinders and
woven wire screens, perforated metal,
or paralleled grid bars over which the
cotton is scrubbed. This permits the
finer types of trash to be shifted out by
gravity.

14
 Conti…
4. Extractor Feeder

• It is used to feed seed cotton to the gin

stand uniformly and at controllable
rates,
• with extracting and cleaning as a
secondary function

15
 5. Gin Stand
• It is the heart of the ginning plant
• There are two types of ginning
❖ Saw and roller ginning

1. Saw projection through huller rib

2. Brush to saw, depth of saw teeth
3. Mote board to saw
4. Mote board to brush
5. Overhead mote lip to saw
 6. Lint Cleaner
• It removes foreign matter from ginned lint
• Saw-type lint cleaners are most common
because of their higher cleaning efficiency
for upland cotton varieties
 7. Bale Press
• The cleaned cotton is compressed into
bales
• compacted in one press box by a
mechanical or hydraulic tramper
• and the bale is packed to control
external fiber contamination
Yarn production
systems

19
Blow room (blowing process)
Objectives Opening
• Opening is the breaking up of the fiber mass into tufts
• Opening • It creates a new surface for cleaning
• Large and heavy enough foreign matters drop through the void created
• Cleaning by opening
• Opening stages
• Mixing/Blending • opening to flocks:
• in the blow room
• opening to fibers (individualization):
• in the card and OE spinning machine
• opening out
• volume of the flock is increased while the number of fibers
remains constant
• is needed for blending and aligning
• breaking apart
• two or more flocks are formed from one flock without changing
the specific density
• Breaking apart would suffice for cleaning

20
 Conti…
opening devices

(For fiber individualization)

𝑷∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
Intensity ofOpening (I)=𝟔𝟎∗𝒏𝒃∗𝑵
where I = intensity of opening (mg)
P = production rate (kg/h)
(Outdated) nb = beater speed (rpm)
N = number of strikers 21
 Some examples of cleaning devices
• Grid and mote knives
Cleaning
• Cleaning is the removal of unnecessary trash
(Dirt, dust, foreign matter, and neps) by:
• mechanical cleaning
• Pneumatic cleaning
• Air currents
• chemical cleaning (e.g. Wool scouring ) • By an imbalance of centrifugal and aerodynamic forces on the
• wet cleaning (washing) particles (e.g. in carding aid Q bags)

• This is achieved mostly by:

• picking flocks out of the feed material
• by rapid acceleration of these flocks over a
grid
• Machine harvested cotton has more impurities
• Thus it requires intensive ginning • By perforated screen (e.g. in uni-store)
•

• New spinning systems require more intensive

cleaning than of conventional

22
 Degree of cleaning
Cleaning efficiency
• This is the percentage of the impurities removed • In mechanical cleaning loss of some good fibers is an
from the fiber mass unavoidable loss
• When considering this fiber loss, we can refer to the
cleaning efficiency (effective cleaning)
𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊𝑜 ∗ 100
Degree of cleaning (DC) =
𝑊𝑖𝑛 CE=
𝑊𝑇−𝑊𝐹 ∗100
𝑊𝑇
• Where
Win and Wo = respectively mass of the
impurities in the fiber at the input and output
to a machine
DC= degree of cleaning CE= cleaning efficiency
WT = mass of waste
WF= mass fiber in the waste

23
 Conti…
Mixing/ blending

• Natural fibers are inherently heterogeneous in their

characteristics
• The mixing of different quality fibers of the same type is a
well-established technique for achieving quality and
economic advantage
• To produce a more uniform and consistent product
• Blending of dissimilar fibers for improved appearance,
comfort, and performance
• To improve particular aesthetic or functional properties
such as color, feel, strength or insulation

24
 Operational sequence in blow room
Bale opening
• It is a pre-opening process
• The machine should be able to
• Extract the material evenly from each bales

• Open the material gently to the smallest flocks

• Blend/mix the material right at the start of the

process

Automatic bale opening machines

• Extract material from top to bottom.
• first generation automatic bale opening machines
were stationary, while bales are going to move.
• Traveling machines have the advantage that more bales
can be processed
• thus a better long-term blend is achieved.
25
Automatic bale opener

26
 Conti… 1. Cleaning cylinder
2. Cleaning grid
3. Airlock cylinder
coarse cleaning” (pre-cleaners) 4. Material feed
5. Material outlet
• These machines are preceded by the opening machines 6. Exhaust air to filter
• which create a large quantity of tufts, i.e. large surface 7. Waste removal
areas
• In Rieter B 12 UNI clean the material
• forced to pass over the grid five times, always presenting
new surface areas to it.
• also pass over a specially arranged perforated sheet fi ve
times
• The chamber behind this sheet is a low-pressure chamber.
• The air suction through this sheet provides very efficient
dedusting.
• The waste is collected inside the machine and fed to the
waste transport via an airlock cylinder.
• Intermittent suction and connection to continuous suction is
possible. The airlock prevents good fibers from being sucked
through the grid during waste removal.
UNIclean

28
 Conti…
Mixing/blending machines
• It is made up of three parts
• storage section
• intermediate chamber
• delivery section
• Tufts are fed pneumatically and
simultaneously into eight chutes
• The conveyor belt feeds the stock through the
intermediate chamber to the spiked lattice.
• The material columns are thus diverted from The Trützschler Multiple Mixer
the vertical into the horizontal.
• This 90° deflection in the material flow
also produces a shift in the timing and
spatial distribution of the fiber packages Rieter UNI-mix
• different distances from the individual
chutes to the lattice
• chute 1: short distance; at chute 8:
long distance
• This creates mixing/blending
30
 1. Material feed
UNI blend 2. Dedusting and air
extraction
3. Air to filter unit
4. Dosage unit
• It is the an other way for blending in blow room 5. Component layers
6. Take-off unit
• In addition to 7. Inverter-controlled
❖ bale management and draw frame blending transport fan
8. Control cabinet
• As with the UNI-mix, several chutes are arranged
side by side
• but every chute has its own, separate feed
• at the bottom with an independent
metering device
• therefore, drops a precisely measured quantity
of material onto the collecting conveyer belt,
• which again forwards the accurately
metered material stock to the take-off unit
 Dust removal(fine cleaner ) machines

Dedusting (dust removal) UNI-flex fine cleaner

• It has to stage dedusting
❖ At the aluminum
• Dust is light enough and membrane/lamellae with slot-
adheres to the surface of the openings through which the air
fiber difficult to removal can escape
1. Aluminum membrane
• It can be done by ❖ and at the perforated drum
2. Perforated
• Fiber-to-fiber friction
3. Feed through/roller • It is used for condensing the fiber
• Fiber-to-metal friction
4. Grids chute
• direct and indirect means of
5. Opening cylinder
dust removal:
6. Air outlet
• pneumatic transport in
itself
• perforated drums
• non-rotating perforated
surfaces
• circulating perforated
belts
 UNI-store feeding machine 1. Material input
• UNI-store is used as a storage, dedusting and feeder 2. Material discharge
machine in the blow room. 3. Opening rollers
4. Feed rollers
• Its main purpose is to provide intermediate storage for
5. Perforated metal plate for air discharge
material in order to ensure trouble-free blow room
operation. 6. Light barrier for monitoring material
height
• Long piping distances are frequently found to interfere 7. Open exhaust air transfer
with the smooth running of the processes and
intermediate storage is necessary in many cases.
• UNI-store is used where a mixing opener proves
unsuitable for financial, technical or technological
reasons.
• The integration of a mesh screen filter inside the UNI-
store eliminates the transport air, and creates an
efficient dedusting.
• The structure of the feeding and opening unit
guarantees gentle fiber opening
 condenser
• A condenser can be deployed at various
positions in the blow room line
• The fiber tufts hit the sieve drum located in the
condenser at high speed.
• The tufts are freed of dust and dirt particles
(trash)
• The good quality of the tufts after dedusting
has a
positive effect on the end spinning process.
This is primarily apparent with the rotor
spinning
 Metal and Spark Detector

• identifies all types of magnetic and nonmagnetic

metallic particles
• The device is easy to integrate into the
blow room line
• With the highly sensitive infrared spark
detection system,
• sparks and embers that are identified in the
fiber tufts are removed immediately
• and placed into the large collection
container with an integrated extinguishing
system.
• The spark sensors are self-monitoring and send
an alarm as soon as cleaning is required.
• This increases the reliability of spark
detection
Metal and spark protection device
(combination device)
Carding
• materials arrive at the carding stage in the form of small tufts
composed of entangled fibers
• Carding is the action of reducing tufts of entangled fibers into
a filmy web of individual fibers
• by working the tufts between closely spaced surfaces
clothed with opposing sharp points.
• Machines used to carry out this work are called cards
• Technologists called that
• “card is the heart of the
spinning mill’’
• “Well carded is half spun’’
• Carding has a high correlation to quality and productivity.
• Productivity Vs quality have an inverse relationship in carding
• The higher speed of carding sever the material
• The slowest process leads to less productivity
 Carding
The tasks of the card

• Opening into individual fibers • Elimination of dust

• in the blow room dust particles are directly
• In blow room raw material opens into tufts extracted by suction
• the card must open to the stage of individual • Whereas in carding dust particles are removed by
fibers fiber/metal or fiber/fiber friction
• to enable impurities to be eliminated • Disentangling neps
• Neps increases from machine to machine in the
• Elimination of impurities blow room
• mainly but not exclusively occurs in the region of • card reduces the remaining number to a small
fraction
the licker-in
• small part of the contaminants is carried along • Only a fraction of the neps leaves the machine
with the flat strippings unopened via the flat strippings
• An improvement in the disentangling of neps is
• degree of cleaning achieved by blow room and obtained by:
carding is about 95 - 99 %. • reducing fiber density on the cylinder by using
larger cylinder widths;
• But carded sliver still contains 0.05 - 0.3 % of
• closer spacing between the clothing surfaces;
foreign matter.
• sharper clothing;
• optimal (not too low) licker-in speeds;
• low doffer speeds;
• lower throughput.
 Carding
The tasks of the card
• Elimination of short fibers • Fiber blending
• Except in open-end spinning carding is the only
• Short fibers can only be eliminated if machine pen the fibers to individual stage
they are pressed into • This individualization allows to fiber to fiber
blending/mixing
and retained in the clothing • fiber-to-fiber mixing is achieved in the formation
of the web
• long fibers have long contact surface
• Fiber orientation
than of short fibers • It is true that a parallel condition is achieved on
• thus long fibers run with the surface of the main cylinder,
• but it disappears during the formation of the
the main cylinder web between the cylinder and the doffer
• when short fibers adhere to flat and • Thus, the card can be given the task of creating a
remove by flat striping partial longitudinal orientation
• but not that of creating parallelization
• Sliver formation
• For effective handling and transportation of the
material it is necessary to produce an intermediate
product called sliver.
Operating Principle of Card
1= material supply Pipe ducting
2= Feed chute
• feed the chute to carding
3= A transport roller
• forwards material to the feed
arrangement
4 =Feed arrangement (feed plate and feed
roller)
• pushes the sheet of fibers slowly into
the taker-in/licker-in
5=Taker-in/licker-in.
• Open flocks intensively with grids and
transfer to main cylinder
6=Grid equipment (beating the flock for
cleaning)
Operating Principle of Card
8 =Main cylinder
• Opening of flock to fiber with flat/bars
7 =Suction ducts
• Remove waste from grids
10=Flats
• Opening and short fiber removal
9& 12= Bars (carding aids)
• Aid the flock opening by increasing carding surface
14= Doffer
• combines the fibers into a web because of its lower
peripheral speed relative to the main cylinder.
• A stripping device draws the web from the doffer
15=Crushing rollers
• Crush any remaining trash before the web is
condensed to form a sliver.
16 =Calendar rollers (compressed the sliver to some
extent)
17= Can
18 =Coiler
 Feeding system/device

One-piece chute without opening system Two-piece chute with opening system
• complex
• Simple
• Expensive
• Uncomplicated
• Delivers even and well-
• Economical opened batt
• Needs little maintenance • The transport air escapes
via
• Comply meeting the a perforated sheet and is
required performance carried away by a suction
duct.
Conti…

• Fiber tufts are fed uniformly to the card chute with

integrated fi ne cleaning.
• The fiber tufts are separated from the transport air in
the upper section of the card chute (1, 2) and form an
initial homogeneous batt.
• A feed roller with a feed trough (4) and a needled cylinder
(3) produces small tufts and thus a large tuft surface.
• The integrated mote knife immediately eliminates the
exposed trash particles.
• The released tufts are blown into the lower section (5)
of the shaft by means of an additional controlled air
current and condensed there into a homogeneous batt.

• The perforated rear wall at this point permits additional

dedusting of the tufts.
 Feed device to the licker-in
Conventional system Feed in the same direction as licker-in rotation
• It has feed plate and feed roller • Diversion in conventional system
• Feed roller pressed against the feed plate decrease the gentle fiber treatment
• Feed plate has nose like upper edge
(deflector) which used to hold the bat • This overcome by unidirectional feed
• Sharp deflector has good fiber retention system
but not gentle opening
• Over round deflector has poor fiber • Arrangement is opposite to the
retention and poor opening conventional system
1. Feed plate (@ top)
1. Feed plate
2. Feed roller (@ bottom)
2. Feed roller
3. Licker in
3. Licker in
4. mote knife
5. Grid
 The licker-in
• cast roller with a diameter usually of around 250 mm
• Beneath the licker-in there is grid elements or carding segments;
• above it is a protective casing of sheet metal.
• rotation speeds range of 800 - 2 000 rpm for cotton and about 600 rpm for synthetics.
• Its main objective is to further reduce the tufts into small bunches of
fibers.
• During the opening process embedded waste like seed particles, leaf and
very small fibers get released and separated Single licker-in, Rieter C 60 card

• trash mote knife with suction unit is assigned

to the licker in
• Functions of licker in
❑ Transfer of fibers to the main cylinder
1. licker-in ❑ Elimination of waste
2. mote knife
3. carding plate • Doffing/point to back wire disposition
❑ carding plates with
special clothing (3a)

Fig. Carding segments under the licker-in Rieter C 51 card

 Auxiliary carding devices (carding aids)
Increase in the number of lickers-in

• As main cylinder speed increase • The standard card has only one licker-in
production increase • Multi licker in improve the opening/carding performance
• But fiber damage also increase • Speeds must be increased in the throughflow direction
• To solve this two choices • Or increase the velocity by increasing the diameter
❖ Increase working width (surface) • It include sharp-edged grid blades to scrap off the
❖ Use more licker ins impurities
❖ fitting of additional carding plates • For fine, long fibers mostly only one licker-in is used.

Q bags with
suction tube

Three lickers-in on the Rieter C 60 card

 Conti..
Carding bars/fixed
Carding plates or carding bars (carding aids) flats
• carding aids can be applied at three positions
❖ under the licker-in
❖ between the licker-in and the flats
❖ between the flats and the doffer.
• Plates are used in the licker-in zone
• Bars are being located increasingly in the
region of the main cylinder
• carding devices are design with different
components
❖ mote knives, guiding element and suction tubes
• These additional devices reduce the loading
on the carding zone cylinder/flats
❖ This enables improved dirt and dust elimination
❖ Improve fiber transfer
❖ improved disentangling of neps
❖ Increase the production

Carding plates
 Main cylinder

• manufactured from cast iron, sometimes from steel.

• diameter of 1280 - 1 300 mm
• supported in roller bearings.
• the narrowest setting distance between the cylinder
and the doffer is only about 0.1 mm.
• Beneath the cylinder closed sheet metal casing
❖ In modern machines there are no grids because of
the cleaning effect is very less
• A closed sheet gives better fiber orientation and reduce
the number of neps at high cylinder speeds
• Knives in the flat specially formed as a knife
blade for waste removal
❖ Waste amount depends the spacing between the
flat and cylinder (inverse proportion)
❖ Short fibers loss as waste on flat
 Flats
• number of individual clothing strips
secured to the bars of
the flats
• The bars of the flats must be joined
together to form an endless,
circulating belt

A modern flat construction

 Main cylinder/Flats

• This “carding action”:

• Separates individual fibres,
• Opens entangled fibres,
• Separates and retains the neps in the flats,
• Frees / removes trash particles and vegetable matter from the fibres,
• Removes dust collected in the flat strips,
• Orients the fibres in the direction of the cylinder movement
 Doffer

• The fibres are removed from the cylinder by the “doffer”. The cylinder and
doffer surfaces move in the same direction at the transfer zone.
• The doffer rotates at a considerably slower surface speed than does the
cylinder and consequently fibres accumulate on the doffer wire.
 Card Clothing and Wire Point Disposition

Card Clothing – refers to the large no. of points/pins covering

cylinder surfaces.
• Card clothing can be either flexible or rigid metallic clothing.

i. Flexible Clothings- returns to their original position when

load is removed.
Eg. Flat wire clothings

Flexible clothing
ii. Rigid metallic clothing
• Can withstand high strain when m/c runs faster. Found in main
cylinder, taker-in and doffer.

Rigid metallic clothing

 Wire point disposition
• Wire points b/n two surfaces in action of carding m/c are in
two forms.
a. Point to point disposition:
- teeth are oppositely directed
- found b/n main cylinder & flat and main cylinder & doffer.
- uses to drawn apart, separate and aline fibers (
individualization and web formation)
 Point to back disposition
• The teeth are similarly directed
• Used to transfer fiber from one surface to an other.
• Found b/n taker-in and main cylinder.

Point to point dispositions Pont to back dispositions

 Production calculation

Production =

Production – g/time
Delivery speed( m/min)

= efficiency
Draw frame
Objectives

1.To parallelize the fiber of the card sliver

and align them to the axes of the sliver
through the drafting process
2.To improve the regularity in sliver
weight /length
3.To mix different slivers
4.To straighten out the fiber
5.To improve uniformity and evenness
 Tasks of draw frame
Stages of draw frame
❖ Equalizing
Breaker draw frame
❖ Parallelizing
• During this process 8 slivers produced by
carding machine are parallelized to produce one ❖ Blending
sliver ❖ Dust removal
Finisher draw frame Action involved in draw frame
• It is done to give further strength and stability to ❖ Drafting : increasing length per unit weight
the sliver.
❖ Doubling: combining two or more carded sliver into a
• The drawn sliver from the breaker draw frame is single form
again drawn.
❖ Drawing: Drawing =Drafting + Doubling
 Main parts of the draw frame
❖ Creel Section
❖ Drafting Section
❖ Sliver Condensing Section
❖ Coiler Section
❖ Suction Section
60