DANCE

NOTES – PAGE 1-20 (MOST IMPORTANT)

By -
AMIT BHARDWAZ & ARJUN

DANCE NOTES
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INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCES

Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary
sources, sculpture and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on
dance in India.
§ Contemporary classical dance forms have evolved out of the musical
play or sangeet-nataka performed from the 12th century to the 19th
century.
§ The Indian classical dances have two basic aspects - Tandava
(movement & rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa).
§ The three main components are-
o Natya (the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the imitation
of characters)
o Nritta (the dance movements in their basic form)
o Nritya (expressional component i.e. mudras or gestures).
§ The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear,
Disgust, Wonder and Peace. The Natya Shastra written by Bharat
Muni is the most prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for
establishing the characteristics of the dances.

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CLASSICAL DANCES OF INDIA

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1. BHARATNATYAM (TAMIL NADU)

§ The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of
textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body
movement in Bharatnatyam Dance.
§ Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes
on many roles in a single performance.
§ Bharatanatyam of Tamil Nadu in southern India has grown out of the
art of dancers dedicated to temples, and was earlier known as SADIR
OR DASI ATTAM.
§ It is the first of India's traditional dances to be refashioned as a theatre
art and to be exhibited widely both at home and abroad.
§ The dance involves transitional movements of leg, hip and arm.
Expressive eye movements and hand gestures are used to convey
emotions.
§ The accompanying orchestra consists of a vocalist, a mridangam
player, violinist or veena player, a flautist and a cymbal player.
Bharatnatyam was performed by certain families of the Tanjore district
and these inheritors were known as 'Nattuvanar'. The term nattuvanar
connotes a man who accompanied the devadasi dance in the capacity
of a dance master, music conductor, and vocal percussionist.
§ In its usual form the dance is generally broken into seven main parts –
Alarippu, Jatiswaran, Shabda, Varna, Pada, Thillana and Sloka.
§ Bharatnatyam poses are depicted on the gopurams of the
Chidambaram temple (Tamil Nadu).
§ Meenakshi Srinivasan (born 11 June 1971) is an Indian classical dancer
and choreographer, and an exponent of the Pandanallur style of
Bharatnatyam. The music associated with Bharatanatyam is in South

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India‟s Carnatic style and instruments played comprise of cymbals, the

flute, along pipe horn called nagaswaram, a drum called mridangam
and veena.
§ E. Krishna Iyer and Rukmini Devi Arundale had played a significant role
in helping the dance regain its lost popularity and position.
§ Rukmini Devi Arundale was the first of women classical dancer in
independent India to be nominated as member to the Rajya Sabha. She
was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1956. She was also awarded the
Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship in 1967.
§ Narthaki Nataraj is an Indian transwoman Bharatanatyam dancer. In
2019, she was awarded the Padma Shri, making her the first
transgender woman to be awarded India's fourth-highest civilian
award.
§ Sonal Mansingh (born 30 April 1944) is an Indian classical dancer and
Guru Bharatanatyam and Odissi dancing style. She has
been nominated by the President of India to become a Member of
Parliament, Rajya Sabha. She is the youngest recipient of Padma
Bhushan in 1992 and Padma Vibhushan in 2003.
§ The Shanmukhananda Sangeetha Sabha, Mumbai,conferred the title
Sangeetha Kala Vibhushan, and presented the National Eminence
Award to veteran Bharatanatyam couple Shanta and V.P. Dhananjayan.
Shantan and VP Dhananjayan were awarded the Rashtriya Kalidas
Samman for 2020-21 for significant contribution to Bharatnatyam
dance.
§ Other important exponents are Alarmel Valli, Shobana Chandrakumar,
T Balasaraswati, Padma Bhushan C V Chandrasekhar.
§ Considered one of India's eminent classical dancers, Dr Ananda
Shankar Jayant is also a choreographer and dance scholar. For her
contribution to the field of classical dance, she was conferred the
Padma Shri and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar for
Bharatanatyam.
§ A multifaceted artist, Yamini Krishnamurthy received many awards for
her work, including the Padma Shri (1968), the Sangeet Natak Akademi
Award (1977), and the Padma Bhushan (2001). The title of Asthana
Narthaki (“Resident Dancer”) was bestowed upon her by the Tirumala
Tirupathi Devasthanam temple. She published an autobiography (with
Renuka Khandekar), A Passion for Dance, in 1995. She is also an
exponent of Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi and Odissi dance.
§ Guru MK Saroja has been conferred with the Padma Shri for the
relentless pursuit of Bharatnatyam dance.

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KATHAK (NORTH INDIA)

§ The word Kathak has been derived from the word Katha which means
a story.
§ It was primarily a temple or village performance wherein the dancers
narrated stories from ancient scriptures.
§ Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries with the spread of the bhakti movement.
§ The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called rasa
lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures of the kathak
story-tellers.
§ Under the Mughal emperors and their nobles, Kathak was performed
in the court, where it acquired its present features and developed into
a form of dance with a distinctive style.
§ Under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, it
grew into a major art form.
§ Usually a solo performance, the dancer often pauses to recite verses
followed by their execution through movement.
§ The focus is more on footwork; the movements are skillfully controlled
and performed straight legged by dancers wearing ankle-bells.
§ Kathak is the only form of classical dance wedded to Hindustani or the
North Indian music.
§ Binda din Maharaj was born in 1830. He is believed to be the originator
of his Gharana, popularly and widely known as Lucknow Gharana. He
together with his brother Kalika Prasad, brought a renaissance in
Kathak and raised it to a high level.

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§ Birju Maharaj, in full Brijmohan Nath Mishra Maharaj, (born February

4, 1938—died January 16, 2022, New Delhi, India), Indian dancer, a
master of the kathak form and a leading exponent of the Kalka-
Bindadin gharana (community of musicians sharing a distinctive
musical style) of Lucknow. Kathak Maestro Pt. Birju Maharaj
established Kalashram focuses on imparting training in the field of
Kathak & associated disciplines.
§ Famous classical dancer Vidyagauri Adkar is recognised with Jaipur
Gharana of Indian classical dance form.
§ Lady Leela Sokhey (Menaka) revived the classical style. Some
prominent dancers include Birju Maharaj, Sitara Devi.
§ Shambhu Maharaj belongs to Lucknow Gharana. He was a Guru of the
Indian classical dance form, Kathak. He was honoured with the Sangeet
Natak Akademi Fellowship in 1967 and the Padmashri in 1958.
§ Pandit Sunder Prasad who was awarded with the Sangeet Natak
Akademi Award in 1959 was a Kathak dancer.
§ Uma Sharma (born 1942) is a kathak dancer, choreographer and
teacher. She is also runs the Bharatiya Sangeet Sadan, Delhi, a classical
dance and music academy, situated in New Delhi, founded by her father
in 1946. She is most known for reviving the old classical dance form
of Natwari Nritya or the Raslila of Brindavan, which later evolved into
the Kathak.
§ Other exponents include Shovana Narayan, Kamalini Asthana, Nalini
Ashthana.

KATHAKALI (KERALA)

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§ Chakiarkoothu, Koodiyattam, Krishnattam and Ramanattam are few of
the ritual performing arts of Kerala which have had a direct influence
on Kathakali in its form and technique.
§ Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories,
which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics.
§ Heavy make-up and stunning costumes (elaborate masks, huge skirts
and big head-dresses) are used.
§ The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the stories
with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists narrate the legend
and the percussionists play the musical instruments.
§ Different facial colours indicate different mental stages & character, e.g.
green – nobility, black – wicked, red patches – combining royalty & evil.
§ Hand gestures, facial expressions and eye movements are important.
§ Weight of the body is on the outer edges of the feet which are slightly
bent and curved.
§ Ramankutty Nair, Guru Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair and
Kalamandalam Gopi were the prominent artists.
§ Due to service done by the poet Vallatol Narayana Menon, the Kathakali
dance form received a new impetus and today, many innovations are
also being made to suit the needs changing society.

KUCHIPUDI (ANDHRA PRADESH)

§ Kuchipudi is the name of a village in the Krishna district of Andhra
Pradesh which has a very long tradition of dance-drama. It was known
under the generic name of Yakshagaana.
§ In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived
by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary Yakshagaana
tradition being guided by his guru Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who
composed the Krishna-Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit.
§ It is performed as dance drama i.e. performance in groups and also as
solo items.
§ Costumes, ornaments and jewellery occupy an important place.
§ The solo items are Manduka Shabdam (story of frog maiden),
Balgopala Taranga (dance on the edges of brass plate with a pitcher full
of water on head) and Tala Chitra Nritya (drawing pictures with
dancing toes).
§ The Guru of kuchipudi dance form ‘Guru Vempati Chinna Satyam’ who
was instrumental in getting classical status to kuchipudi was conferred
Padma Bhushnan awards in 1998.
§ Padma Shri Gaddam Padmaja Reddy, Yamini Krishnamurthy, Haleem
Khan, Radha Reddy and Raja Reddy are prominent dancers.

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§ A multifaceted artist, Yamini Krishnamurthy received many awards for

her work, including the Padma Shri (1968), the Sangeet Natak Akademi
Award (1977), and the Padma Bhushan (2001). The title of Asthana
Narthaki (“Resident Dancer”) was bestowed upon her by the Tirumala
Tirupathi Devasthanam temple. She published an autobiography (with
Renuka Khandekar), A Passion for Dance, in 1995. She is also an
exponent of Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi and Odissi dance.
§ Deepika Reddy, an accomplished Kuchipudi dancer, received the
prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for her contribution to
Kuchupudi dance for the last 47 years from President Ram Nath
Kovind at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
§ Celebrated dancer Aparna Satheesan, an exponent in Bharatanatyam
and Kuchipudi, is honoured with the prestigious National Nritya
Shiromani award for her outstanding performance, extraordinary
contribution and excellent service to the promotion, preservation and
popularization of the heritage of Indian Performing Arts in the field of
Kuchipudi dance across the world.


MOHINIYATTAM (KERALA)

§ Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) is the
classical solo dance form of Kerala.
§ References of Mohiniyattam can be found in the texts Vyavaharamala
written in 1709 by Mazhamagalam Narayanan Namputiri and
in Ghoshayatra, written later by poet Kunjan Nambiar.
§ It was structured into the present day classical format by the
Travancore Kings, Maharaja Kartika Tirunal and his successor
Maharaja Swati Tirunal (18th-19th century)
§ Mostly a solo performance by girls with circular movements, delicate
footsteps and subtle expressions.

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§ Movements have been borrowed from Nangiar Koothu and female folk
dances Kaikottikali and the Tiruvatirakali.
§ It has elements of Bharatanatyam (grace & elegance) and Kathakali
(vigour) but is more erotic, lyrical and delicate.
§ Realistic make-up and simple dressing (in Kasavu saree of Kerala) are
used.
§ The lyrics are in Manipravala (a medieval south Indian language
combining Tamil-Malayalam and Sanskrit).
§ Sunanda Nair, Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma, Padma Bhushan
Kanak Rele and Pallavi Krishnan are the notable artists.
§ Kalamandalam Kshenavathy Pavithran was conferred the Padma Shri
award for her contribution.
§ Jayaprabha Menon, eminent Mohiniyattam exponent, choreographer
and director of International Academy of Mohiniyattam, New Delhi,
had been conferred with the Devadasi National Award 2013 for
Mohiniyattam, instituted by Devadasi National Dance Festival
Committee-Bhubaneshwar for her outstanding services and
achievements in the field of Indian Classical dance form. She hails
from Kozhikode.


ODISSI (ODISHA)

§ The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of Lord
Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda.
§ A soft dance backed by soothing lyrics and is similar to Bharatanatyam
in terms of the mudras and expressions.

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§ Termed as ‘mobile sculpture’ it incorporates two major postures

- Tribhanga (the body is deflected at the neck, torso and the knees)
and Chowk (a position imitating a square).
§ Padmasri Kumkum Mohanty, Sonal Mansingh, Laxmipriya Mohapatra,
Kelucharan Mohapatra, Geeta Mahalik and Padma Shri Gangadhar
Pradhan are the eminent performers.
§ Kelucharan Mohapatra, an Odissi dancers is also a master of percussion
instruments like Mridangam, Pakhavaj and Tabla.
§ Ileana Citaristi is the first classical dancer of foreign origin (Italy) who
was conferred the Padma Shri Award in 2006 for her contribution to
Odissi. She is also a Chhau Dancer.
§ Sonal Mansingh (born 30 April 1944) is an Indian classical dancer and
Guru Bharatanatyam and Odissi dancing style. She has
been nominated by the President of India to become a Member of
Parliament, Rajya Sabha. She is the youngest recipient of Padma
Bhushan in 1992 and Padma Vibhushan in 2003.
§ Padma Shri Guru Mayadhar Raut’s pioneering spirit revived Odissi
dance in 1950s, and redefined the grammar and Abhinaya vocabulary
of the dance form. Anand Utsav is a tribute to this doyen of Odissi
dance.
§ Renowned dancer and actor Minati Mishra was conferred with the
Padma Shri for her significant contribution.

SATTRIYA (ASSAM)

§ The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century A.D by the
Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, SANKARADEVA as a medium
for propagation of the Vaishnava faith.

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§ Because of its religious character and association with the Sattras

(Vaishnava maths or monasteries), this dance style has been named
Sattriya.
§ Sattriya dance tradition is governed by strictly laid down principles in
respect of hastamudras, footworks, aharyas, music etc.
§ This tradition, has two distinctly separate streams - the Bhaona-related
repertoire starting from the Gayan-Bhayanar Nach to the Kharmanar
Nach, secondly the dance numbers which are independent, such as
Chali, Rajagharia Chali, Jhumura, Nadu Bhangi etc.
§ Among them the Chali is characterized by gracefulness and elegance,
while the Jhumura is marked by vigor and majestic beauty.
§ Sattriya Dance exponent veteran Jatin Goswami had been awarded
with the National Kalidas Award 2017 by the Madhya Pradesh
Government.

MANIPURI (MANIPUR)

§ The origin of Manipuri dance can be traced back to ancient times that
go beyond recorded history.

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§ The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional

festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva and
Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the universe.
§ Lai Haraoba is the earliest form of dance which forms the basis of all
stylised dances in Manipur.
1. Literally meaning - the merrymaking of the gods, it is
performed as a ceremonial offering of song and dance.
2. The principal performers are the maibas and
maibis (priests and priestesses) who re-enact the theme of
the creation of the world.
§ The popular Rasleela dances of Manipur originated in the reign of
18th century King Bhagyachandra.
§ Manipur dance has a large repertoire, however, the most popular forms
are the Ras, the Sankirtana and the Thang-Ta.
§ The Kirtan form of congregational singing accompanies the dance
which is known as Sankirtana in Manipur.
§ The male dancers play the Pung and Kartal while dancing.
§ The dancers do not wear ankle bells to stamp out the rhythms in a
theatrical display, as this interferes with the delicate body movements.
GURU BIPIN SINGH is often regarded as the Father of the Manipuri
Dance. In 1972, he opened the Govindji Nartanalya dance school for
women in Imphal.

§ Mainly there are 3 styles associated with the Manipuri Dance.

1. Mandal Rasak : Lord Krishna is the center of attraction while he is
surrounded by the Gopis.
2. Tai Rasak : It is mainly performed with the using of clapping.
3. Danda Rasak : A geometric pattern is created with the help of
position of the dancers and Drum are played with two sticks

§ Darshana Jhaveri, a classical Manipuri dancer, research scholar and teacher
is one of the four internationally renowned Jhaveri sisters, whose name has
become synonymous with Manipuri dance.
§ Maisnam Amubi Singh was an exponent of the Indian classical dance form
of Manipuri, and the founding supervisor of the Jawaharlal Nehru Manipuri
Dance Academy. Singh, who was credited with pioneering solo dance
in Manipuri, was the first winner of Sangeet Natak Akademi award from the
state of Manipur which he won in 1956. He was honoured by
the Government of India in 1970 with Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian
civilian award.
§ Lai Haraoba is the earliest form of the dance which originated in Manipur.
This dance form is based on the love stories of Lord Krishna and Radha.
Lai Haraoba is mainly celebrated by the Meitei community of Manipur.
§ The different types of Manipuri dance styles are Tal Rasak, Danda Rasak
and Mandal Rasak.

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§ Some of the most famous performers of this dance are Guru Bipin Singh,

Nirmala Mehta and Savita Mehta.

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• PUTHUMANA GOVINDAN NAMBOOTHIRI, chief revivalist and

exponent of THIDAMBU NRITHAM (a temple dance prevalent in Kerala)
received the KERALA STATE AWARD by Kerala Folklore Academy on
December 7, 2021. The award is presented for his commitment and
dedication for preserving the 700 year old dying ancient temple dance and
its revival, reformulation of Thidambu Nritham as a popular temple dance,
and popularization of the dance up to international level over five and a
half decades. Kerala Folklore Academy is an autonomous center for
cultural affairs constituted by the Government of Kerala and works under
the Department of Cultural Affairs. It was established on 28 June 1995 to
promote and project the traditional art forms of Kerala.

• YOG SUNDER DESAI, a pioneer who ventured into the world of Indian
Dance in the pre-independence era, was born on July 16, 1921, in Gujarat.
Yog Sunder Desai was born on July 16, 1921, in Limbdi, Gujarat into a
princely family of Gujarat July 16, 2021, is his Birth Centenary. In his 100th
year of life in 2020, Yog Sunder was the senior-most living artiste and
choreographer of India. He was the first Indian prince to give up his throne
in response to Gandhi's call to serve the motherland and join the freedom
movement. Darbar Saheb as he was addressed became a prominent leader
of Gujarat, leading the masses with the Sardar in Borsad and Bardoli
Satyagrahas, Salt Satyagraha, and the Quit India movement. He was the
first prince in India to merge his principality with the Indian Union and
one of the first members of the Constituent Assembly of India. The
constitution of India bears his signature.

• Soorya Festival, an annual cultural event organized by the Soorya Stage
and Film Society. The festival which lasts for more than a hundred days is
held in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala. Soorya Festival
endeavours to achieve "Integration through Culture" and aspires to
propagate the rich Indian culture around the globe. Nataraja
Krishnamoorthy, popularly known as Soorya Krishnamoorthy is the
founder of the Soorya Stage and Film Society. Krishnamoorthy who was a
scientist at ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) brought
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, into the cultural and film map of India,
through various cultural and film festivals.

• US-based BHARATANATYAM/KUCHIPUDI EXPONENT APARNA

SATHEESAN has won the prestigious Abhinandan Saroja National Award
2021 by the National Institute of Indian Classical Dance at Samarpan on
November 15th 2021. The Abhinandan Saroja National Award was started
on the birthday of the legendary Guru Smt. Padma Bhushan Saroja
Vaidyanathan for honoring the legacy in the field of Indian Classical Dance.

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• Arjuna’s penance or mammoth architecture with finely carved the rock
cultures, serves as a venue for the Mamallapuram Dance festival in the
backdrop of the Bay of Bengal. Descent of the Ganges, known locally as
Arjuna's Penance, is a monument at Mamallapuram, on the Coromandel
Coast of the Bay of Bengal, in the Chengalpattu district of the state of Tamil
Nadu, India.

• Folk dancer Arjun Singh Dhurve, who is famous for popularising Baiga folk
songs and dance of the Baiga tribe, was also conferred with the honour. In
this form of dance, the performers wear the masks of peacocks, elephants,
horses and so on.

• The exclusive three day Modhera Dance Festival is held every year during
the third week end of January after the conclusion of Uttarayan festival. The
environs of the Sun Temple in Modhera act a venue and host of this
enchanting festival. Modhera is located in the South-west of Mehsana
District and is 25 km away from the town of Mehsana. This incredible
festival of dance, Uttarardh Mahotsav, derives its name from the planetary
and astronomical configuration of the Sun. The festival which takes place
every year after Uttarayan, at the Modhera temple dedicated to the Sun God
venerates the rotational cycle of the earth around the Sun.

• Manjamma Jogathi (born Manjunatha Shetty; 20 May 1957), is an Indian
theatre actress, singer and dancer of Jogathi Nritya, a folk dance form of
North Karnataka. In 2019, she became the first transgender woman to be
the president of Karnataka Janapada Academy, state's top institution for
folk arts.

• From 2011, Nalanda initiated a process of honouring individuals who have
acquired iconic status by awarding them with the “Bharata Muni Samman”.
At their renowned dance festival, Nalanda Nirityotsava, which is a four-day
celebration of Indian classical dances.

• UDAY SHANKAR, the Father of Modern Indian Dance. The person who is
honoured to be the “FOUNDER OF MODERN DANCE” in India did not
originally have any kind of background in dance. Uday Shankar (1900 - 77),
the older brother of the musician Ravi Shankar, belonged to a Rajasthani
family with origins in what is now Bangladesh. Uday came up with his own
style of dance. After having named the new dance form as ‘HI-DANCE’, he
later rechristened it and called it 'CREATIVE DANCE'. This creative dance
was the stepping stone for the birth of modern dance in India. An institution
called ‘Udayan Kala Kendra, headed by Uday’s daughter Mamata Shankar is

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one of the most prominent dance schools that teach this dance form.
Awards: Padma Vibhushan, Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship.

• GARBA is the dance of the state of Gujarat, India. It is a joyful style of dance,
based on a circular pattern and characterized by a sweeping action from
side to side. Garba dances celebrate fertility, honor womanhood, and pay
respect to any of an array of mother goddesses. In Gujarat, the dances
customarily mark a girl’s first menstrual cycle and, later, her imminent
marriage. Garba dancing also takes place during the nine-day Navratri
festival, held annually during the Hindu month of Ashvina (September–
October).

DANDIYA RAAS is the folk dance of Gujarat. With its origins in Gujarat, this
popular socio-religious dance is performed during the time of Navaratri
festival. It is believed to be performed in memory of Goddess Durga’s victory
over Mahishasura. In the dance, both men and women dressed in colourful
costumes dance together to the beats of dholak and tabla. They strike a
decorated bamboo stick with energy and enthusiasm. The stick represents
the sword of Goddess Durga and is also known as the “SWORD DANCE”.
Women get dressed up in ghagra-choli, and odhni, whereas men wear
traditional costumes like dhotis and kurtas. The dance includes complex
circular movements.
The GARBHA-RAAS is similar to the Dandiya Raas but includes more hand
and foot movements. Garbha is performed by women only.

• RASLILA, MAYUR, AND KHYAL dance all are famous folk dance of the U.P.
state.

• Dances of Haryana are PHALGUN DANCE LOOR DANCE, DAPH DANCE,
GUGGA DANCE, KHORIA DANCE, HOLI DANCE.

• GHOOMAR, KATHPUTLI, GAIR, AND, KALBELIA are the traditional
dances of Rajasthan. UNESCO has inscribed Kalbelia folk songs and dance in
the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in
2010. Kalbelia is a folk dance performed by women of the Kalbelia tribe of
Rajasthan. Famous folk dancer Gulabo Sapera was conferred Padma Shri
award for her contribution to Kalbeliya dance forms.

• NAVRATRI (“NINE NIGHTS”) ALSO CALLED DURGA PUJA, in Hinduism,
a major festival held in honor of the divine feminine. Navratri occurs over 9
days during the month of Ashvin, or Ashvina (in the Gregorian calendar,
usually September–October). It often ends with the Dussehra (also called
Vijayadashami) celebration on the 10th day. Additionally, as Navratri
depends on the lunar calendar, in some years it may be celebrated for 8

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days, with Dussehra on the 9th. There are four similar festivals, also called
Navratri, which are held at various stages of the year; however, the early
autumn festival, also called Sharad Navratri, is the most significant.

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# SRJAN
• Srjan was built by Kelucharan Mohapatra, along with his wife, herself a
dancer, and their son built Srjan in 1993.
• It is a group of talented dancers who form a training and performing
commune, totally committed to Odissi dance and Kelucharan Mohapatra’s
distinctive style.
• Srjan hosts a number of classical dance and music festivals on an annual
basis.
• Prominent among these are:
o Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra Award Festival, which honours
lifetime achievement in dance, cinema, music, and theatre,
o Samsmaranam Festival, jointly organized by Srjan and disciples, is
held in various cities on a rotation basis, to mark the death
anniversary of Guruji,
o Antardrishti Festival, in celebration of Guruji's birth anniversary.
o Upasaranam is an annual showcasing meant to provide a
performance platform for the very young children being trained
under Srjan.

• Kelucharan Mohapatra is the first person to receive the Padma
Vibhushan from Odisha.

• PANKAJ CHARAN DAS
o An Indian classical dancer, choreographer, and the Adi Guru of Odissi
dance.
o He is known as the 'Father of Odissi dance'.
o He received Padma Shri, Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Dance -
Odissi.

• RAGHUNATH DUTTA
o Raghunath Dutta began his career with the Annapurna Theatre in
1940.
o He studied Odissi under various gurus at the Kala Vikash Kendra.
o He has been with the institution for a long time and currently heading
the Department of Odissi Dance.
o He has trained several young dancers at Cuttack and has travelled
extensively in India and abroad.

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• DEBA PRASAD DAS

o Deba Prasad Das was an Indian classical dancer.
o He was considered one of the four first-generation gurus of the Indian
classical dance form of Odissi.
o His Odissi style is robust and unique.
o He was a recipient of the 1977 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and
the 1974 Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi Award.

LIST OF FOLK DANCE IN INDIA
• Classical and folk dance are the two most popular dance forms in India.
• The first formal mention of dance is found in Bharata’s famous work
Natyashastra.
• Bharata Muni describes dance as the ‘complete art’ encompassing within
its scope all other forms of art – music, sculpture, poetry, and drama.
• Folk dance arose from the state’s, ethnic, or geographic region’s local
tradition.

INDIA’S FOLK DANCES
• In India, folk dances showcase the culture and traditions of the group
from which they came.
• Folk dances are typically performed at communal celebrations such as
births, festivals, weddings , to celebrate a new season and other social
occasions.
• In some Indian folk dances, men and women perform separately; in
others, they dance together.
• In India, there are many different types of folk dances which is celebrated
different states of India.

MAJOR FOLK DANCES IN INDIA
STATE FOLK DANCE

Andhra Vilasini Natyam, Bhamakalpam, Veeranatyam, Dappu,

Pradesh Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam

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Arunachal
Buiya, Chalo, Wancho, Pasi Kongki, Ponung, Popir
Pradesh

Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal,

Assam
Bagurumba, Naga dance, Khel Gopal.

Bihar Jat-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya

Gaur Maria, Panthi, Raut Nacha, Pandwani, Vedamati,

Chhattisgarh
Kapalik

Gujarat Garba, Dandiya Raas, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai

Tarangamel, Koli, Dekhni, Fugdi, Shigmo, Ghode,

Goa
Modni, Samayi nrutya, Jagar, Ranmale

Haryana Jhumar, Phag, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor.

Himachal
Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu
Pradesh

Jammu &
Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi Nach
Kashmir

Alkap, Karma Munda, Agni, Jhumar, Janani Jhumar,

Jharkhand
Mardana Jhumar, Paika, Phagua

Karnataka Yakshagana, Huttari, Suggi, Kunitha, Karga

Kerala Ottam Thullal, Kaikottikali

Maharashtra Lavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala Dasavtar

Madhya Jawara, Matki, Aada, Khada Nach, Phulpati, Grida

Pradesh Dance, Selalarki, Selabhadoni

Manipur Dol Cholam, Thang Ta, Lai Haraoba, Pung Cholom

Meghalaya Ka Shad Suk Mynsiem, Nongkrem, Laho

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Cheraw Dance, Khuallam, Chailam, Sawlakin,

Mizoram
Chawnglaizawn, Zangtalam

Nagaland Rangma, Zeliang, Nsuirolians, Gethinglim

Odisha Savari, Ghumara, Painka, Munari

Punjab Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman, Bhand

Ghumar, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini,

Rajasthan
Ghapal

Chu Faat, Sikmari, Singhi Chaam or the Snow Lion, Yak

Sikkim
Chaam, Denzong Gnenha, Tashi Yangku

Tamil Nadu Kumi, Kolattam, Kavadi

Tripura Hojagiri

Uttar Pradesh Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli

Uttarakhand Garhwali, Kumayuni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila

#######################################################

• ASSAM FOLK DANCE:

The Tea State of India, Assam is home to many unique people and each
tribe of Assam has its own unique tradition marked by art, music, and
dance. Following are some of the popular dance forms of Assam

1. BIHU
Bihu is one of the most colorful dance forms of India. The Bihu dance is an
integral part of three Bihu festivals: Bohag (or Rangoli) Bihu, Magh (or
Bhogali) Bihu, and Kaati (or Kongali) Bihu.
The Bohag or Rangoli Bihu marks the Assamese New Year and the spring
season. During Rangoli Bihu, farmers pray for a good harvesting season.
Magh or Bhogali Bihu marks the end of the harvest season, and during this
festival, people thanks for their good harvest. Last, Kaati or Kongali Bihu is
not celebrated with usual pomp and show of other two festivals. It is

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organized on the last day of Ashwin month when new crops are not ready
and old harvest is depleting. During Kangoli Bihu, the prayers are made for
the good harvest in new season.
Similarly, Bihu can be classified as Moran Bihu, Deori Bihu, Mishing Bihu,
Jeng Bihu, and Mukholi Bihu on the basis of community performing it.

2. SATTRIYA
Sattriya is one of the eight classic dance forms of India. It is a dance drama
with origin in Krishna-centered Vaishnavite monasteries of Assam. Most of
the stories are centered around the pairs of Radha-Krishna and Sita-Rama.
It is recognized as the classical dance by Sangeet Natak Akademi in the
year 2000.

3. OJHAPALI AND DEODHANI NRITYA
Ojhapali is one of the oldest dance forms in Assam. Here Ojha means
"music" and pali means "leader of the dancing group". The dance is
performed to offer prayer to Snake God Manas.
Ojhapali is followed by Deodhani (also spelled as Devdhani). The Deodhani
dance cannot be performed without the former.

4. BAGURUMBA
Bagurumba is a folk dance of the Bodo people of Assam. It is performed
during Bwisagu festival, the mark of the Bodo people New Year.

5. BHORTAL DANCE
The Bhortal Dance is the innovation of the famous Sattriya dancer,
Narahari Burha Bhakat. It is said to be the codification of famous Sattriya
dance.

6. JHUMAR DANCE
Jhumar is the traditional dance of Assam associated with the Kulis (the tea
collectors). The dance is performed during Autumn and open to anyone
and everyone.

7. PAI MAJAI
Pai Majai is performed by Kacharis of Assam. It is performed to thank God
for good harvest.
Other popular folk dance forms of Assam are Kahin Ghuruwa Nach,
Bordoishikla (Bodo people), Domahi Kikang (Karbi tribe), Mishing
Gumrak (Mishing people), Bisuyo Jama Dance (Deori tribe),
Muchaglangnai Dance (Bodo), Langkhon Fuja Mishawa (Tiwa), Farkanti
(Rabha), Hamzar (Rabha), Dhaowa (Rabha), Pangba, Kushan Dance, and
Sutradhari Nach.

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• PUNJABI FOLK DANCE

1. BHANGRA

Bhangra was originally dedicated to harvesting but later changed its shape
with some modernization, changing musical equipment and evolving dancing
patterns. Bhangra’s energy with a traditional Punjabi Dhol and Jhanjhar has
gradually become popular across all Indian states.

Bhangra outfit is Lungi and buttonless jacket. The dancers also use different-
color handkerchiefs. Wearing Pug (turban), a sign of Punjabi pride. Women
perform it with traditional Salwar-Kameez and Chunni, often wears male
dancers. The word Bhangra is derived in the context of Bhangra Dance, from
the word Rhythm. The term bhangra originally designated a particular dance
performed by Sikh and Muslim men in the farming districts of the Punjab
region of South Asia.

2. GIDDHA

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Giddha is played by Punjab’s young women. The dance is a show of women’s

vigor and vitality and has a colorful atmosphere. It is not limited to any
particular times, either. The dance can be performed on any social event. The
costume is common household stuff with a few light decorations. Giddha’s
dance style jerks the shoulders and bends the lower body segment. Clapping
helps the dance as a musical instrument as well. The dance uses no
instrumental music.

Performed in a large circle, Giddha’s singing is called “Boli or Biloyan,” usually

utilizing emotional expressions. The dance is a family show with all the women
making a beautiful presentation with regular singing and dancing.

3. JHOOMER

Jhoomer is known for his passion and vivacity. It originated from the regions
Balochistan and Multan. The dance is slow and rhythmic in tempo. The word
Jhumur derives from “Jhoom” which means swaying gently. The performances
usually focus on love and other emotions. The “ecstasy move” is also sometimes
referred to as in the show, the dance recreates animal movements, field
plowing, seed sowing, harvesting, and other such activities.

Other forms of Jhumar exist, such as Satluj Jhumar, Chenab Jhumar, Beas
Jhumar, and Multani Jhumar. This dance is very popular among Punjab folk
dances and is known for its grace and elegance in particular.

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4. MALAWI

Malawi Giddha is one of Punjab’s popular folk dances mostly performed by the
region’s bachelors. It emerged in areas such as the districts Bathinda, Muktsar,
Ferozpur, Faridkot, Mansa, Sangrur and Patiala. The dance uses a wide range
of musical instruments, such as Chimta / tongs, which is the traditional musical
percussion instrument of South Asia, often used in well-liked Punjabi Giddha
and Bhangra music. A further instrument used in the performance is Dholaki.

5. JULLI

This dance is done by Muslim holy men Juli, called pirs. They usually dance in
hermitages (khangas). The dance is performed as people sit. Sometimes, they
dance around the grave of the preceptor. The dancer normally wears black.

6. SAMMI

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Traditionally Sammi women from the Sandalbar area perform Sammi, now in
Pakistan. The dancers dress in brightly colored kurtas and full-flowing
lehengas dresses. The dance is synonymous with a specific silver hair
decoration.

7. JAAGO

The literal meaning of Jaago is that of waking up! When a marriage is in the
home, girls dance through the streets of the village, holding a pot (gaggar)
decorated with lightened candles and singing Jaagu songs. The song themes are
social, and typically a bit of mockery, mostly aimed at elders, goes along with
the music.

8. DANKARA

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Often known as the Gatka dance, this is a holiday dance. Two guys, each
carrying colorful staves, dance around each other in unison with the drums and
tap their sticks together. The dance is often a part of a marriage celebration.

9. LUDDI

This is a disco of triumph, where people make different head movements. The
costume is a loose, plain shirt. The dancers put their backs on one side, and
their faces on the other. The movement of the body is sinuous and like a snake.
There’s a guitarist in the dance room as well.

• KARNATAKA FOLK DANCE

'UMMATT-AAT' is a folk dance form performed in Coorg. This dance is performed
by the Kodava women wearing the traditional Kodava dress with jewellery and the
conventional kumkuma on their foreheads. The dance is performed in a circular
motion with a swinging rhythm. The dancers hold brass cymbals in their hands.
Other Folk Dances of Karnataka are:- KRISHNA PARIJATHA, BHOOTHA
ARADHANE, NAGAMANDALA, KARAGA, GAARUDI GOMBE, JOODU HALIGI,
KAMSALE NRITYA.
YAKSHAGAANA is a traditional theatre, developed in Dakshina Kannada, Udupi,
Uttara Kannada, Shimoga and western parts of Chikmagalur districts, in the state
of Karnataka and in Kasaragod district in Kerala that combines dance, music,
dialogue, costume, make-up, and stage techniques with a unique style and form. It
is believed to have evolved from pre-classical music and theatre during the period
of the Bhakti movement. It is sometimes simply called "Aata" or āṭa (meaning "the
play"). Its stories are drawn from Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavata and other
epics from both Hindu and Jain and other ancient Indic traditions. The first written
evidence regarding Yakshagana is found on an inscription at the Lakshminarayana

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Temple in Kurugodu, Somasamudra, Bellary District, and is dated 1556 CE.

Exponents are Kuriya Vithala Shastry, Soorikumeru Govinda Bhat, Chittani
Ramachandra Hegde, Naranappa Uppoor, Balipa Narayana Bhagawat, Karki
Krishna Hasyagara and Kalinga Navada.
CHITTANI RAMACHANDRA HEGDE is the first artist performing Yakshagana,
to receive prestigious Padmashri award and he dedicated the award to
"Yakshagana".


• ARUNACHAL PRADESH FOLK DANCE

PONUNG FOLK DANCE is a popular dance in Arunachal Pradesh. It belongs to the
ADI TRIBE. Ponung is the harvest dance performed by the Adi tribal community
of Arunachal Pradesh. It is danced at the festival held just before the harvesting
operations. It is believed that the dance will bring about a good harvest and
prosperity to the community.

TAPU is a war dance of the ADI TRIBE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH. The only
males perform tapu war dance during the FESTIVAL OF ARAN. It is performed to
drive away evil spirits from villages. It is celebrated on 7th March to herald the
season of shifting cultivation.

• TRIBAL FOLK DANCE & OTHER STATES FOLK DANCE

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• LAKSHADEEP FOLK DANCE

LAVA is the folk dance form of Lakshadweep's Minicoy Island. It is a folk dance
performed mainly by the Lakshadweep males. It is a renowned traditional style of
dance performed on festive occasions. The word 'Lava' signifies the beautiful
movement of music, song, and rhythm. Lava dance is the most popular dance on
Lakshadweep Minicoy Island. First, line up the performers themselves in pairs or
singles carrying drums, and launch a dance according to drum beating.

• NAGALAND FOLK DANCE

Nagaland which is also known as ‘The Land of Festivals‘ is a small hilly state in the
North Eastern part of India. It is home to various ethnic Naga tribes. There are
officially 16 recognized Naga tribes of Nagaland along with other Scheuled Tribes
in Nagaland. Though the Naga tribes are all united under the umbrella term ‘Naga’,
each tribe has their own unique culture, clothing, food habits, festivals, dance
forms, language etc.

Nagas celebrate festivals all throughout the year. Music and dance play a huge part
in Naga culture. There is no traditional event which does not feature a traditional
folk song or dance. In this post, we shall see the names of traditional folk dances of
Nagas of Nagaland.

TRADITIONAL FOLK DANCES OF NAGALAND

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1. CHANGSANG (CHANG)
• Changsang dance is a traditional folk dance performed by
the Chang Naga Tribe of Nagaland during Naknyulüm festival in the
month of July.
• Changsang dance is performed in praise of the birth-place of mankind
and the earth. Prayers run neck to neck along with the dance during
the festival to which the dance is associated in order to propitiate the
sky God.
• Colorful outfits accompanied by matching songs are performed
during the period of Puanglem/Nknyulum festival by
the Chang Nagas.

2. CHANG LO / SUA LUA (CHANG)
• The Chang Lo Dance also known as ‘Sua Lua‘ is a traditional folk
dance of the Chang Naga tribe of Nagaland.
• It is performed to celebrate the victory over enemies in the earlier
times.

3. MONYU ASHO (PHOM )
• Monyu Asho dance is a traditional folk dance performed by
the Phom Nagas during the festival Phom Monyu festival which is
the biggest festival of the Phom Naga tribe. It is celebrated in the
month of April.
• The Monyu festival is a post sowing festival to invoke divine
blessings. It marks the end of the winter and beginning of summer.
It is also a time of prayer and dedication for the seed sown and are
already sprouting.

4. MELO PHITA (ANGAMI)
• Melo Phita dance is a traditional folk dance performed by
the Angami Nagas during the Sekrenyi festival in the month of
February.
• Sekrenyi festival is a purification festival. It is observed for ten
days from the 25th day of the Angami calendar month of “Kezei”
(usually corresponding to 25 February in the Gregorian calendar). It
is a “purification festival” held to wash off all past sins. The objective
of the festival is to renew and “make holy” by cleansing the “body and
the soul”, and to bring forth unity. It also marks initiation of young
people to adulthood.

5. UDOHO (ANGAMI)
• Udoho dance is a traditional war dance of Angami Naga tribe.
• The literal meaning of Udoho is holding spear and shouting on
enemy. It depicts the position of warrior in the village.

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6. ANGUSHU KIGHILHE (SUMI )

• Angushu Kighilhe dance is a traditional war dance performed by the
menfolk of Sumi tribe.

7. RUKHYO SHARU (LOTHA )
• ‘Rukhyo Sharu’ dance is a form of traditional folk dance performed
by the Lotha Naga tribe.
• The word ‘ Rukhyo Sharu’ literally means ‘victory dance’. It was
performed during the head hunting days to celebrate victory over
the enemy.

8. LANGNYU-KHIAMTSANGSHE (KHIAMNIUNGAN)
• ‘Langnyu-Khiamtsangshe’ dance is a traditional folk dance
performed by the Khiamniungan Naga tribe of Nagaland during two
of their most important festivals i.e. Miu and Tsokum, which are co-
related to each other.

9. AKOK-KHI (SANGTAM)
• Akok-Khi is a dance form performed by the Sangtam tribe during
the Mongmong festival.

10. KHUPIELILIE (POCHURY)
• Khupielilie dance is a traditional folk dance performed
by womenfolk of the Pochury Naga Tribe of Nagaland.
• This dance is an integral part of the Nazu festival of the Pochury tribe
in the month of February every year.
• Khupielilie is the dance where only womenfolk participate.

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11. KUKUYIPHETO(CHAKESANG )
• Kukuyipheto dance is a traditional folk dance performed
by Chakesang Nagas.
• It is an excellent choreography as the dance consist of fast and
complicated footwork.
• This dance is performed during a grand feast known as ‘Feast of
Merit’, and is carried out by all the able-bodied men in full traditional
attire.

12. KULU-TSEN (YIMKHIUNG)
• The ‘Kulu-Tsen‘ is the name of a traditional Naga folk dance of the
Yimkhiung tribe.
• Kulu’ means head, and ‘Tsen’ means dance.
• It is a dance associated with head-hunting.

13. NOKINKETER TSUNGSANG (AO)
• Nokinteker Tsungsang dance is a Naga traditional dance form of the
Ao Naga tribe.
• ‘Nokinteker ‘ literally means ‘war hero’.

14. BUTTERFLY DANCE (ZELIANGRONG)
• Butterfly dance is associated with the Zeliangrong tribe.

15. BAIMAIJAI / PLATE DANCE (KACHARI)
• Baimaijai dance is a traditional folk dance of the Dimasa. The dance
is performed by young girls or women with Plate or Dish and they
perform the dance with two plates in both hands. This dance has a
distinctly unique feature. In the past, during the reign of the Dimasa
kingdom, the king had come out victorious in the war and offered
victory at the Palace through delight.

16. LESHALAPTU : It is a folk dance of Nagaland. This dance is performed by
women.

17. MOYASHAI : It is also one of the folk dances of Nagaland. It is a victory dance
performed by the Lotha tribe of Nagaland.

18. AALUYATTU : Aaluyattu is a folk dance form from the state of Nagaland. The
dance is performed by the Konyak tribe.

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• KERALA FOLK DANCE

KUMMATTIKALI also known as KUMMATTI is a colourful mask dance of Kerala
prevalent in Thrissur District, Palakkad District, and parts of South Malabar. It is
mainly performed on the occasion of the Onam festival (the New year of the
Malayalam calendar). During the Onam festival, people perform this dance while
visiting the houses of various people across the town and the cities to collect small
gifts and entertain people while walking across the streets. The dancers wear
heavily painted colourful wooden masks depicting the faces of Krishna, Narada,
Kritha, and Darika. These masks are usually made out of saprophyte, jack fruit tree.
The themes of Kummattikali are mostly taken from the stories of Ramayana,
Darika Vadham, the story of Shiva, and folk tales like Manjan Nayre Pattu.

• TAMIL NADU FOLK DANCE:

1. KARAKATTAM

Karakattam is a Tamil Nadu folk dance that consists of supporting a pot on one’s
head with musical help. The pots have a cone, topped with a paper parrot, with
flowers. The parrot is bending while the dancer is bending. This dance is
performed by villagers in honor of Mari Amman and Gangai Amman the goddess
of the river. Aatta Karagam and Sakthi Karagam have two divisions.
This type of dance in Tamilnadu is very popular. This dance involves both men and
women.
The dancing involves acrobatics like tanze on a wooden board, climbing up and
down a ladder, to thread a needle as it turns around.

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2. KAAVADI AATAM

On the pilgrimage of the anсient Tamils, they brought the gifts offered on their
shoulders to God’s bound on the end of a long stiсk.
They would sing and danсe in praising the gods in order to ease the boredom of
their long journey. This tradition is rooted in Kavadi Aattam. This contributed to
the сomposition of the Kavadi’s unique songs. Bamboo and lamp tubes are made
out of the Kavadi.

3. POIKKAL KUDHIRAI AATTAM (DUMMY HORSE DANСE)

The danсer puts the figure of a horse on his hips, Poikkal Kudirai Aattam is a
Dummy horse danсes.

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A lot of preparation and expertise are required for that famous danсe. The
produсts are designed of lightweight materials and the fabriс is swinging baсk and
forth across the sides of the design and сovering the legs of both the danсer. The
danсer should put on wooden legs in order for the legs to appear like the horse’s
hooves. The danсer has a sword or whip while performing.

4. BOMMALAATTAM OR PUPPET

Bommalaattam or puppet danсe is performed throughout festivals as well as fairs
in rural areas of Tamil Nadu.
Experienсed puppeteers use сords or wires to handle the puppet. They are behind
a сurtain and the puppeteers stand before them. Tales drawn mainly by Puranas,
epiсs, or folklore represent Puppet plays.

5. THERUKOOTHU

Therukoothu usually takes plaсe in the Panguni and Aadi months during village
festivals. In the streets, and outdoors, Therukoothu is performed. Make-up and
сostumes are very important in this danсe style. It is a male danсe only, as men
perform feminine roles too.
The show involves telling, singing, danсing, and talking. The shows are based on
stories from the local folklore, Puranas, Ramayana, and Mahabharata.

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6. SILAMBAATTAM

It’s a martial art style that has been practiced sinсe the Tamil kings. It has become
a non-violent form of folk danсe and has introduced stunning styles to danсe as
time passes. The artist’s methods of self defenсe in the modern world have learned
this martial art style.

7. VILLU PAATU

A сommon form of folk art attraсting rural and urban сommunities, Villu Paattu.
The main singer is aссompanied by a сhoir, a musiсal tool and a prinсipal
instrument (Villu or Arсo, with its bells). When the bells are ringing, the Villu is
played rhythmiсally. The singer tells a story with a few happy songs.

8. SNAKE DANСE

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The snake is another folk danсe of Tamil Nadu. It сomes primarily from the
popularity of the snake as a proteсting deity who proteсts the wellbeing and
gladness of the citizens of the land.
The girls are normally performing a snake danсe dressing in a narrow snakeskin
outfit. Here, the danсer enсourages the moving of the serpent, twists, and сraws,
and moves rapidly.


• MAHARASHTRA DANCE

Gifted with its rich culture and traditions, Maharashtra has different types of
dance forms. POVADA is the dance form that showcases the lifetime
achievements of the Maratha ruler SHIVAJI MAHARAJ. LAVANI AND KOLI
dance forms entertain the Maharashtrians with its mesmerizing music and
rhythmic movements. DHANGRI GAJA dance pays respect to their God by the
Dhangars of Sholapur. DINDI AND KALA are the religious folk dances, which
expresses of religious ecstasy of Lord Krishna. TAMASHA is the folk dance that is
so popular all over the state.

1. DHANGARI GAJA
As the Dhangars of Sholapur district of Maharashtra herd to green pastures for
grazing for their cattle, they become acquainted with the nature. Inspired by the
scenic beauty, they compose poetry, called ovi writing about the nature and their
God Biruba.

2. DINDI AND KALA FOLK DANCES
Dindi and Kala are the religious folk dances in Maharashtra, which expresses
religious ecstasy. Young women perform a variety of folk dances known as
phugadis on the occasion of Mangalagouri Puja as well.

3. KOLI DANCE
Koli is the dance form of Koli fisher folk of Maharashtra. The community has its
own distinct identity and lively dances. The dance incorporates elements that
this community is most familiar with - sea and fishing.

4. LAVANI DANCE
The word Lavani derived from Lavanya, meaning beauty. This form is a
combination of dance and music, which is dealt with different and varied topics
such as society, religion, politics, romance, etc.

5. POVADAS DANCE
Povadas are presented in the Marathi ballads form. This dance form describes
the events in the life of the great Maratha ruler, Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

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6. TAMASHA
The word tamasha in Persian language means fun and entertainment. The
tamasha dance form has been believed to be derived from the ancient form of
Sanskrit drama - the 'Prahsana' and the 'Bhana'.


• ODISSA FOLK DANCE

1. SAMBALPURI FOLK DANCE

Dalkhai , Rasarkeli , Jai phula, are performed by women and young girls and as
the name suggests, owes its origin to the western part of Odisha. The stanza of
the songs start with– Dalkhai bo, Rasarkeli bo, Jai phula bo, referring to the
girlfriend of the dancer. This is usually performed in the villages during festivals
like Dussera, Bhaijiuntia, Phagun Puni, Nuakhai etc. Rangabati is one of the
Sambalpuri songs which has become famous worldwide.

2. PAIKA DANCE

Paika dance is a very energetic dance form where only young boys or men
perform this art. Derived from the Sanskrit word Padatika meaning the infantry,
this dance form has originated from eastern Odisha. It is filled with traditional
physical exercises and is performed with a sword and shield in hand to the
accompaniment of the dhol. Performers dressed as ‘Paikas‘ or warriors enact
battle scenes through dance. The steps are executed with precision and agility
which is the highlight of this folk art form.

3. CHAITEE GHODA

This folk dance is performed by the fishermen caste or the Kaibartas during the
month of ‘Chaitra‘ (March-April). It is in honour of their deity Vasuli devi. The
dancer rides a bamboo horse which is beautifully decorated with colourful frilled
cloth pieces, beads and small bells and is performed to the tune
of dhol and mahuri. The dancer makes a circuitous journey of the village and
villagers participate in it.

4. DANDA NACHA

In the months of March and April even with the terrible heat wave sweeping
across the state, Danda nacha (a dance which punishes of the body with
religiosity) is celebrated across the state with much fervour. The Pani
danda which is performed in the water and the dhuli danda which is performed
on the ground are strenuous but done in full dedication. Drums and cymbals are
used in this dance which is dedicated to Goddess Kali is performed by men

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only.The danda nacha is celebrated in different parts of south Odisha particularly

in Ganjam district.

5. KELA KELUNI:

The Kelas are an wandering group of people who make their living by catching
snakes. The Kela –Keluni folk dance is a very interesting folk dance which is full
of humour. The story revolves around the situation of the Kela who is married to
two Kelunis and how he manages to survive trying to keep both his wives happy.
In this the Kela usually plays the ghuduki a typical string instrument. Late Guru
Kelucharan Mohapatra had composed and performed the Kela Keluni dance with
his wife Laxmipriya devi and Jayanti Ghosh.

6. CHHAU NACHA:

Chhau is derived from the Sanskrit word chhaya which means shadow. The
Mayurbhanja Chhau has transcended across the globe and stolen hearts. This
dance form enacts stories from mythology like the great epics of Ramayan,
Mahabharat ,folk and tribal elements. The two main Rasas which dominate the
dance is the Vira rasa and the Rudra rasa. Songs are accompanied by musical
instruments like the Mohuri , Chad-Chadi ,Dhol, Dhumsa .

Shri Gopal Prasad Dubey has received several awards and honours including the
Jharkhand Award in 2007 and the Padma Shri in 2012. Shri Gopal Prasad Dubey
receives the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for his contribution to Chhau dance.

Makar Dhwaja Darogha was an Indian classical dancer and guru, known for his
expertise in the classical dance form of Chhau.

Guru Shyama Charan Pati was conferred the padmashri for his contribution to
Chhau dance.

7. RANAPA NACHA:

Dancing on Ranapa (stilt) is still performed by the cowherd communities of

South Odisha. The young men tie their feet to the bamboo stilts and mesmerise
the audience by executing symmetrical steps to the music of
the Dhol and Mahuri. The songs are filled with praises about Lord Krishna and
his exciting boyhood exploits.

8. GHUMRA NACHA:

Ghumra is a folk dance of the Kalahandi district of Odisha. It is believed that to

kill the demon king Mahisasur, one of the war-musical instruments collected was
the Ghumura instrument which was formed by the fusion of the dambaru of Lord
Shiva and the veena of goddess Saraswati. The ghumra is a pitcher-shaped
drum which is tied around the dancer’s neck. They play on the drum while

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dancing to the accompaniment of songs which describe stories of hunting to

everyday joys and sorrows of the people. The dancers execute intricate
movements, jumps and pirouettes in a fast tempo.

• TRIPURA FOLK DANCE

1. GARIA DANCE

The life and culture of Tripuris revolve around Jhum (shifting) cultivation. When
the sowing of seeds at a plot of land selected for Jhum is over by middle of April,
they pray to the God ‘Garia’ for a cheerful harvest. The celebrations attached to the
Garia Puja continue for seven days once they seek to entertain their beloved deity
with song and dance.

2. LEBANG BOOMANI DANCE

Lebang Boomani dance (also Lebang Bumani) is a harvest dance performed by
the Tripuri people of Tripura, India. It is one of two dances associated with the

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Tripuris, the other being the Garia dance that was performed at the time of sowing
crops.

3. HOZAGIRI DANCE

While the theme of the dance remains almost to be identical to other tribes, the
dance sort of the Reang community is quite different from others. The movement
of hands or maybe the upper part of the body is somewhat restricted, whereas the
movement beginning from their waist right down to their feet creates a wonderful
wave.

Standing on an earthen pitcher with a bottle on the top and a lighted lamp on it,
when the Reang belle dance twisting rhythmically the lower part of the body, the
dance bewilders the onlookers. The Reangs also use musical Instruments like
Khamb, Flute made from bamboo and a bamboo cymbal. The Reang women like
better to put on black Pachra and Rea.

Reang women placed on coins ring, which generally covers their entire upper
region. They also placed rings made of coins in their ears. they’re fond of fragrant
flowers as ornaments to metal things.

Satyaram Reang is an Indian folk performer and folk artist from Tripura. He is
noted for his significant contribution to Hojagiri Dance. In January 2021, he was
awarded India's fourth-highest civilian award the Padma Shri in the Arts category.
In 1986, Satyaram Reang was conferred with the prestigious Sangeet Natak
Akademi award, the highest award for performing artists.

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4. BIJHU DANCE

This popular sort of dance is characteristic of the Chakma community. Bijhu means
‘Chaitra-Sankranti’. ‘Chaitra-Sankranti’ denotes end of the Bengali civil
year. it’s during this period when the Chakma’s sing and dance to bid goodbye to
the year just ended and welcome the New Year. The dance is beautifully
orchestrated with the rhythm playing of what’s known as ‘Kheng-garang’,
‘Dhukuk’ and flute. Chakma women wear flowers on their hair and metal
ornaments.

5. HAI-HAK DANCE

Like other tribal communities of this State, the social and economic life of the
Hallam community also revolves around Jhum cultivation. At the top of the
harvesting season, the Malsum traditionally adore Goddess Laxmi. They enjoy this
festive occasion for his or her famous Hai-Hak dance. it’s also a community dance
with exquisite beauty. The rhythms of the dance reflect the tradition inherited
from distant past.

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6. WANGALA DANCE

After the happy harvest ‘Wangala’ (1st rice eating ceremony) is performed in
every house. The Sangnakma, the head of the community visits every house and
cuts a pumpkin as an element of worship. This pumpkin was sacrificed on this
occasion. then the women dance to the beat of ‘Dama’ and ‘Aaduri’ made of buffalo
horn. The dance projects the rehearsal for war.

7. WELCOME DANCE

The Lusai girls are well dressed. They typically wear colorful cloth. They
performed a welcome dance whenever any visitor pays a visit to their house. This
is often a very colorful dance where young girls of the entire community take
part. Their dress is so colorful that the ornaments are very much required except
for fragrant flowers.

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8. CHERAW DANCE

The Darlong reposes faith in after life. They believe that man is destined to
travel to heaven after death. Incidentally, they think that if a pregnant woman dies,
she feels it very difficult, with all her physical strains, to trace the long journey to
Heaven.

Hence at the last stage of her pregnancy – after all just at the time or immediately
prior to delivery all her relatives perform this ‘Cheraw’ dance in-group throughout
the day and night to instill confidence in her mind of that woman.

They’re firm in their belief that even if the woman dies at this juncture, it’ll be
possible for her to go to heaven with the courage and confidence together with joy
gained through the sound of bamboo as the rhythm of the dance produced till her
death.

9. SANGRAI DANCE

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Sangrai dance performed by the Mog community people on Sangrai festival

falling within the month of Chaitra of Tripura calendar year. Young boys and
girls particularly, celebrate the day through cultural programs to ask the New
Year.

• ANDHRA PRADESH FOLK DANCE

1. BHAMAKALPAM
Originated from Kuchipudi, Bhamakalpam is both a dance and a drama.
Siddhendra Yogi created this devotional dance form in the 17th century.
Bhamakalpam is a fine specimen of the feminine movements in dance (lasya),
contrasting the masculine movements (tandava) of Kathakali and Yakshagana.

2. BURRAKATHA
Burrakatha is a special folk dance of the state. Earlier known as Jangam Katha, it
observes tales from the Indian Mythology. In the performance, the main artist
narrates a story, plays music and dance on the tunes. The co-artists beat drums
and speak to him, enriching certain events in the story.

3. VEERANATYAM
Veeranatyam refers to the dance of Lord Shiva that was performed when the
Lord got enraged with Sati's death and humiliation. Veeranatyam is also known
as the Dance of Destruction. This dance is still practiced by people of Veeramusti
community, who claim to be descendants of Veerabhadra.

4. BUTTA BOMMALU
Butta Bommalu is a typical folk dance, popular in Tanuku region of West
Godavari District in AP. In this particular dance, the dancers wear masks of
different characters and entertain people with their delicate movements,
accompanied by non verbal music.

5. DAPPU
Dappu is a lively dance form that started in Nizamabad District. The dancers
wear colorful dresses and dance to the musical tunes of cymbals, tabla and
harmonium. In Dappu, the themes are usually based on the mythological stories.

6. TAPPETA GULLU
It is a devotional dance, which is popular in districts of Srikakulam and
Vizianagaram. Tappeta Gullu is a dance that has vigor, rhythm and tempo and is
performed to invoke the Rain God. In this dance form, the artists hang drums
around their necks and produce beats with movements.

7. LAMBADI
Associated with Lambadi tribe, Lambadi dance is performed to celebrate a loaded
harvest or a good sowing season. The dancers adorn themselves with heavy

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jewelry, like ivory bangles, brass anklets, ornate jewelry and costumes
embroidered with glass beads.

8. BONALU
Bonalu is a special dance wherein the female dancers step to the rhythmic beats
and balance pots on their heads. This dance is performed to praise Mahankali, the
village deity. Potharajus, the male dancers, precede the female dancers to the
temple.

9. DHIMSA
In the hilly region of Vishakhapatam district, Dhimsa dance is performed by
people of every age group. This is a tribal dance that is performed during the
months of Chaitra (March/April). To perform this dance, the artists dress in
typical tribal dresses and ornaments.

10. KOLATTAM
Kolattam is the stick dance, which is quite similar to the Dandia dance of Gujarat.
Also called as Kolannalu or Kolkolannalu, this dance is usually performed during
the festivals of village. Kolattam observes a great combination of rhythmic
movements, songs and music. Also performed in Telangana.

11. GUSSADI
Deepavali is the biggest festival for the Raj Gonds of Adilabad district of
Telangana. As the harvest is over and the season is cool and congenial the Gonds
dressed in colourful costumes and decorated with ornaments go to neighbouring
villages in groups, singing and dancing. These groups are called Dandari dancers
as it is performed in Dandri Festival. Each troupe consist of twenty to forty
members. Key Points 'Gusadi' is a part of the Dandari dance form and it consists
of two to five members. This starts on the full moon day and goes on till the
fourteenth day of the dark fortnight of Deepavali. Each member puts on a turban
of peacock feathers and horns of the deer, artificial beard and moustaches and
goatskin to cover the body. Dappu, tudumu, pipri and kalikom are the
accompaniments. The Dandari troupe dance accompanied by beats of gumela
reaches its climax with regulated steps and rhythm in a circular form. Kanaka
Raju was awarded Padmasri in 2021 for contribution towards Gussadi dance.

SIKKIM FOLK DANCE

1. CHU FAAT DANCE

This dance is specifically performed on the 15th day of the 7th month of the
Buddhist calendar of the North. The Lepcha community performed this dance to
dedicate the height of Mount Kanchenjunga along with its companions Mt
Narshing, Mt Kabru, and Mt Simbrum. These peaks are believed to contain

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minerals, medicine, salt, and food grains. And so, their power is widely known in
the form of dance.

2. SIKMARI DANCE

The Lepchas perform sikmari Dance to admire the sweetness of nature. It’s a type
of dance where all the youth of the state gather to perform this dance form to
celebrate the beauty of nature.

3. SINGHI CHAM DANCE

Bhutia community was being herdsmen have a robust affinity towards animals.
The Singhi Cham dance is performed to show respect towards the mythical snow
lion which is only found in the Trans Himalayan region.

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4. YAK CHAM DANCE

As its name implies, the Yak Cham dance is performed by the Bhutia community to
honor the Yak. There are many families hooked into the Yak for their survival by
using Yak’s wools in their daily life. This is why there is a special dance that
celebrates the Yak. This traditional dance depicts the connection between the
herdsman and the Yak.

5. DENZONG GNENHA DANCE

The Denzong Gnenha may be a religious dance to show the deep faith of the Bhutia
community in their indigenous Gods. The sweetness of nature is celebrated by the
dancers wearing unique headgear made by the Sikkimese women.

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6. TASHI YANGKU DANCE

Tashi Yangku believed to bring good destiny to the land. Bhutia community
believes that there are several Gods also as Goddess who can control the natural
phenomenon like floods, landslides, droughts, snowfalls etc. The Tashi Yangku
dance is supposed to alleviate the Gods for continuing prosperity and peace in the
region.

7. KHUKURI NAACH
The name Khukuri means bravery in Sikkim. This is often basically a warrior dance
and demonstrates the way soldiers march for the battle. Each dancer carried a
Khukuri with them as a signifier of victory.

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8. MARUNI DANCE

The Maruni dance is one of the oldest dances in Sikkim performed by the Sikkim.
This dance is performed during the Tihar festival by the Sikkim community as well
as family occasions like marriages and births. The dance celebrates the concept of
the victory of excellent over evil.

9. CHUKEY NAACH
It’s one of the most popular folk dances of the Sikkimese. Young girls and boys
perform this dance. This dance form may be a part of every fair or Mela festivals.
The children wear flowers on their bodies and heads and dance to the beats of
many musical instruments.

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FOLK MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF SIKKIM

Sikkim is extremely rich in folk musical instruments, but it’s very difficult to trace
the first musical instrument of the state because all primitive
people everywhere in the world seem to have made music of some sort.
Folk musical instruments exist only in space, not in time. Consistent with the myth
of Mundhum of the Limboo community, the primary musical instrument was a
bamboo harp known as Simikla Koom (Binayo in Khas Language) made for their
sister Tetlara Lahadongna, by the sons of Sawa Yukphung Kemba, namely –
Samdang Khewa and Lingdang Khewa for his or her sister Tetlara Lahadongna in
antiquity.
The parable says that the next instrument was the Niyara Hongsing Ke of Lokpha
Temba and Hongpha Temba brothers, who danced around the main pillar of the
new house to protect the newly constructed house from the evil spirits.
In another myth of Mundhum, it’s also said that Yeba and Yema Limboo priests
came to the village of Sawa Yethangs the primitive men with their gear Yegeysing
pole tied with Niyara Hongsing Ke to drive away the evil spirits from the villages.
Similarly, there is a variety of myths about the origin of musical instruments
amongst the different communities living in Sikkim in antiquity.

1. TAAL

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String instruments played with scratching on the strings. String instruments

played with a bow, rubbing on the strings.

2. SUSIRA

Wind instruments are played by blowing the air and tuning the node with fingers.
Wind instruments are played by blowing the air without tuning the node with
fingers.

3. GHANA

Solid instruments like sticks and cymbals played by beating with sticks or metals.

4. AVANDYA

Hollow wood or metal drums covered one side or each side with animal skin with
Khari pasted on the Skin. Hollow wood or metal drums covered one side or each
side with animal skin but without Khari pasted on the Skin.

5. SARANGI

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The Sarangi formed out of a single hollowed block of wood. The
instrument features a roughly rectangular slightly waisted body and broad
fretless neck generally carved from a single piece of wood.

MEGHALAYA FOLK DANCES :

1. BEHDIENGKHLAM – DANCE OF MEGHALAYA

Behdiengkhlam is that the main dance of the “Jaintias” festival held every July in
Jоwai, Jaintia Hills. This festival mainly invokes the blessings of the Creator for a
healthy harvest and to ward off disease and pestilence.

2. NONGKREM – DANCE OF MEGHALAYA

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Commonly known as “Ka Pamblang Nоngkrem”, this is often the most important
dance of the “Khasis”. It’s celebrated in the autumn season and is essentially a
thanksgiving to God.

3. SHAD SUK MYNSIEM – DANCE OF MEGHALAYA

Shad Suk Mynsiem is an annual spring dance that celebrates the harvest and
planting season. It’s performed to celebrate the agricultural cycles. The dancers
are girls and boys wearing colorful dresses and jewelry, accompanied by drums
and flutes called “Tangmuri”, the queen of musical instruments.
However, only unmarried virgin girls were allowed to perform this dance. It’s a
colorful celebration of Thanksgiving that takes place during the spring season in
the Khasi hills.

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4. WANGALA – DANCE OF MEGHALAYA

Wangala dance is a part of the Wangala festival. It’s a major festival of the Garоs
held in the fall, after the harvest season. This festival includes ceremonies to
appease the deity “Patigipa Rarоngipa”, which is held in altogether villages. The
four days and nights of the festival are completed by dancing and merriment. The
highlight is the dance of the warriors – the “Dance of a Hundred Drums” – on the
last day, which may be a magnificent spectacle.

5. DORSEGATA – DANCE OF MEGHALAYA

The Dоrsegata dance festival is also a dance during which the women try to take
the turbans off their male partners during the dance. If the women achieve doing
so, laughter follows.

6. LAHOO – DANCE OF MEGHALAYA

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The Lahоо dance is really a part of the Behdienkhlam festival. The Lahоо dance is
performed by both men and women for fun. While wearing colorful clothes, both
men and women actively participate in this dance form. A woman performs this
dance form by linking arms with two boys on each side. It’s noteworthy that
instead of a musical instrument, a person with a natural talent for acting recites
the couplets while performing the dance.

FOLK MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF MEGHALAYA:

Musical Instruments of Meghalaya are utilized in dance, singing, devotional
gatherings and other public performances. The music of Meghalaya is
characterized by folk songs and music accentuated by traditional instruments. The
state of Meghalaya also features a flair for western music with many Rock Music
Bands. Music is an integral part of the Northeast, and the instruments play a very
important role. There are several ingenious musical instruments to found within
the region. Several of them are as follows:

1. TANGMURI

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The tangmuri, ka tangmuri within the Khasi language, maybe a double-reed

conical-bore wind instrument used by the Hynniew Trepp people of Meghalaya
State in North-East India. The tangmuri is employed by musicians playing for
traditional dances, and for other traditional rituals, like cremations performed
according to the indigenous religion, Niamh Khasi. The tangmuri delivers a high-
pitched sound when played by the musician.

2. DUITARA

Duitara may be a two-stringed, sacred instrument resembling a guitar. It’s the
typical musical instrument of Khasis and Jaintias in Meghalaya. Made from strong
hardwood, Duitara often played with a wooden pick. It has 4 holes at its end, fixed
with wooden pegs to carry the string in tune. The body of the Duitara is
roofed with the skin of animals.

3. SITAR

The sitar may be a plucked stringed instrument, originating from the Indian
subcontinent, utilized in Hindustani classical music. The instrument was invented
in medieval India, flourished within the 18th century and received its presence in
19th-century India.

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4. DAMA

The Khasis are musically inclined, very much like the other tribes of the
region. One of the musical instruments used by them is called Dama, a
percussion made from wood. It is a long and narrow drum, thick within the center
and tapering towards the ends. The Dama may be a long, narrow drum made
from wood and used for all occasions.

5. NAGRA

Nagra may be a large drum beaten only to call people to assemble in the house of
the Nokma (leader) for feats or entertainment.

6. KRAM

Kram may be a large drum and used only on solemn occasions like funeral and
yearly Shraadh ceremonies.

7. GONGMINA

It is also known as ‘Jew’s harp’, formed of a thin slit of bamboo. The skinny bamboo
is cut in such a manner that a thin tongue runs down the center of the
slip. There’s a short string fastened to the Jew’s harp and on the other hand, there
is a small bamboo handle. It is played during dance festivals and is considered the
‘queen’ of musical instruments in Meghalaya.

8. RANGS

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Rangs or Gongs made from brass or metal and said to use as a gold reserve, as a
man’s wealth and social standing are measured by the Rangs he
possesses. They’re said to acquire value with age.

FOLK DANCE OF MANIPUR

1. BALLET AND DRAMA

Ballet or dance drama is additionally a colorful part of Manipuri
Culture. It’s theatre and Jatra that have the honor of being the chief cultural and
artistic forms during the past few decades. Maharaj Churachand
Singha, faithful Manipuri tradition of patronizing the art forms helped with men
and money during his reign. The contemporary Manipuri theatre may be
a continuation of the earlier tradition.
Phagi Lila’s, are introduced by comedians drawn from their appearance and mode
of enacting. There are dance dramas like Nimai-Sonyas, Sita-Horon, Nouka-Bilash,
Savitri-Styaban, Chandrajini, Harishchandra, Nal Domoyonti, Moirang Parva,
Ramayana, Kurukshetra, Lanka Kanda, Kamsabadha, etc. which are wonderful and
delightful.

2. UDUKHOL

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Krishna’s Valya Lila and Vatsalya Ras are enacted through this dance and
devotional music.

3. BASAK

Krishna’s Valya Lila and Vatsalya Ras are enacted through this dance and
devotional music.

4. GOURA LILA

Performed by boys of the age bracket of 8 and 10 years, representing Sri
Chaitanya’s Lila like meeting the Keshav Vharati, saving jogai – madhai, Touching
scenes of Vishnu Priya Separation etc.

6. NUPI PALA

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A sort of Kirtan performed by the female in a sitting position with Mandira’s (small
cymbals) in hand.

7. DHOP KIRTAN

A sort of kirtan style which is devoid of movements must be held in connection
with Durga Puja, Jhulan Jatra, Mera and Kartika festivals.

8. IPOM

A sort of entertainment where two or three Jtra personalities take part and discuss
something. Sumanglila is the most popular form.

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9. HOLI

Holi singing during the Dol Yatra added a replacement chapter to the history of
dance and music of Manipur. The parties consisted of singers, Drummers, and
instrumental musicians who sing the Krishna themes in Basanta Raga. They
perform one by one in quick succession within a really limited time in the form of
completion without any reward.

10. MAIBI DANCE

Holi singing during the Dol Yatra added a replacement chapter to the history of
dance and music of Manipur. The parties consisted of singers, Drummers and
instrumental musicians who sing the Krishna themes in Basanta Raga. They
perform one by one in quick succession within a really limited time in the form of
completion without any reward.

11. THABAL CHONGBA

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The foremost beautiful and seductive dance of the Manipuri Meithei is Thabol
Chongba. Thabo Chongba literally means moonlight jump. The youth of the village
flock together in hundreds. As soon because the moon rises over the hills the flute,
the drums and therefore the cymbals start pouring out music.

12. PUNG CHOLOM

Pung Cholom (also referred to as The Mridangam Dance or Dhumal or Dram
dance), maybe a combination of sound and movement, the latter parts demanding
acrobatics abilities. The dancers themselves play the Mridangam (Pung) while
executing the performance.
In 1850 AD, king Chandra Keerthi Singh added some compositions and was
instrumental in introducing 64 pung dances or drum dances.

13. NATA PALA

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Vaishnava Pala Kirtana using Dhak, and Kartal became the hottest factor in
Manipuri fine arts. The dance otherwise referred to as Kartal Cholom or Cymbal
Dance is a characteristic of the Manipuri style of dance and music. The initial
movements of this dance are soft and serene, gradually gathering momentum.
it’s a group performance of male partners, using cymbals and wearing snow white
ball-shaped large turbans, who sing and dance to the accompaniment of the
traditional classical drum “Dhak”.

14. KAMBA THOIBI

Kamba-Thoibi is a duet dance which performed either as an element of Lai-
Harouba or independently. This dance typically represents the Tandava and Lsya
aspects of the Laiharouba movements. within the Kamba -Thoibi tells the story of
Kamba, a poor brave lad of khumal clan who feels crazy with Thoibi, a princess of
Morang.
In the 15th century AD, Kamba, a prince of the previously routed
Khumal royalty fell in love with Thoibi – a princess of the Moirang clan. The
union is to the political advantage of both Khumals and Moirangs ; but the moirang
chief resisted on purely personal grounds. The result was tragic not just for the
young lovers but also for the feuding tribes of Manipur.

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15. KHUBAK ISHEI

During the month of Aashar the Manipuri observe Rath Jatra (Drawing of the car
of Lord Jagannatha) on the model of the Puri festival. consistent with Manipuri
tradition every temple in every place will observe it with the great support of
people who contribute their mite to its success. it’s a 9-day program of devotional
music and dances followed by the free distribution of Khichuri’s, a dish made
from rice and beans.

16. RAKHUAL OR GUSTHA-LEELA

The “Rakhual” (sometimes called as Gustha-Leela) Dance may be a group dance
performed by a group of boys, wearing colorful dresses and ornaments. The theme
of the dance that’s described in the Mahabharata where Lord Krishna dances with
his mates.

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FOLK MUSIC INSTRUMENTS OF MANIPUR:

Pena, also referred to as Tingtelia (in Tangkhul language) is a mono string
instrument falling in the lute category, almost like some of the traditional Indian
stringed musical instruments such as Ravanahatha, Ubo, or the Kenda, found in
various parts of the country.
It’s the traditional music instrument of Manipur, India and a few parts of
Bangladesh and is played either solo or in a group, in ethnic music, or as the
accompanying musical instrument for Lai Haraoba festivals. Pena playing is
becoming a dying art as only 145 active Pena players are reported in Manipur.
The middle for Research on Traditional and Indigenous Art (Laihui), a
corporation headed by renowned Pena player, Khangembam Mangi Singh has
mandated a vision to revive Pena music.

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TRADITIONAL DANCES OF MIZORAM:

1. CHAILAM – DANCE OF MIZORAM

Chailam may be a popular dance performed on ‘Chapchar Kut’ one of the most
important festivals of the Mizos. During this dance, men and ladies stand
alternatively in circles, with the ladies holding on to the waist of the man, and
therefore the man on the woman’s shoulder.

2. KHUALLAM – DANCE OF MIZORAM

Khuallam literary means ‘Dance of the Guests’. It is a dance usually performed in
the ceremony called ‘Khuangchawi’. To claim a distinguished place in society and
to have a place in paradise or Pialral one must attain the coveted title of
‘Thangchhuah’.

3. CHERAW – DANCE OF MIZORAM

Cheraw may be a very old traditional dance of the Mizos. Believed that the dance
had already existed way back in the 1st Century A.D., while the Mizos were still

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somewhere within the Yunan Province of China, before their migration into the
Chin Hills within the 13th Century A.D., and eventually to this Mizoram. Several
tribes living in Southeast Asia have similar dances in one form or the other with
different names.

4. SARLAMKAI/SOLAKAI – DANCE OF MIZORAM

This is an impressive dance originating from the Pawi and Mara communities in
the southern part of Mizoram. This dance is understood as ‘Sarlamkai’ whereas the
Lushai’s referred to it as ‘Rallu Lam’. In older days when the various tribes were
constantly at war with each other, a ceremony to deride the vanquished beheaded
skull of the enemy was usually held by the victor.
This ceremony is performed to make sure that the vanquished soul remains a
slave to the victor even when the latter also dies. The derision ceremony usually
lasts for 5(five) days. The primary 2 (two) days were spent in merry making,
singing alongside drinks and a non-vegetarian feast.
On the third day, a pig is slaughtered, and the victor paints his whole body with the
animal’s blood, which he only washes off on the evening of the fourth day or on the
morning of the fifth day. During these 5(five) days period, the victor isn’t to sleep
with any women.

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5. CHAWNGLAIZAWN – DANCE OF MIZORAM

This is a popular folk dance of one of the Mizo communities known as Pawi. This
dance is performed on two different occasions.

6. CHHEIHLAM – DANCE OF MIZORAM

Chheihlam’ originated after the year 1900 along the lines of the songs referred to
as ‘Puma Zai’ and the dance known as ‘Tlanglam’. It is a dance that embodies the
spirit of joy and exhilaration. Performed to the accompaniment of a song called
‘Chheih hla’. People squat around during a circle on the floor, and sing to the beat
of a drum or bamboo tube while a pair of dancers substitute the middle, recite the
song and dance together with the music.

7. TLANGLAM – DANCE OF MIZORAM

Tlanglam performed throughout the length and breadth of the State. Music of
Puma Zai, there are several variations of the dance. This dance is one of the most
popular dances these days by our cultural troupes in various places. Both
sexes participate in this dance.

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8. ZANGTALAM – DANCE OF MIZORAM

Zangtalam may be a popular Paihte dance performed by men and women. While
dancing, the dancers sing a responsive song. A drummer may be a leader and
director of the dance. The duration of the dance depends on the drummer.

FOLK MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF MIZORAM:

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Musical Instruments of Mizoram can divide into three: Beating or Striking

instruments; wind instruments and string instruments. Several striking
instruments include drum, gong, and a few more. Several wind instruments are
Tumphit, Raychem, Phenglawng and a lot more. The stringed
instruments contain Lellawi, Tingtang and Tuium Dar. The musical instrument of
Mizoram forms a serious part of the folk music of the state.

1. LEMLAWI
Lemlawi is an instrument made from small pieces of bamboo. The string is
Laos and made up of bamboo. The sound produced by the string is controlled by
the mouth.

2. TUIUMDAR
Tuium Dar may be a musical instrument made of bamboo. The three strings
produce three different notes. From the outer covering, three pieces of cane like
strings curved out. The strings were raised by inserting two bamboo pieces.

3. KHUANG
This instrument may be a must on all occasions. Khuang is formed of hollow trees
and both sides are wrapped with animal skin. Different names are consistent
with their size and length. the large one is known Khuangpui (Big drum), the
center one is known as Khuanglai; and the small one is Khuangte (little drum).
If it’s long, it is known as Kawlkhuang.

4. BENGBUNG
It has some similarities with the xylophone. It consists of a series of flat wooden
bars that produce three musical notes. Girls often play this.

5. TALHKHUANG
It is an instrument that is much bigger than that of Bengbung. It constitutes of
three wooden pieces which curved out. Often played with a wooden hammer. The
Mizo takes Talhkhuang only to Lungdawh which may be a platform at the entrance
of the village.

6. TUMPHIT
Made of three small bamboos which are of different sizes and lengths. These are
tied and plated during a row with strings. At different lengths, the upper ends are
cut open to create different notes at each tube. Tumphit is used during ritual
ceremonies, especially on Rallulam and chawng festival.

7. TAWTAWRAWT

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Tawtawrawt may be a Bamboo trumpet. Bamboos are digging in different sizes.

The smaller one is inserted into the larger tube. Many joined one after another till
the last tube happens to be the dimensions of a forefinger.

8. PHENGLAWNG
This is often the Mizo flute made of bamboo. This had only three holes that produce
three different sounds.

9. BUHCHANGKUANG
This is often a flute made of reed or a paddy stalk. Girls often generally play this.

10. HNAHTUM
The leaves of the many trees produce interesting sounds. The Mizo boys blow it
deftly.

11. DARBU
This is often a set of three brass-gongs that are of different sizes. It produces three
musical notes. Generally, three experts often play this. It’s used on certain
occasions like Khuallam and group dances that are traditional.

12. DARMANG
Darmang is the smallest gong. It must play with other gongs. It’s used in traditional
dances to keep timing.



DANCE OF LADAKH
The dance of Lamas or the Monk Dance is the iconic attraction of the land.
People visit Ladakh to take part in the festivals to watch this tantric styled
dance. The best festival of all to enjoy is the masked monk dance of Losar, the
local New Year.

• JABRO DANCE – dance of Tibetan nomadic people. This is a festive dance
with Darnianmusic (a local style of guitar) and flute.
• DRUGPA-RCHESE – this dance is the style of the local art of Aryans. The
dancers groom themselves with silver ornaments and flowers. Surnaand
Damman is used for creating music for this style of dance.
• YAK DANCE – this is a duo dance of two men with rhythmic movements
under a yak skin. They represent the animal. A milkmaid comes to tame the
yak, but the yak stays stubborn. Then, the milkman comes with the lash to
control it. This is the theme of this dance.

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• TUKHATANMO – this is a seasonal dance performed during the blooming

season in Nubra valley and surrounding regions.
• BAGSTONRCHES – marriage dance with Damman and surna music.
• SHON DANCE – royal patronage dance.
• SURAHI DANCE – dancers carry pots on their heads while dancing – almost
extinct now.
• KOSAN DANCE – dance is performed while riding on a horse.
• LOSHON DANCE & SHOUDOL DANCE - Locals celebrate the harvest festival at Shey
town by doing Loshon dancing. Ladakhi Shondol, Ladakh’s royal dance, has made
history by becoming the world’s largest Ladakhi dance, according to the Guinness
Book of World Records. Shondol dance, also known as the royal dance, was once
performed for the King of Ladakh by artists.
• BACHA NAGMA DANCE - Nagma Bacha Dancing is quite popular at weddings and
other cultural occasions. The gown worn by Kathak professional dancers is similar
to the attire worn by the audience. It’s a group dance with only one diva.
• THE CHAM DANCE - The cultural mask dancing, which depicts old incidents from
the life of 9th-century Nyingmapa educator Padmasambhava, is one of the most
famous tourist attractions of the Tsechu event. Many people name this cloaked
Ladakh Dancing Cham Dancing, and it is said to bring good luck to those who see
it. Cham dancing is a hidden and costumed dance that is performed as part of
Buddhist festivities in Ladakh.

EXTRA INFORMATION ABOUT LADAKH

CULTURE OF LADAKH
To the south of Himalayas, this Tibetan plateau stands at a height of 3000 -
5,753 meters. This region is called the land of high passes and it holds the
world’s top three tallest mountain passes, which can be scaled on a vehicle.
Stuck between mountains and barren landscape, this valley is lush with
vegetation and culture.

HISTORY OF LADAKH
The first recorded inhabitant of this region was the Brokpas, who populated
the lower part of the Indus Valley. Ladakh’s first occupants were Dards, an
immigrant community from Tibet and nearby regions. Their culture and
lifestyle were in coherence with the early inhabitants.
In the 10th century, Skit de Nemagon, Tibet King invaded Ladakh and
defeated all the principalities. He formed a capital in Shey and Ladakh

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became an independent country. During this time, many monasteries were

built and political developments took place.
The Namgyal reign started in the 16th century and was able to resist the
Islamic invaders. Many gompas were destroyed during the invasion and a
marriage treaty was formed for peace. In the 19th century, the Sikh rule
started in the surrounding region. Ladakh was captured by Dogras and the
famous Sino-Sikh war took place. In 1947, Ladakh became a part of India and
came under the capital of Srinagar. By the later mid of 20th century, Tibetan
refugees started to pour into Ladakh. In 2019, Ladakh became a union
territory.

LANGUAGES OF LADAKH
The official language of Ladakh is Ladakhi. It is also called Bodhi, which is a
Tibetic styled language. There are different dialects of Ladakhi like Lehsat,
and Stotskat. Nubra is common in the northern regions. The Ladakhi
language has Tibetan script.

FACTS OF LADAKH
• Ladakh is the highest settlement in the country (in terms of altitude).
• This is the only place in India to find the Bactrian camel – the camel with
two humps.
• The highest salt lake in the country is in Ladakh – Pangong Lake. Even
though it is a salt lake, it completely freezes in the winter.
• One of the highest astronomical centers in the world is found in Ladakh
(third in the world).
• The top three highest mountain passes with vehicle routes are found in
Ladakh.
• The highest bridge in India is Bailey bridge of Ladakh
• This ice desert is home to more than 225 bird species and many migratory
birds visit Ladakh
• One of the top ten hardest trekking trails of the world is found in Ladakh
– Chadar trek. This route is formed over a frozen lake

RELIGION OF LADAKH
For many centuries together, Ladakh has been isolated from the rest of the
societies due to geographical and climatic conditions. Thus, the ancient
Tibetan style of religion is still preserved. 77% of Ladakhis are Buddhists.
8% of the population follows Hinduism and 14% follow Islam. There are a
few communities who follow Sikhism and Christianity.

PAINTING
The most iconic painting of all is the Thangka painting made by Buddhist
monks. This painting is done on silk or cotton cloth and is embroidered. This
painting is made with religious themes only and you can find many
monasteries sporting very large such paintings. It is one of the unique and

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expensive souvenirs that are famous among tourists. The wall paintings are
found in the monasteries and temples, which are made with the Secco
technique. It is one of the oldest styles of painting in Ladakh.

MUSIC
Ladakhi music is similar to Tibetan music with instruments like damman,
surna, and others. Some of the religious music forms have Sanskrit or Tibetan
chanting. Yang chanting is one of the famous types of such religious music
styles.

LITERATURE
The first ever literature festival of Ladakh took place in 2019. The traditional
literature works are found in the classical Bhoti language.

FOLKLORE
Pan-Tibetan epic is taught from generation to generation. This epic portraits
a heaven sent king. The Gesar epic revolves around song, dance, and drama
that explain a superhuman figure, who overcomes bad elements and help
humans with magic, martial power, and strength. In the past, the priests,
singers and storytellers were the ones who protected the legends. They
passed on legends and lore by singing riddles and religious stories.

FESTIVALS OF LADAKH
The most iconic festival of all is the Losar festival or the local New Year. Apart
from this, the other top festivals to enjoy are:
• Sindhu Darsha – June
• Hemis festival – July
• Saka Dawa festival - June
• Ladakh festival – September
• YuruKabgyat – July
• TakTok Festival – July
• PhyangTsedup – July or August
• ThikseyGustor – each monastery has a different date for this festival
• Dosmoche – February
• MathoNagrang – March
• Stok Guru Tsechu – February or March

CLOTHING
Men wear Goucha, a woolen robe, which can be fastened at the neck. Around
the waist, they wear skerag, a sash. Women wear kuntop, which is a similar
woolen robe. They wear a shawl, which they use to carry parcel or babies.
Their traditional attire is very colorful. Yak skin and goatskin are common
material for clothing. Peraks, a top hat is worn to indicate the rank of the
family. When the owner of the hat dies, the hat is passed on to the younger
generation. They wear shoes made of yak leather and hair.

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CUISINES
The cuisine of Ladakh is inspired from Tibet. Top dishes served in Ladakh are
Thupka noodles, Ladakhi pulao, Tigmo, Khambir, saag, butter tea, phirni,
skew, momos, kulcha bun, Cholak, and others.

OCCUPATION
Ladakh is majorly an agrarian society.

FOLK DANCES OF JAMMU & KASHMIR

KUD DANCE
One of the famous dance forms of the state is Kud dance. It is performed to honor
the gods ‘Lok Devtas’ as a thanks giving ritual and is mostly done in nights. This
form has lots of interesting and twisted movements. Unlike other dance forms in
Kud dance young people as well old people participate equally that makes it more
interesting. Rhythm and Beats of the music dominate in this form of dance forms
and dancers plan their movement accordingly. Some special Musical instruments
are used in dance like Chhaina, Drums, Narsingha and flute. Spontaneity is another
key Feature that is found mostly in all the folk dances. This kind of dance is
generally performed in centre of mountains in and around Jammu and is mostly
performed during rainy season. The reason behind this is the farmers and villagers
who work as farmers want to oblige god the local deity ‘Gramdevta’ for protecting
their cattle’s, maize crops, children’s and family from all sorts of natural calamities.
The local farmers perform this dance generally and people join from nearby
villages in the celebrations. Everyone is in their best attire and dance through the
night and celebrate in a festive spirit. In typical Kud dance, dancers are in 20 to 30
numbers which is performed by famers to thank god and is generally continued
till late hours in night. Jammu state has always been known for its rich culture
which is clearly reflected in the various dances forms performed during different
functions and ceremonies.


DUMHAL DANCE
Of all the dance forms the most famous Dance forms practiced in Kashmir is
‘Dumhal’. Dancers performing this dance are dressed up wearing vibrant colored
robes and conical caps which are generally studded with beads and look really
beautiful. Not every man can perform this dance but only males of Wattal can
perform this dance and that too during special occasion. This dance is very
different from all the dances performed which is performed on set locations and
the set occasions..There is a special ritual manner in which dancers have to dance
and a banner is dig into the ground and dance generally takes off with group of

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men dancing around this banner. Dancers sing in a melodious voice in chorus and
they are joined by drum beats in between.


ROUF DANCE
Another famous traditional dance form is Rouf which is found in Kashmir region.
This dance form is practiced on festive occasions like Eid and Ramzan days are
going. It is performed by group of women standing face to face to each other but
the most notable feature of this dance form is the footwork of the dancers. One of
the most known dance form in all the regions of Jammu and Kashmir is ‘Rouf;
which is generally pronounced as ‘ruf’ in villages and as ‘row’ in cities. It is a dance
performed on set of spring season and has always been an integral part of kashmiri
people since a very long time.

BHAND PATHER
It is a form of Theatre dance performed in Kashmir. This dance form does not only
include dance but also include plays between dances that captivates the audience.
It shows the normal lives, traditions and evils prevailing in the society.

BACHHA NAGMA
This yet another dance form is generally performed at cultural gatherings or
special functions like weddings and is only and only performed by boys. Even man
can perform this dance but have to be dressed as boys. It consists of six to seven
members maximum and there is no external singer one of the dancers is the lead
singer among the dancers that sings in a melodious voice and other members joins
him in chorus, this creates a very soothing effect as most of the singers are young
in age. The dresses worn by dancers somewhat resemble to those worn by Kathak
dancers. In some parts this dance form is also known by the name ‘Bachha
Gyavaun’ that means young harmonious voice.

HAFIZA DANCE
It is a dance that is performed at weddings and is a form of Kashmiri traditional
dance. There is a special instrument used in this dance known as Santoor that
contains almost hundred strings and is played with the help of sticks.

BHAND JASHAN
Bhand Jashan is a very soothing dance with very light music and performed in
traditional style by ten to fifteen dancers.

BACHA NAGMA
This Kind of dance is showcased during the harvesting season and is performed by
only boys and among those boys one performs the role of Female and performs
Hafiza style dance.

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WUEGI-NACHUN
This dance form is generally performed after all the rituals of wedding when the
bride is about to leave her parental home. Kashmiri Pundit females gather around
bridal rangoli and dances.

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR FOLK DANCE

NICOBARESE DANCE
Inspired by the different elements of nature, Nicobarese Dance is performed by
the local tribesmen of the Car Island. They mostly perform this dances during
Ossuary feast. The Ossuary feast are organized by tribesmen to pay homage to
their ancestors. The feast is organized on the night of full moon. Thus the
participants perform the dance during whole night time.

THE GREAT ANDAMANESE DANCES
The Great Andamanese Dances are performed by the people of Andaman Island
group. These dances features the stories of travel and personal adventures. These
dances are rythm based not with specific pitch.

FAMOUS FOLK DANCES OF UTTARAKHAND

1. BARADA NATI

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Barada Nati folk dance may be a popular dance in the Jaunsar Bhawar area of
Chakrata Tehsil in the Dehradun district. The folk dance is performed on the eve
of some religious festivals or on some social functions.

2. LANGVIR NRITYA

Langvir Nritya is an acrobatic dance performed by the lad’s folk only. During
this dance, an extended bamboo pole is fixed at a place.

3. PANDAV NRITYA

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Pandav Nritya which said to the story of Mahabharata has been very popular,
particularly in the Garhwal region. The narration is usually enacted on ‘Dussehra’
and Diwali.

4. BHOTIYA TRIBAL FOLK DANCES

Bhotiya tribals have their typical dances like ‘Dhurang and Dhuring’ which relate
to death ceremonies. The dance is analogous to the pastorals of Himachal Pradesh
or the hunting dance of Nagaland.

5. CHOUNPHULA AND JHUMEILA

‘Chounphula and Jhumeila’ form a part of seasonal dances which performed
‘Basant Panchami’ to ‘Sankranti’ or ‘Baisakhi’. ‘Jhumeila’ is usually mixed but
usually restricted to women. ‘Chounphula’ may be a spinning dance performed by
all sections of the community, at night, in groups by men and ladies.

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6. CHHAPELI

Everywhere the world, in societies sophisticated or primitive, courtship dance

portrays id miniature, the customs of the people and country; it’s not necessary
that the couples participating in it be actual lovers though the initial cause was the
pairing of, to increase the tribe.
Danced by one couple or many, the feminine holds a mirror in her left hand and a
colored handkerchief in the other. The mirror, the foremost interesting part,
symbolizes something vague or mysterious. The song consists of solo chores and
is sung by the Hurka players and their associates standing in a semi-circle behind
the dancers.


7. CHANCHERI

Chancheri dance form resembles Jhora.

8. JHORA

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A community dance, when all barriers of castes are thrown to the winds,
except within the village, where the high and lower castes have separate
Jhoras, it’s danced at fairs to the accompaniment, of singing that grows with the
dance.
Performed either in the morning or evening, they’re danced at the coming of
spring, mostly at fairs, but also to celebrate weddings. Together they move in
a circle, holding each other’s arms and slightly bending their bodies forward as
they move.
Each step is crazy a slight jump and the accompanying neck and shoulder
movements. there’s no limit to the dance, going on sometimes, for twenty-
four hours with new groups joining in while old ones retire.

9. CHOLIYA DANCE

Dating back to over a thousand years, the Choliya dance has its origins within
the warring Khasiya Kingdom of Khasdesh, when marriages were performed
for the purpose of the swords. They were united by the Chand kings who arrived
on the scene of the 10th century.

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Performed by the Rajputs with sword and shield in pairs, the drummers are
usually Harijans called Dholies, while the Turi and Ransing are played by Bairagis,
Jogi’s, and Gosains. Specially trained, though dancing isn’t their profession.
These Rajput dancers come from the Champawat and Almora. The complete team
consists of 22 people, eight of which are dancers, and 14 who are musicians.

10. THALI, JADDA AND JHAINTA

While the Thali may be a graceful dance of women, the Jadda and Jhainta are
dancing during which women and men whirl together with gay abandon. The
full region is a kaleidoscope of folk dancing.

FOLK MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF UTTARAKHAND:

Traditional musical instruments of Uttarakhand reflect the values of Uttarakhand
people. The famous musical instruments are, Damama, Hurka, Turturi or Turhi,
Mushak Been or Bagpipe, or Flute these are the foremost famous in Uttarakhand.
Folk dance and music both require the assistance of several musical instruments
that lend the former their characteristic simplicity and regional touch and make
them more enchanting. These instruments form the soul of folk’s dance and music.

1. DHOL

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This is often a drum in which a wooden or brass hollow covered with leather ate
both ends. It’s generally played in Barats, Navratri’s, and religious processions.

2. RANSINGHA

The ransingha or ransinga may be a type of primitive trumpet made of copper or
copper alloys, utilized in both India and Nepal. The instrument is formed of two
metal curves, joined together to make an “S” shape. it’s going to also reassemble to
form a crescent.

3. BHANKORA

The bhankora (plural: bhankore) may be a type of trumpet made of copper that is
prominently used in the folk music of Uttarakhand in India, especially within
the Garhwal region. The instrument is aerophonic and used specifically in
religious Garhwal Folk Dramas, most notably the Pandav Lila and Nanda Devi Raj
Jat.
The instrument was played only by upper crust Garhwali’s during the Naubat,
Dhanyal, and Dev Jatra sorts of religious ritual performances. The bhankora is

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formed of copper and is about 36 inches long and about 3 inches in diameter; it
creates a sweet melodious sound and tone.

4. DAMAMA

This consists of two leathered brass cones one somewhat bigger and therefore
the other small. The larger one is called ‘Daindama’ while the smaller one is called
‘Baundamu’.

5. HURKA

The staccato beats of the Hurka are heard in almost every song or dance
performance in Uttarakhand.

6. TURTURI OR TURHI

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The trumpet-like organ is found in two forms. One is sort of long and curved in
shape while the other resembles a snake in its coiled form.

7. BINAI

This is often a small instrument made of iron. ‘Binai’ may be a small instrument
made of iron made by local blacksmiths.

8. MUSHAK BEEN OR BAGPIPE

This well-known Scottish instrument introduced in Uttarakhand by the
British army some 200 years back around the Anglo-Gorkha was of 1814-15.
Now it’s an inseparable part of folk music and dances.

9. MURULI OR FLUTE

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Muruli or flute has been an integral part of the lives of shepherds and cattle grazers
in Uttarakhand. The ever-enchanting landscapes undoubtedly provided the
inspiration to make new tunes on which some folk songs are based.

10. DAMRU

A Damaru or damru may be a small two-headed drum, utilized in Hinduism and
Tibetan Buddhism. In Tibetan Buddhism, the Damaru is employed as an
instrument in tantric practices.


TRADITIONAL FOLK DANCE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

1. NATI – FOLK DANCE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

Nati is one of the most famous dances in the land of hills. It’s believed that this
dance originated in the Simaur district. This dance is of seven types and is
performed during cultural occasions.
You’ll feel nice to know that Nati creates a world record by becoming the largest
folk dance in the whole world. Plenty of people join this dance and try to relish it

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in the best possible way. This dance is additionally famous among a few other
communities of Chandigarh and Uttarakhand.

2. DEMON DANCE – FOLK DANCE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

Another popular dance in Himachal Pradesh is the Demon Dance. It’s also known
as Chaambha or Rakshasa dance. The history of the dance dates to the past. This
dance reflects the normal culture and lifestyle of the people. Both men and women
often perform it.
They need to wear masks and hold each other’s hands during the dance. This dance
group guided by a pacesetter who is known as Ghure. The dance shows how the
demons attack the people and therefore the way God saves them from the attack.

3. KAYANG MALA – FOLK DANCE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

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Kayang Mala is another dance of Himachal Pradesh that’s performed by holding

each other’s hand and wearing a garland-like material. It appears to be colorful
and nice. You’ll love to see the girls performing beautifully in this dance.
However, before performing this dance the performers need to drink Chaang the
local drink of Himachal Pradesh. Within the present time, Kayang Mala is one
of the most popular dances in Himachal Pradesh.

4. SHAND & SHABU DANCE – DANCE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

It’s performed in front of the monasteries to show respect and in the loving
memory of Lord Buddha. This dance originated in the Spiti and Lahaul districts of
the state.
Repeatedly, it’s also performed during the local harvesting period. During this
dance drums and other instruments are played in the order that it becomes much
more interesting. Nowadays people also use the violin to form the dance look
attractive and good.

5. CHOLAMBA DANCE – FOLK DANCE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

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It’s one of the oldest dances in the state. Sources said that this dance existed an
extended time back. It had performed during the British reign. This dance is
additionally performed after killing the tiger. It’s a dance festival during which the
skin of the animal is stuffed and decorated with gold ornaments.
Soon after this, the locals of the region perform the dance ahead of the dead
animals. This is often performed with great pomp and show. You’ll feel nice to be
a part of this dance and enjoy it to the fullest. For an extended period, this dance
is one of the most amazing and oldest dances in Himachal Pradesh.

6. KEEKALI DANCE – FOLK DANCE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

It’s one of the most popular tribal dances of Himachal Pradesh. The tribals of this
region mainly perform this dance on any special day. It’s found that if there is a
marriage in their community the tribal people perform this dance.
It’s performed by both the male and female members of society. They dance with
great pomp and show. The tribals are well-dressed during this era. They appear so
well, The dance was found uniformly.

FOLK MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH:

1. NAGARA
The nagara or nagara may be a drum used in the Middle East. There are
several sorts of naghara, which is the lead instrument in folk ceremonies and
weddings. The naghara differs in size and goes by various names like “boyuk
nagara” (big naghara), “cura nagara” (small naghara), “chilling naghara” (played
with drumsticks), “Qoltuq nagara” (drum held under the arm), gosha naghara
(Naqareh) and “el naghara” (hand naghara).

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2. DHOL
Dhol can ask any one of several similar types of double-headed drum widely used,
with regional variations, throughout the Indian subcontinent. Its range of
distribution in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan primarily include northern
areas like the Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Kashmir, Sindh, Assam Valley,
Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Konkan, Goa, Karnataka,
Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh. The range stretches westward as
far as eastern Afghanistan. A related instrument is a dholak or dholki.

3. HUDAK
The Hudak & Udkka may be a percussion instrument used in Indian folk
music. It’s a two-headed small drum. The tone of this instrument is often varied by
pressing or releasing the strings, which tied between the 2 sides. This drum
held within the armpit while playing it. The structure of this instrument however
displays a superior work of artistry Bottom of Form.

4. BANSURI/FLUTE
The Hindu God Lord Krishna is traditionally considered a master of the bamboo
flute. Two main sorts of Indian flutes are currently used; the first has six finger
holes and one embouchure hole and is used predominantly in the Hindustani
music of Northern India.
The second, the Venu/Pullan Guzhal, has eight finger holes and is played
predominantly within the Carnatic music of Southern India; prior to this south
Indian flute had only seven finger holes, with the fingering standard developed by
haraba Shastri. This instrument is sort of popular among Gaddi tribes.

5. SHAHNAI
Shehnai/Mangal Vaidya, common in India made from wood with a metal flare bell
at the top. It has between six and nine. It’s like south India’s ‘Nadaswaram’.

6. GRAYAND & JHAMANG
These can hear in Lahaul Spiti.

7. KANGDUM
It’s also known as Kangling. It’s made up of the thigh bone of a human being
extracted from the corpse. Thigh bone decorated with silver and bronze. The thigh
bone of a lady, who dies in pregnancy, is more valued because the instrument
made of it is believed to produce a sound that is more effective for conjuring the
benevolent spirits.

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8. SARANGI
It’s a bowed, short necked string instrument from South Asia which’s utilized
in Hindustani classical music. It’s said to resemble the sound of the human voice
and is the most able to imitate vocal ornaments such as Gamaks and Meends
carved from single block of tun, the sarangi features a box-like shape with three
hollow chambers: Pet, Chhati and Magaj.

9. MANJIRA
It’s a traditional instrument of Bharata. It’s also known as Taal, Jalra, Khartal,
Gini made from bronze, Brass, copper, Zinc or bell.

FAMOUS FOLK DANCE OF GOA:

1. DHALO – FOLK DANCE OF GOA

Dhalo is one of the prominent dances of Goa; performed by the

womenfolk. it’s held mainly during the month of “Pausha”- The Hindu month
corresponding to December and January. the ladies gather at night after dinner to
perform the dance. They form two rows facing one another. The rows formed
with a gaggle of 12 dancers each.
Maybe a dance form full of zest and charm. The dancers enfold one another with
their hands at the back and create a disciplined line. Singers accompany the
dancers, Chan ting songs in Marathi or Konkani with melodious rhythmic beats.

2. DEKHNI – FOLK DANCE OF GOA

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Dekhni is again a womenfolk dance like Dhalo. But here the concept is different.
The dance is performed to portray the lifetime of a devadasi. In Hindu mythology,
there was a belief in marrying a woman to God. She successively continues serving
the Lord her whole life. the women were known as a devadasi, serving the
deity within the temple.

3. FUGDI – FOLK DANCE OF GOA

Fugdi is another renowned folk dance of Goa, performed by the womenfolk. The
dance was administered in groups, forming a circle. There are not any singers or
musicians accompanying the dancers. They themselves sing and dance in
energetic movements. The dance is performed in several social gatherings and
religious ceremonies in Goa. It’s symbolic in portraying the power and energy
concealed within human beings.

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4. LAMP DANCE – FOLK DANCE OF GOA

Lamp dance displays the skill and talent of the artists performing it. They carry
brass lamps balanced on their heads and move in slow movements. it’s spectacular
to watch the tenacity and patience of the dancers as they control themselves in
keeping the lamps intact and balanced.
The lamps are quite heavy and it’s truly amazing to watch the dedication of the
performers. It’s a treat to the eye observing them.

5. DASHAVATARA – FOLK DANCE OF GOA

The word “Dashavatara” in Hindu mythology implies the ten incarnations of Lord
Vishnu, the Hindu God. The dance, as the name implies, depicts the ten
manifestations of Lord Vishnu.

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6. SHIGMO – FOLK DANCE OF GOA

Shigmo is additionally one of the significant folk dances of Goa. The objective of
performing the dance is to be celebrating the new crops during the spring
season. the gorgeous soothing climate enhances the celebration.

7. KUNBI – FOLK DANCE OF GOA

Kunbis are the tribal population, residing in Goa for years. They perform the dance
majorly during social gatherings or during any religious festivals and occasions.
Kunbi was performed by the womenfolk.
Elegance and beauty defined the dance form. it’s one of the best folk dances of Goa;
a pleasure to watch the dancers performing in unison and in sync with each other.

8. ROMAT – FOLK DANCE OF GOA

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Romat is street show, where the dancers and musicians move during a procession.
The traditional musical instruments of drums and cymbals used. The dancers
decked up in bright-colored attire with glitter and sparkles adorning the dress.
Huge banners, sunshades, and different other symbols carried by the gang through
the procession. it’s one of the popular folk dances of Goa, where people flock to
observe the fun in the streets.

9. GOFF – FOLK DANCE OF GOA

Goff may be a skilled dance form of Goa. a singular act performed in the dance,
which makes it special. The dancers employ several cords to form various artistic
patterns, while they dance with the musical beats.
They dismantle the formation and again arrange them in sequence throughout the
performance. The songs accompanying the dance are dedicated to the Hindu god,
Lord Krishna.

10. MUSSAL – FOLK DANCE OF GOA

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Mussals are weapons utilized in the war during ancient times in India. The
Kshatriyas, known to be the valiant warriors, used the Mussals. The dance form is
performed to commemorate victories during wars.
it’s conducted at the full moon, mostly within the months of February or March.
The songs accompanying the dance form are comprised of twenty-two couplets.

11. GHODE MODNI – FOLK DANCE OF GOA

The name Ghode Modni implies the movements of the horse. The dancers wear a
horse-shaped structure or model round the waist. They move around waving
swords. The dresses of the performers are of various colors coupled with
gorgeous ornaments and beautiful headgears. Drums and cymbals accompany the
dance.

ETHNIC MUSIC INSTRUMENTS OF GOA:

1. GHUMAT

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Ghumat may be a folk musical instrument used especially in Goa, bordering

Maharashtra (Konkan region), Karnataka (North and South Kanara Districts)
and within the Konkani speaking community in Kerala. it’s the favorite musical
instrument of Goans.
Though this instrument is extremely easy to make it is quite difficult to maintain a
rhythm on it. A baked mud pot with two open mouths of various diameters 10-12
centimeters and 20 centimeters was purchased from the potter.
After applying the sap or gum of a tree to the molted hide of a mountain
lizard it’s stretched across and tied onto the wider mouth, with a coir rope, and
then dried within the ̣shade. A rope is tied to both mouths to form a sling to hold
the ghumaṭ around the neck.
The sound is generated by beating the hide with the proper hand and placing the
left hand on the smaller mouth to adjust the sound. As this is often not played
individually Shameḷ, jodshameḷ or mhadale played together with it.
it’s very popular in villages and played during puja (ritualistic worship), Ganesh
Chaturthi, Shigmo, vrats, jatras (festival of the temple deity) and Jagran (worship
at night). When played following the norms of serious music it is called
‘sumwarivadan, chandravaḷ, fag, khanpad, arti’ etc.

2. MHADALEM

Even as a transverse cylindrical wooden pot is used to make a mrudang or
pakhwaj so also a 60-65-centimeter-long earthen cylindrical pot used to create a
mhadale. Before it’s baked the earthen pot is given a slit in the middle.
Both its ends are about 20 centimeters in diameter and covered with the hide of
the mountain lizard. The hide is fixed using the sap or gum of a tree as during
a ghumaṭ. When playing a ghumaṭ this instrument is employed as an
accompaniment.
it’s held transversely and secured around the neck with a sling and held in the
armpit or on the thigh. it’s played by striking the right mouth with the fingers.

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3. SHEHNAI

The foremost well-known musical instrument as in other regions, in Goa the Sanai
is named shanay by locals. Formerly Goa temples would appoint traditional artists
to play the Sanai and therefore the chaughada in the temple.
Unfortunately, this practice has gradually started dwindling. No new artists are
now inclined towards learning Sanai and pursing it as a profession. Once upon a
time a day, at least thrice each day the Sanai (chaughada) would play in the major
temples. Today thanks to a dearth of artists the temple administration must use
recorded chaughada music.
A Sanai formed from shisham wood. it’s narrow at one of the ends. it’s about 30 to
32 centimeter long, hollow pipe. At the narrow end the diameter of the opening is
about 1 centimeter. A two layered clapper made up of 2-centimeter-long blades of
the Pala grass fixed over it. The broad opening is fixed with a nightshade shaped
metal horn.
the 2 layered clapper is to create notes, the long pipe is to offer the notes a melody
and the horn is to be increasing the volume or the pitch. the center pipe has 8 to 9
openings out of which 7 which are in one line used to create notes and to increase
the pitch.

4. TASSO

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This instrument from the sambal category is extremely popular. Formerly it had
used as an instrument on the war front. One hears this during the festivities of
Shigmo. However, it accompanies the drum (dhol) within the temples of Goa
thrice a day.
A wooden, earthen, or copper-brass deep bowl called gangal roofed with hide of
the goat. The hide stretched and held in situ with brass screws or sewed with
threads. Thin cane sticks of about 30-centimeter length struck onto the leather to
make sound.
Most of the days this instrument strung around the neck or tied to the waist. an
outsized Tasha referred to as an Arab in Goa.

5. NAGADO & CHOWGUDO

Today the nagara played altogether the important temples of Goa while ghum is
played during shigmo festival in Central and North Goa. During annual festivals
(jatras) of temple deities and wedding festivities playing the chaughaḍa may be
a sign of auspiciousness.

TRADITIONAL FOLK DANCES OF RAJASTHAN:

1. GHOOMAR – DANCE OF RAJASTHAN

The dancers’ graceful moves, swaying hands, perfect twirls, and clapping signify
this immensely popular folk dance. It’s its origins in the Bhil community
and, consistent with history, performed for kings and royalty in past. It recently
received international approval for being a Rajasthani folk dance and regularly
performed at social events and festivals.

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2. KATHPUTLI – DANCE OF RAJASTHAN

Kathputli or puppetry completed by puppets on a string controlled by the artistes.
Resembling a standard puppet show, this performance comprises Kath (wood)
and a Putli (doll). This dance form is harked back to the Bhat tribes that originated
several centuries ago. Voiceovers by artistes make the performance livelier and
complete. Mythological stories referring to tribes narrated through these
performances.

3. CHARI – DANCE OF RAJASTHAN

Made popular by Ajmer’s Saini community and Kishangarh’s Gujjar community,
this Rajasthani folk dance was performed to explain the art of water collection at
community wells. Women place water pots on their heads while performing this
dance and place a lighted lamp in it.
Nowadays, it’s also performed at exclusive functions, weddings, and festivals, and
when a baby boy is born. The musical instruments that accompany this dance also
are exclusive to this dance. They comprise a harmonium, dholak, and nagada.

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4. BHAVAI – DANCE OF RAJASTHAN

Yet one more dance form where women dancers balance pots on their heads as in
the Chari dance, here they balance several pots on their heads while grooving to
the music. It’s performed by women of the Jat, Kumhar, Meena, Kalbelia, and Bhil
communities. It’s a fascinating stunt that these traditional artistes perform.
Some balance up to eight earthen or brass pots on top of their head. While
balancing the pots they rotate within the circumference of a plate or a glass. Male
performers play music instruments including sarangi, dholak& harmonium.

5. GAIR – DANCE OF RAJASTHAN

This dance stands out as different from all other folk dances of Rajasthan because,
for the primary time, it’s performed by both men and women. A presentation from
the Bhil community, this dance may be a must-see performance at all major
festivals such as Holi and Janmashtami.
Men and ladies’ dancers dress up in the most vivid colors and swing to the
traditional beat of Rajasthani folk instruments. Their dance moves are in tandem

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with the music and they may move in clockwise circles or anti-clockwise. People
here like to watch male performers hit the sticks of other male performers to the
musical beat.

FOLK MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF RAJASTHAN

1. RAVANHATTA

A ravanahatha is an ancient bowed, musical instrument, utilized in India, Sri
Lanka, and surrounding areas. It’s suggested as an ancestor of the violin.

2. KAMAICHA

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The kamancheh may be a Persian bowed string instrument used in Persian,
Azerbaijani, Armenian, and Kurdish music. The kamancheh said to the rebab
which is the historical ancestor of the kamancheh and the bowed Byzantine lyra.
The strings played with a variable-tension bow. It’s widely used in the classical
music of Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan with
slight variations within the structure of the instrument.

3. SINDHI SARANGI

Sindhi Sarangi may be a bowed string instrument from Rajasthan. It’s a resonator,
a finger board and peg box carved out of one block of wood. It has four playing gut
strings and twenty-two sympathetic steel strings.

4. MORSING

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The morsing is an instrument almost like the Jew’s harp, mainly utilized
in Rajasthan, within the Carnatic music of South India, and in Sindh, Pakistan.
Often categorized under lamellophones, which is itself within the category of
plucked idiophones.
It consists of a metal ring within the shape of a horseshoe with two parallel forks
which form the frame, and a metal tongue within the middle, between the forks,
fixed to the ring at one end and liberal to vibrate at the other. The metal tongue is
bent at the free end during a plane perpendicular to the circular ring so that it can
be struck and made to vibrate. This bent part is named the trigger.

5. ALGOZE

Alghoza may be a paired woodwind instrument. It’s traditionally used by Baloch,
Saraiki, Sindhi, Kutchi, Punjabi, and Rajasthani folk musicians. It consists of two
joined beak flutes, one for melody, the second for drone. The flutes are either tied
together or could also hold together loosely with the hands.
The endless flow of air is necessary as the player blows into the two flutes
simultaneously. The fast recapturing of breath on each beat creates a bouncing,
swinging rhythm. The wooden instrument initially comprised two flute pipes
of identical length but over time, one among them was shortened for sound
purposes. Within the world of Alghoza playing, the 2 flute pipes are a couple — the

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longer one is the male and the shorter one is the female instrument. With the
utilization of beeswax, the instrument is often scaled to any tune.

6. NAAGPHANI

Nagphani may be a traditional wind instrument belonging to the Kumaon region
in Uttarakhand. This often also played in Gujarat and Rajasthan. Nagphani
formed like a serpent with a metal tongue painted with bright colors. Nagphani is
employed by tantric ritual performers.

7. JANTAR

Jantar may be a stringed instrument made of wood, steel, and horsehair. A
community instrument, it’s found in Madhya Pradesh. Majorly employed by the
‘Pradhan’ community of Madhya Pradesh as an accompanying instrument.

8. CHIKARA

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The Chikara may be a bowed stringed musical instrument from India, want to play
Indian folk music. It’s used by the tribal people of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
and Uttar Pradesh.

9. EKTARA

Ektara literally means ‘one-string’, also called actara, iktar, ektara, yaktaro,
Gopichand, gopichant, golki may be a one-stringed musical instrument used in the
traditional music of South Asia, and utilized in modern-day music of Bangladesh,
India, and Pakistan.

10. DHERU

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The folk musical instrument “DERU” is an hourglass wooden shaped
membranophonic instrument made of mango wood. Mounted with the
skinny parchment of skin on both sides of the frame with a rope. While playing one
hand strikes with the stick, the opposite manipulates the tension of the skins with
the string.
Mostly it’s used by Jogi’s with Goga epic singing in Rajasthan. Classical Indian hand
percussion deru is a well-known folk instrument for drumming in Western &
Southern states in India. Deru is an hourglass shaped drum, which is the larger
version of the Damru or Damroo but usually played with the bare hand rather than
damru.
A Deru player adjusts the pitch of the instrument by adjusting the
pressure that’s applied to these strings. Two chords are knotted at the top and
attached to the middle of the Deru. When the Deru vigorously swayed from side to
side the knots hit the drumheads and produce sound. This percussive
instrument is very peculiar to the regions of Rajasthan.
The Deru produces rhythmic beats in tune with the performance. The Deru may
be a common accompaniment to ritual chants and used in the performance of
popular folk songs.

11. KHARTAL

Khartal is an ancient instrument mainly utilized in devotional / folk
songs. it’s derived its name from the Sanskrit words ‘kara’ meaning hand and ‘tala’
meaning clapping. This wooden clapper may be a Ghana Vadya which has discs or
plates that produce a clinking sound when clapped together. It falls under the
category of idiophones of self-sounding instruments that combine properties of
vibrator and resonator.

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MOST IMPORTANT MCQS ABOUT FOLK DANCES IN INDIA

1. Rouff is a folk dance. It has its origin in ?
A. Assam
B. Mizoram
C. Kashmir
D. Himachal Pradesh
Answer: Kashmir
2. Which of the following folk dances is performed by women in Punjab?
A. Garbha
B. Giddha
C. Ghero
D. Goncha
Answer: Giddha
3. Tamasha or Lalvani is the folk dance of which Indian State?
A. Maharashtra
B. Rajasthan
C. Assam
D. Madhya Pradesh
Answer: Maharashtra
4. Which is a post-harvest folk dance in Assam?
(SSC CGL Tier-I 2016 (2nd Sitting))
A. Ojapali
B. None of them

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C. Ankia Nat
D. Bihu
Answer: Bihu
5. With which state is the folk dance ‘Garba’ associated ?
(SSC SAS 2010 (Paper-1) and SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax & Central
Excise) 2009)
A. Rajasthan
B. Gujarat
C. Andhra Pradesh
D. Himachal Pradesh
Answer: B. Gujarat
6. Which of the following folk dances is associated with Rajasthan?
(SSC CGL Tier-I 2011, First Sitting)
A. Rauf
B. Jhora
C. Veedhi
D. Suisini
Answer: D. Suisini
Note: Ginad, Chakri, Gangore, Terahtaal, Khayal, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma,
Suisini, etc are some of the Major folk dances of Rajasthan.
7. Which of the following folk dances is associated’with Jammu and
Kashmir ?
(SSC CGL Tier-I 2011 (Second Sitting)
A. Jhora
B. Veedhi
C. Rauf
D. Suisini
Answer: C. Rauf
8. Of which of the following States is associated with Nautanki, a folk
dance?
(FCI Assistant Grade-II 2012 (Paper-1)
A. Haryana
B. Uttar Pradesh
C. Rajasthan
D. Gujarat
Answer: B.Uttar Pradesh
Note: Nautanki, Thora, Chappeli, Raslila, Kajri are some of the famous folk
dances of Uttar Pradesh.

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9. Which one of the following is wrongly paired ?

(SSC Graduate Level Tier-I 2013)
Folk Dance……. State
A. Kerala ………….. Karagam
B. Gujarat………….. Garba
C. Uttar Pradesh ….Nautanki
D. West Bengal …….Jatna
Answer: A.
Note: The Karagam Dance is s an ancient folk dance of Tamil Nadu
performed in praise of the rain goddess Mariamman. The performers
balance the water pot on their head very beautifully. This dance is
considered to have been originated in Thanjavur.
10. Which among the following is a folk dance of India?
(SSC CGL Tier-I 2015 (Ist Sitting) and SSC CHSL, LDC, DEO 2015)
A. Mohiniattam
B. Kathakali
C. Manipuri
D. Garba
Answer: D. Garba
11. ‘Tabal Chongli’ is a form of folk dance associated with the State
of : (FCI Assistant Grade-III 2012 (Paper-1)
A. West Bengal
B. Assam
C. Andhra Pradesh
D. Maharashtra
Answer: B Assam
Note: Other popular dance forms of Assam are Bihu, Khel Gopal, Rash Lila,
Canoe, etc.
12. ‘Giddha’ is a form of dance associated with the state of :
(SSC (10+2) Data Entry Operator & LCD 2011 (Ist Sitting) (North
Zone) and SSC Combined Matric Level (PRE) 2006 (Ist Sitting) (East Zone)
A. Punjab
B. Himachal Pradesh
C. Haryana
D. Rajasthan
Answer: A. Punjab
Note: Giddha is a popular folk dance of women in Punjab region of India
and
Pakistan. The dance is often considered derived from the ancient dance

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known
as the ring dance.
13. “Dandia” is a popular dance of_?
(SSC Constable (GD) 2013, Ist Sitting)
A. Gujarat
B. Assam
C. Jharkhand
D. Maharashtra
Answer. A. Gujarat
Note: The dandiya is the chief folk dance of Gujarat, which is usually
performed in groups, wherein young men and women dressed in colorful
costumes, dance in circles with multi-hued sticks in their hands to the lively
beat of drums. This dance is very popular during the Navratri season in
October.

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