| K- Sai povon | cse-B HANZ KOSS S | D write a short ucte on of Networs 7 | clauitied bated upon the stee, | » The Lyper of network are layfeat Orehiteckuse «The three | the cen fe Cover ond THF Primary netusone categories Oe cee) Netecosle (MAND Hoca)—area Nletwod | RE area | Wide sdiea Netwol Locas Area Networks CLAN y+ D Local Area Network is A group of Computers Connected to each Other fn a Small Aten keh as buflding « fice. ox more pertonal Compiles aS Lani fe Usted fer Connecting tnlo uth a1 twisted pale, Hirough a Communfeat{or mectiure Coaxtal Cable ete D ie fs easy let costly as fr fe butte VAlith fre pensfue hardware such ax hube networt adapters and elmemet Cabler 4) The dota f bamtfered ot on fr LOca! “rrea hetwork extremely faster vate D> Local Fra Altidore provides iigher security| ! in| ‘a bas A Compulty Lab fw a sehoots cs] Melropoltiian “Area Meturorles ANG) t D A metropoltian ten Meturork fa Weruory Wat Covae cvea Witt th The CHy by tier Connecting @ different LAN to {orm a lager werwort to the ‘ ® Govemment Agenciet are tute MAN to Connect cfitzerns and pitvate Tnebustilet Dd WM MAK, Veniout LAr che Connected Yo each other Ahrough a telephone e¥chanaing line a> The most Wlidely Uked protocold Tr MAN of Pa 939 Frame Relay ATM | LADN, O¢-3, MDAL j ete, 5> har a! higher range Wan Local -Avea hlelusode (LAN) Wier of rope * f Wer ot Mestrepeltan rea Netwoue (MIAN): D MAN is Used ia communication belween the kankt tra chiq. Dit can be Uted th ah Aitline Reservation DW can be Uted th 4 college Wl, e cty, OW Can be Wed for Communication ty He vaflitany ,public chy netwow Efe Osganization wiith different branche Located th the etty. VUlide Area Network Caren t DA Wide Area Metwose & a Nettoore that eatends Wer a large geographical area tuch as States ov Countries DA Wlide Area Network fs quite bigger netvoore (Wan the LAN. >A WAN is not lntted TO a Stugle locaton , but Tn Spams oVer a large qeographical area through a telephore line ¢ fiber optfe cable oy Satellite link = ® WIAN Is Widely Uted tr He Field of Buttresy Jovemment, and education, AAvantage? D Feogiaphical a1ea a Centralized data 23> Get updated Files «> Exchange menage > sharing of soflaae and tesourcet > Global Lusnets =D typ Eandusith Lay The fniemet f& one of “the Lfgqeit WAN in tre World. |- a Di advant «s Deo anes) | > Security fssuet alt £ aut viet Software D> Neear Firew. a High setup cor | 4> Trouble srooting problemdiagram about Teplip Mod: | Explats with & heat M yteplp stare for Trammiston Control Protocol | Mionet Protocol. D> The Terlip model Was developed prior to the ost model. jam Terlip ede! i nor exactly siwilas ¢o the ou | wmoclel Lad The Teplip modet layers tm te ast mooted. The layew cures Consists of four layers, nlite seven Tepltp ot [a frpplication : Abeiwedpeer a | S J f We moder | | 4 | Tansport _| } Trans post | | 3 ia Internet | | 2 tik trout to- | i Network | plysteat | | TeRLIP Loge vephe Protocelt- | AvPLicedan Lap, is | Fre Telnet | SMTP | DN { Transport lacjen Tep | vop Nletwore P A (axes RP temp | Laeap Nletwak Inter “Face layer Elhemet Token Ring other Link Layer Protecole1 Hon b |. eaten tex Application layer prtocelt define lene nt rg the wule: When im) syecific rerwork application’ > FTP — File Transfer Protocol ~ Uted for file trantfor > Telnet = Remote terminal protocol — for remele lozin on ony Computex on We network > SMIP- simple Mafl Transfer Profecol- Used to provide e-mail Services. DMETTP ~ Huypertert Tranttes Profoco} ~ Fos Web browsing, Name Syslem that allows >DNS - Domain you ro efor +o oles host with neat clingsam explatm about OSI Model Interconnection A > Os standt for Open sytiems ® ceated by Intemational stanclarcs Orgpnizetion (180) > Wat created as a tromework and referente moclet to enplatn how clifferent nerworting technologies Wore together and Frteract not a Standard that hetemking protocols mutt data alound & hetwork. >it is | follow | | i D> Each layer has specific functions Th Is xesparsible, | bor > A layers Who teqether fn the correct Orclex 10 Move | | | | [eg termed: note | CARTED) __ ere pere om TERRE] | Presertatone Peer -f0> premece! Erm leven PB Ty — | \ SexTork PPI ETO hap Se Nero] — fees see ereso (sete) papal) 4 pT") at Peat} ie fpsien 1 pple| S application fo Laue + Presentarion-}> Lauer session > Lays & raat la Layer 4 Mest-ucorte Lauer 3 | pate tine > AH * | eh yiteat Pe ae > deals With all aspects of Physteally moving data from one computes +o the vert media to francmit! > converts data is encoded onto the | We data 1 Defined | and fibes Ope stan gy COPE wlirfng , Ffbes optte cable, radio frequency anything thet can be Used tO tranimtt decta js dlerfined on | the physkas Layer of Te Ost Model. By Used to sranemit Aocka | on thic Lover: Cable standard, wireless starcbrdy ards | e_- Hub - | Deca Linte Layjert= | a [> Data Link Layer Is ceipousibole fer moving Frames | fem Mode to node of Computer fo computer, [> can move ramet from Che adjacent Compscter fo | qnofher ,) commer ove -Framet acrost Youters a Requires MIAC addreuer or physical add resses.a» Protocol defines tMmclude Ethernet Protece) ond Potnd — 40 — fotrk Protocol CPRPD 5S Wile sublayets Logical Lin Corre! (LLC) ond We Media Aecet Contral (tanec) eye saltich (lepuote Lowers ~ evo aaanle* 4x waoving pacers ANA ; > mer wtowe Layer % tespowtitle Cdota) “fren one era of te networn To Re Bei Fs -Sey coemunten me other 1 Called wes Such at IP addreset A Requies loqical oddre in the abilfty of Various “24 moe twos devices ay Rout date packet? Ahety seloded Softee +o ona source +o destfnaHon forim yr Pouter rranapet Lager dota trom higher levels e& O81 Medd ond Tinto Seqrnents het can be sent 1 Aor deta Hrantwaistoh > Taker breaks 4 lower — level oy Convecsely seasternbles dato ceqrrest mi Nosyert that higher —Level pretocelt and apflicationt: Can Use a> concemed WIth the vwes post addxe\Gag| i 4 Session Larger e : D> secsion Layer IS Tesponsitle for manuqing the dialog lbetween networt devi cet ad Establishes ,managet , and crermtnater Connections halt —duplex, ov Sirmplea Cotrrrtuhication a> Provides dupler, between devicet 4 Provider proceduecet adjournment ; termination t Proceduarces for establishing check potats, and rettart o recovery Presentation larger Ce ere } Concesned wth how data is presentect +0 Me | nekwyest. [D> Handler twee pemory toxks + TYantlation , Compression _ Enoryption: TRanslationt changes data so another -hype of computer can unclerstand i Comp cestton * Makes data smaller to Send mere | data HW Same amount of Hime. « Encryption: Facecles data +o protect frm fntercey tion oF eaves Aropping . )Application Lauer, > contatar all seevicer ov protocol needed by application Settware of operating System to Communicate oh he netwosle > Fas + Flrefor Web brovoser ules HTTP + Eemafl Program may Wie FOP, 40 seco e-mailt and SMTP to send e-mails. [a> Ter ® a connectao —exiented protecel 4> offering a reliable byte - stream delfvery service => Functions fe Same ar the Treyna port layer | | Define suittching ancl earlatn ae tapes. swlftchting *— Inq Computer netwerle Where many | different cormputess Ofe Comnecteq +o each other, | there can be mese than One perth TO Send dlacta From che Computer te Another » Selecting path that data must fake oud at the available Options is Called Swuftehing. snlitching | ama cfreutt Message Packet sutftching smlftching saatfichingchats SMO Oiteg — egatlithed (1 provide 4 cledicatad pally for date (Oteninediate cootiehe this “Hrangmiicion: inlermediate connected by the phyticat Line. Communicate portion co muctiple partie conference call Conneion elUp + data tranter The ectup phates meant creating dedicodtea Channel hetacen ‘Whe Pata -reant{er phase, “After ‘the C&tablidement eff the dedicoted CHUA, the two paotier can ‘Hantfor clata Teas down Phare. dlecennect ,4 Stqnal Is Sent to each Subtch to eee ozpec > Message sulfiching there is to tranitr data from Sender to receiver uo dedicated path > The message is Stored UNH! Sufficient teLources becomet avaflable to transfer i to the neat switch « Athen resoutcer become available , tre eusttch ferwoods the metage to the Next suftch his is called as Sh0se_Ang Ferword ctechnique >Merage surftching treat ench Mettage ar an Independent entity. Packet sulitching: - racket SAN is a saltiching technique > The packet sulitching is Afvideg into smaller piecet, ta Which Tae message and they ore sent fndfvinatly | > The message splite into cmaller plecet thou os And pocket Ove qiven a Unique numbes 10 identify their Oder at the Feceiving end. > AU the packets ore Teassembled at the weceivig enck fa COrrect oxcler- > if any packer is missing or conupted ; then the mencqe Will be sent to tetent the meWloge > if the Cesrest order af the packet i Teacheg , then the acknowledad ement metsage. WM be sent.Approaches af packet switching Daingram Tacket switching :- + It is a packer sattiching technology fa which paticer is Enon at a datagsam ; is consicesed at an Facleperctent entty. Each packer cotaint the “femetion abate the destination and sniftcher Used this trformation +o forward the Paccer fo the Conect cestiration + Dataqsem packer swlitching is alte Ene as Connectien less Statitching Victual Clreuh Sualitching ~ We Virtual cltcuit sulitching iS alto Known at Conrection -Oriente| Switching sin the Case of virtual ctieuit Swtitchig .a Peplanney youte is ettabliched betme the wMeage are Sent + Call Sequest and cay Aept Packets ae Wed pr establish Me counection betwee, sender and | Yece iver.Faplath about Wired (ranimicion media Tt is defied ay The physical medfurn Vorough Wthich the Siqnalt are Lranimattlea t+ te elt Enon at Bounded media + A hwlsted pair Consisic of 1wo Conductor (hormally Copper) «cach wlth i QWn plaitic Insulatton (twisted. Vogether + One sf the Wires tb Wea fo cang stgnalt to the Vecelver and the other is Ulead only as a qreund deference hott CSEDYBE Conductot me ama fond ( com ae —_ Veer | tot) Twisted Jacke Byaideg Shelly pates Foi\ Shieta Advantaqes® + Cheey + Boag bo Wteote wites Dis advantage! Low data rate sheet sangeAppicotors: (ot very corernon medfurn | Con be ute in telephone netwsoae | | Cosniel Cable:- en An + Coonfos Cable Cormier eiqnal of higher Frequenuy varget thon thoe © twhted poir cable Inner Conductor iS 2 Solid wlire + Outer Conductor cewves a4 o Shiels aganitt Nolte anc © Stond conductor tty loroe (aac) 7 Ten Bane 7 (=~ [P| nesner| \_ Son “wensr conduttar | RE-54 Outer conductor Pq Plas Chiesa) oo avec Pop plication: + Leng distance telephone travmicion + Con Charey (6,080 Velce Cally STmultaneoucly. Advantage: Easy te wlire + Fasy ro expard Dicadvantage: single cotle failure Con take doun an entire netwot cor eh Installation ob a coartal Cable ts. gh duz to tts thicnes a siftnes Cost of matntenane js alc nigh| ze itn Filer- optic cable :~ + A fiber-optic Calle (S made of glu ov plastic ahd of. high + Lignt spravel transmits Signalt fn the form it ic moving through | ina straight line ar (ong ay a single Uni fosm substance traveling threugh one cubs hance, «if a ray of light anothe, substances « the Tay Changs suddenly enters directHon. Co plaitic fas ov Jacket” plastic cover iB Foth fibre is sounouned by it own Cladding saglass ox plattc coating that hal optical properttes ditferend Prom te cove . Jatket: a plastic or Other material att as a lage & protect aganish moisture (Crushing Land Otro eno envionment dangers Fibee Cove and Clading Applicadtion, » Teleconmnunt cation e LAN + cable TV * cctv | * Medrca) education: piradvantag eb: » tnstallarten and Maintenante Need enpertice. | | Much more enpensie | | Advantagel’. | + exe Data sate at loo bps | + Smatter stew light Weig hh | | ot tHghly secerre (nO light Leating) } | | |