[  ENERGY / IN DETAIL ] WÄRTSILÄ TECHNICAL JOURNAL 02.

2015
[  ENERGY / IN DETAIL ] 

WÄRTSILÄ - YOUR SHORTER ROUTE On-shore references

LEGEND
Off-shore references
TO THE GAS AGE F L O AT I N G S T O R A G E &
( R E G A S I F I C AT I O N ) U N I T
WÄRTSILÄ OFFERING
2007 2014
O I L & G A S P L AT F O R M
(FSRU/FSU) GAS LINE
Organizational events Small scale liquefaction Mini liquefaction plant
OFFSHORE SERVICE SHIP ROUTE
VESSEL (OSV)
plant (Kollsnes II, Norway) (Oslo, Norway)
POWER PLANT

P L AT F O R M S U P P LY
VESSEL (PSV)
LARGE TERMINAL 2003 2018
POWER PLANT LARGE
POWER PLANT Small scale liquefaction 2010 Delivery of small scale
L I Q U E FA C T I O N
PLANT SMALL LNG CARRIER plant (Snurrevarden, Small scale liquefaction terminal (Tornio, Finland)
Norway) plant (Kilpilahti, Finland) UNDER CONSTRUCTION
LNG CARRIER R E L I Q U E FA C T I O N
UNIT
R E G A S I F I C AT I O N
R E L I Q U E FA C T I O N U N I T UNIT

1998 2006 ->→

BUNKERING
TERMINAL Hamworthy acquires 41 re-liquefaction systems for LNG carriers
Kvaerner Ships
LNG FUELLED
STORAGE AND
R E G A S I F I C AT I O N B A R G E
POWER PLANT Equipment 2007 ->
BIOGAS

LNG PEAK
PA S S E N G E R S H I P

S AT E L L I T E A N D
L I Q U E FA C T I O N
PLANT 13 off-shore re-gasification systems for FSRUs and Jettys
S H AV I N G P L A N T
BUNKERING TERMINAL
S AT E L L I T E
TERMINAL BUNKERING
VESSEL

LBG FILLING
2002 2012 2015
POWER BARGE S TAT I O N
Hamworthy enters the Wärtsilä acquires Hamworthy Launch of Wärtsilä’s
S AT E L L I T E T E R M I N A L
LNG business (currently Wärtsilä Gas expanded LNG
Solutions – WGS) infrastructure solutions
50 years of gas system strategy
delivery references
MINI LNG FUELLED
L I Q U E FA C T I O N CARGO SHIP
PLANT

SMALL/MEDIUM
TERMINAL
BUNKERING TERMINAL
Fig. 1- Major milestones of Wärtsilä LNG history.
JETTY LNG FILLING
SMALL S TAT I O N
L I Q U E FA C T I O N
PLANT
SMALL LNG CARRIER

What is LNG
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is natural gas cooled down to Before liquefaction (turning the gas to LNG), the gas is cleaned from water,

Wärtsilä — the total

a liquid which occurs at a temperature dependent of the carbon dioxide, sulphur and other impurities and toxic elements that would
gas composition, typically close to -162 °C at atmospheric cause icing and other problems in its liquid form. Therefore LNG consists
pressure. This way the volume of the gas is only 1/600 of mainly of methane and it is odourless.
the space it takes as a gas in atmospheric conditions.

LNG solution provider Composition

Vol %
Methane CH4
Natural Lean Mean Rich
Gas LNG LNG LNG
70–90 96.2 91.7 84.8
Ethane C2H6 0–20 3.3 5.7 13.4
Propane C3H8 0–20 0.4 2.2 1.3
AUTHOR: Kenneth Engblom, Director, Business Development LNG, Wärtsilä Energ y Solutions
600m GAS -> 1m LNG
3 3 Butane C4H10 0–20 0.1 0.3 0.3
1m3 = 1000 Liter -> 450kg Carbon Dioxide CO2 0–8 0 0 0
Nitrogen N2 0–5 0 0 0.2
Oxygen O2 0–0.2 0 0 0
Wärtsilä realized the importance of gas Today, almost 30 years of continuous Wärtsilä the market leader in ship power, Hydrogen sulphide H2S 0-5 0 0 0
as a fuel already in 1987 when it started development later, Wärtsilä has one of the propulsion and automation systems. The Rare gases A, He, Ne, Xe trace 0 0 0
development of its first medium-speed most complete gas portfolios of any energy marine industry is going through a major Methane Number 50–90 87 78 71
high efficiency gas engine. This was the and marine solutions provider. change due to stricter environmental
Wärtsilä 32GD (compression ignited) In 2012, Wärtsilä acquired Hamworthy, regulations. This means that many new
which was developed in Vaasa, Finland a company with a strong reputation in ships being built will be gas driven and this 50 MWe Power Plant LNG HFO Properties LNG HFO
followed by the Wärtsilä 25SG (spark the marine engineering business. This will in turn require a new LNG (liquefied
Mass flow (ton/h) 8.1 9.8 Density kg/m
3
445 990
ignited) developed in Trollhättan, strengthened Wärtsilä’s involvement in gas natural gas) bunkering infrastructure
Volume flow (m3/h) 18.3 9.9 LHV MJ/kg 49 41
Sweden 1991. solutions and laid the foundation for the besides the existing diesel and HFO (heavy
Fuel storage size for 8800 4700 1000 kg energy content 13600 11400
current on-shore and off-shore LNG related fuel oil) infrastructure available today. 20 days (m3) (kWh)
portfolio. Wärtsilä is the pioneer with gas & dual-
1 m3 energy content 6060 11300
fuel engines and complete fuel gas handling (kWh)
Marine Solutions, with focus on marine systems for all types of vessels, ships and
and off-shore applications has made drilling platforms. In addition, Wärtsilä has

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LNG Value Chain

Natural Processing and Shipping Regasification End User

Gas Liquefaction
Production (LNG Train)
Gas LNG LNG Gas

Fig. 2 - Process overview of Wärtsilä MR technology (Cold box = insulated with perlite or polyurethane).
The LNG value chain starts with gas extraction/production followed by pre-treatment/processing and liquefaction. Then the LNG is
stored in large insulated tanks ready for transport. It is transported with specially built LNG tankers across oceans. At the receiving end,
LNG is pumped to large on-shore tanks or off-shore FS(R)Us. Finally LNG is regasified and pumped into the local gas pipelines or further Advantages of Wärtsilä’s MR technology for mini liquefaction plants
transported by trucks in the form of LNG. • Easy and quick start up and shut down of all systems
• Can be started in 30 min, but typically <3h due to heat exchanger cool down limitations
• The lowest specific power consumption in the small size plants.
• All components based on conventional parts and proven technology –> Spares can be delivered quickly
• Short delivery time ( <12 months) where the cold box and compressor are the only long lead items
proud to present one of the most complete • Reliable main rotating machinery with high efficiency (Oil flooded screw compressor)
also been providing complete regasification The composition of the mixed refrigerant
• Compact design & easy shipment as all in one module and a separate compressor skid
systems for FSRUs (floating storage and portfolios of LNG solutions and services is chosen for adaptation to the cool down • Designed for unmanned operation
regasification units) and re-liquefaction in the market. See Figure 1 for the main process. A good match between cooling • Local control of LNG export –> truck driver handles loading
systems for LNG carriers since 2006. milestones in Wärtsilä’s LNG history. curves will increase the efficiency of the • Simple energy supply, only electrical power needed
• Standard capacities: 10, 17 and 25 tons/day
system. The refrigerants work in a closed • Plug and play philosophy, skid based – relocation possible
Energy Solutions, with focus on power The LNG technology loop, but during stand-still when the system • Broad range of applications, biogas, pipeline gas, CBM and associated gas
plants and other energy related on-shore Wärtsilä and former Hamworthy have is heated up, part of the refrigerant charge
applications has made Wärtsilä one of the over the last years made major efforts to will be lost. To re-start the system, it needs
biggest suppliers of gas and liquid fuel develop liquefaction and regasification to be refilled again with the correct mixture.
power plants in the 5–600 MW range. These technology and optimize it for future market Wärtsilä has developed a simplified
plants are used as baseload and/or grid requirements. Thanks to the investment, version of the MR process based on a
stability plants or lately as “wind chasers” Wärtsilä has today extremely robust and simple screw compressor and a special
and “sunset balancers”, compensating energy efficient solutions available for mix of refrigerants. Thanks to a buffering
for the intermittency of wind power and liquefaction and regasification. The text system it is a fully closed loop system that
the sudden drop of solar power in the below explains Wärtsilä’s process solutions does not need refilling after a start and
evenings when we need power the most. and unique features of the main processes stop procedure. The system is delivered
These multi-duty power plants which are used in LNG infrastructure solutions, as three prefabricated modules. It is based
providing superior operational flexibility namely liquefaction, storage, boil-off gas on standard components with a level
combined with the highest possible simple (BOG) handling and regasification: of standardisation that allows for low
cycle efficiency are called Smart Power investment cost and fast manufacturing
Generation power plants. The majority of Liquefaction of the module. The repetitive design gives
new plants are equipped either with gas or Wärtsilä has developed two main consistent high quality in a compact module.
dual-fuel engines and many existing HFO liquefaction technologies that are suitable With a slightly different refrigerant mixture,
power plants are being converted to gas. The for mini and small-scale liquefaction an intelligent automation system and Fig. 3 - Process overview of Wärtsilä Reversed Brayton technology.
energy industry is clearly shifting to gas but capacities. A MR (mixed refrigerant) standardized components, Wärtsilä has been
the challenge is that gas is not yet readily process for the smaller sizes and the able to combine the high efficiency of the
available everywhere in the same way as Reversed Brayton Cycle process for the MR process, with the simplicity needed in Advantages of Wärtsilä’s Reversed Brayton Cycle for small scale liquefaction plants
diesel and HFO are. But with LNG, large larger sizes. smaller plants. For small capacities, below • Robust, reliable and simple to operate technology
• Designed for unmanned operation
amounts of gas can economically be brought MR (mixed refrigerant): The standard 50 TPD (metric tonne per day), Wärtsilä’s • Capacity control is very easy and quick
to new areas presently not covered by gas MR or SMR (single mixed refrigerant) MR process is the ideal solution. (Figure 2) • Easy start-up and shutdown of all systems
pipelines and gas infrastructure. process using a turbo compressor and Wärtsilä’s MR solution is perfect for • Local control of LNG export, truck driver handles loading
• Simple energy supply, only electrical power needed
Wärtsilä has during the last few years refrigerants consisting of methane, ethane, biogas and landfill gas liquefaction plants
• Refrigerant will be produced directly from air on site – No logistics connected to the refrigerant
developed an extensive LNG product propane, pentane and nitrogen is normally that are usually built in smaller sizes. The • There is no required handling of chemicals
portfolio and know-how. Today we are used for large capacity liquefaction systems. first plant built and operating with this • ZERO FLARE solution –> during normal operations, hydrocarbon losses will be zero.

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Reinforced Concrete Roof

technology was the biogas liquefaction free space available around the tank also the its greenhouse gas effect, so the simplest Outer Roof – Vapour Barrier
Liquid Containing
plant for the City of Oslo, Norway, which is single and double containment tanks can be way to get rid of BOG is to burn or flare Post-tension Concrete Wall Inner Tank Shell 9% Ni Insulation
operational since 2014. considered. Flat bottom tanks are produced it. This is of course not desirable, wasting Outer Tank – Vapour Barrier Resilient Blanket
Suspended Deck
at site, which prolongs construction time. expensive gas, therefore this option is only Perlite Insulation Inner Bottom 9% Ni
Reversed Brayton Cycle: For the larger (Figure 4) considered when no other options are Thermal Protection Secondary Bottom 9% Ni
sizes >50 ton/day Wärtsilä recommends a available. The normal way to handle BOG Bottom Insulation
Foundation Heating
liquefaction system with double expanders Bullet tanks are of interest when it comes in terminals with a constant send-out is to Outer Steel Bottom
based on the Reversed Brayton Cycle to storing smaller volumes of LNG. They use a BOG compressor pumping the BOG Concrete Base Slab
process. The advantages of this system versus are stainless steel pressure vessels insulated out together with the gas send-out to a local
other systems is that it is very adaptive by perlite or/and vacuum. These systems offtaker, such as a power plant, or into the
to capacity changes and is very easy to are modular, flexible, available in vertical gas pipeline. Depending on the gas piping
operate. Furthermore, the nitrogen used as or horizontal formats, and may be arranged pressure level there is either an LP or an HP
refrigerant is produced directly from air at in tank farms of any number of manifold BOG compressor. A temporary solution to
site. Wärtsilä has further improved and fine- rows of tanks to provide the desired amount get rid of the BOG forming at the top of the
tuned the Reversed Brayton process for low of storage. Bullet tanks are pre-fabricated tank is to recirculate or top spray the tank
electricity consumption. Wärtsilä’s Reversed in factories, which potentially reduces site with cold LNG from the bottom. Another Fig. 4 - Full containment flat bottom concrete tank.
Brayton system has been used in more than costs. (Figure 5) alternative that also requires LNG send-
40 LNG carriers for their re-liquefaction out is to use a BOG re-condenser. In the
systems, much thanks to its ease of operation, Boil-off gas (BOG) handling BOG re-condenser, the BOG is mixed with
reliability and robustness. (Figure 3) One of the challenges handling LNG is subcooled LNG for re-condensation of the
the BOG. BOG is produced because LNG BOG. Inner vessel
LIN (liquid nitrogen): Besides these is stored at cryogenic conditions (below When there is no gas send-out, the LNG
Outer vessel
two main technologies Wärtsilä has also −162°C at atmospheric pressure) in a much terminal is in a so called zero send-out
built a small liquefaction plant for Gasum warmer ambient environment. It is the mode. If you have excess BOG during zero Perlite/Vacuum
in Finland based on LIN cooling. The result of several factors: send-out mode the only other alternative to
advantages of this process is its simple Heat leak into the LNG carrier, storage flaring is to re-liquefy the BOG and pump it Inner supports
installation with low investment cost, tanks, process equipment and process back into the tank.
Outer supports
but the disadvantage is high energy piping Wärtsilä has developed modularized
consumption. Mechanical energy input by process packages for the various BOG handling
equipment [e.g. low-pressure (LP) in-tank systems with the BOG compressor as the
Storage and high-pressure (HP) send-out pumps] main component.
Usually the most expensive part of a large Displaced vapours from the LNG carrier
LNG terminal is the insulated storage and LNG storage tanks due to unloading,
Wärtsilä’s recommendation is to build the
tank(s). Onshore storage can either be loading and send-out flowrates terminal in conjunction with gas consumers
arranged using a flat-bottom tank with Atmospheric pressure changes that can utilize the BOG in their process
storage capacity of 8000–160,000 m3, Elevation difference between the LNG or power production. This way we can
guarantee a consumption any time there is
spherical tanks of 1000–8000 m3 or bullet carrier and the storage tanks
excessive BOG and there is no waste nor any Fig. 5 - Bullet tanks.
tanks for smaller LNG storage volumes. BOG creates pressure in the tank that has to need to use energy for re-liquefying the gas.
The bullet tanks are normally in the range be managed/released in order to maintain Combining a Wärtsilä gas power plant with
of 250–1500 m3 meaning that larger storage the pressure within the allowed tank design a terminal is a perfect solution as the BOG
can be directly converted into electric power
capacities (up to 20,000 m3) are arranged pressure. BOG during normal operation which is used in the LNG terminal itself or
with several tanks in a row. and storage is only about 0.05% (of tank exported to other electricity consumers.
mass)/day, while it can be up to 0.15%/day Options for handling BOG
Flat bottom tanks can be divided into single during ship unloading. Then during the ship • Venting (only allowed in emergency situations)
Send-out system • Flaring
(integrity) containment, double (integrity) unloading when excess BOG is generated • Returning the BOG to the LNG carrier during unloading (only an add-on solution during unloading)
containment or full (integrity) containment it is common that the BOG is returned to The send-out system is the main process of • BOG re-condensation and pumping back to LNG tank (requires a constant send-out of LNG)
tanks. Above-ground full containment tank the LNG carrier through a vapour return a terminal that includes the regasification/ • Utilizing BOG in a nearby power plant converting it into electric power and heat
technology is the preferred solution when line compensating for the liquid volume vaporization unit. The BOG compressor • LNG recirculation / top spraying
• Pumping it to the LP gas pipeline (<10bar)
it comes to storing large quantities of LNG reduction in the LNG carrier. BOG consists is normally integrated into this system, • Pumping it to the HP gas pipeline (10- 50bar)
with maximum safety in a limited site area. mainly of methane which is not allowed releasing the excess BOG together with the • Re-liquefaction of BOG into LNG
But depending on safety requirements and to be purged into the atmosphere due to send-out as described in the earlier chapter.

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Natural Gas
Depending on the requirement, there can To Metering
be an LP send-out system (< 10 bar), or an
Seawater In
HP send-out (10-50 bar). The low pressure
send-out is a fairly simple system where the
tank low pressure LNG pumps are pushing LNG
the LNG via the regasification/vaporization
module to the pipeline. In case of a high
pressure send-out system there will be
additional HP pumps that can be supplied as
part of the vaporizer/regasification module.
Typically gas transmission pipelines require
a pressure over 10 bar while more local gas Seawater Seawater
To Outfall Intake Pumps
distribution pipelines can have a design
pressure of less than 10 bar.

Fig. 6 - Open Rack vaporizer.

Gas turbines require 15–40 bar of gas
pressure, while a Wärtsilä power plant runs
well on gas pressures as low as 6 bar.
Natural Gas
Stack To Metering
Regasification/vaporization LNG
In order to convert the LNG back to gaseous
form for the final consumers all the energy
that was extracted from the gas to make it
liquid in the first place has to be returned
to it through the vaporizer. The vaporizer is Fig. 8 - EGE Biogas 4000 TPA biogas-to-LNG plant in Norway, Design and equipment delivery
Air
essentially a large heat exchanger that heats 2014 by Wärtsilä is an example of a Mini LNG liquefaction plant.
the LNG.
Burner
Typical types of vaporizers that have been
used worldwide for LNG regasification are: Air Blower
Open rack vaporizers (ORV) based on
seawater heating (Figure 6) the total system for the liquefaction Liquefaction plants Wärtsilä’s product portfolio
Submerged combustion vaporizers plant or terminal. To go one step further, Definition: LNG liquefaction plant is a gas for liguefaction plants:
Fuel Gas
(SCV) based on fuel heating (Figure 7) Wärtsilä can take full EPC (Engineering, processing plant which main purpose is to L1 Mini liquefaction plants
Ambient air vaporizers (AAV) based on Procurement & Construction) responsibility convert natural gas from gas form to liquid. L2 Small scale liquefaction plants
ambient air heating Fig. 7 - Submerged Combustion vaporizer. which includes specifying and purchasing The main process is liquefaction which L3 LNG peak shaving plants
Intermediate fluid vaporizers (IFV) the equipment, taking care of the site is always included. Gas pre-treatment is L4 Mid/large scale liquefaction plants
preparation, logistics and construction. All also an important process in order for the L5 Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG)
FSRUs (Floating Storage and Regasification of this is managed by our global project liquefaction process to work properly and
Units) and onshore regasification terminals management and construction teams that to produce LNG according to specifications. Mini LNG liquefaction plants
close to shore use only seawater to provide terms of turndown capability, ramping up only when needed. This way fuel costs can have over 25 years of experience building Depending on the gas source, pre-treatment a. Virtual pipeline (end-of-pipeline gas
heat for vaporization but this has the risk and down has also been demonstrated. be cut considerably. power plants all over the world. Wärtsilä has methods and their costs vary considerably. liquefaction)
of seawater freezing and clogging heat In situations where seawater cannot Wärtsilä’s regasification modules, with ready made concepts both for liquefaction The plant always includes one or multiple b. Stranded gas liquefaction (well gas,
exchangers. Instead Wärtsilä uses propane be used, or seawater is too cold, energy their optimized energy use in combination plants and terminals. These concepts are storage tanks. The storage capacity can be associated gas, coal seam gas etc.)
and seawater in cascade loop to warm the has to be provided from a gas burner in a with high reliability and simplicity of the starting point for the client discussions designed for a period of a few days up to c. Biogas and landfill gas liquefaction
LNG. Wärtsilä built the first pilot plant submerged combustion vaporizer (SCV) control, have been a proven solution and used as templates for the final project several months. These are plants that have a capacity
based on this technology already in 2005. with a steam/water-glycol heat exchanger. supplied to 12 or roughly 1/3 of the world’s specific solution. When concepts based on In Wärtsilä’s concept portfolio we can find of 1000–30,000TPA (metric tonnes per
Propane is used in the first stage heat Unfortunately fuel costs when discharging most modern FSRUs. proven process designs and pre-fabricated mini and small scale liquefaction plants in annum) = 3–80 TPD (tonnes per day)
exchanger to heat the LNG from -160°C a 145,000 m3 LNG carrier provided with modules can be re-used, it always leads to the range from 1000 to 300,000 TPA (metric and the LNG is primarily intended for
to -10°C. In the second stage, the LNG is a steam/water–glycol unit only can be Total solutions lower cost, functional predictability and tons per annum) trains. The same proven local consumption. They can be built
then further heated and vaporized by using quite substantial. To save fuel, Wärtsilä has We have now described the main sub much higher quality of the total solution. technology that has successfully been used anywhere near a gas source as per options
seawater directly as the heating medium. developed a solution using energy from processes of the liquefaction plants and The surprises are minimized by utilizing off-shore in re-liquefaction on board LNG a-c. For these applications Wärtsilä mainly
Wärtsilä uses printed circuit heat the seawater in combination with cooling regasification terminals. But a total system proven solutions and tested concepts. carriers is used here as well. uses bullet tanks combined with the MR
exchangers that allow for a compact design water from the Wärtsilä engines. This is then is only as good as its weakest link and Several different concepts are available The liquefaction plant applications can be liquefaction technology due to their small
capable of high pressures. The robustness in backed up with energy from the gas burner Wärtsilä’s core competence lays in designing today: divided into these categories. size. (Figure 8)

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Receiving terminals
Definition: LNG receiving terminal is a liquid
gas processing plant which main purpose is
to receive, store and further distribute the
natural gas in liquid or gas form.
The terminal always includes storage
tank(s). The main process if included is
regasification and sub process if included
is re-liquefaction. As the tank is usually
the most expensive part of a terminal, the
receiving terminals are usually defined
according to the size of the tanks. Wärtsilä’s
portfolio consists of terminals with various
functions combined with a storage capacity
in the range from 1000 to 160,000 m3.

Wärtsilä’s product portfolio

for receiving terminals:
T1 LNG Satellite stations for gas power plants
T2a Satellite&Bunkering stations
Fig. 9 - Kollsnes liquefaction plant in Norway. To the left Kollsnes II, supplied by Wärtsilä,
with 84,000 TPA capacity and to the right Kollsnes I with 43,800 TPA capacity. This is an T3 Small/Medium scale terminals
example of a small scale LNG liquefaction plant and export terminal. T4 Large scale terminals
T5 Floating storage and regasification units
(FSRU)

LNG satellite terminals for gas power plants

For these applications, Wärtsilä is providing built along gas pipelines and act as To this concept belong fuel storage and
the complete process package as a minimum temporary storages in locations where LNG processing systems in the size
but also the civil & constructions can be the gas consumption varies and a buffer 1000–10,000 m3 dedicated for a power
included and delivery of the complete plant needs to be available for peak demand. In plant. They are always single-use built to
as an EPC. Furthermore Wärtsilä can offer an this application Wärtsilä uses mostly flat supply regasified LNG to the power plant
Operation & Maintenance (O&M) package bottom concrete tanks due to the large (Figure 10). The storage capacity depends
tailored for the customer’s requirements. sizes normally required. The liquefaction on the size of the power plant and the Fig. 10 - LNG satellite terminal for a 59 MW Wärtsilä dual-fuel power plant in the Dominican Republic.
technology used is normally Reversed frequency of filling. As an example a 100 Note the truck unloading LNG to the LNG bullet tanks in the top left corner.
Small scale LNG liquefaction Brayton Cycle. Similar delivery scopes and MW baseload plant with average time
plants and export terminals services are available as for the previous between LNG filling of 15 days would need
These are plants that have a capacity of concepts. a storage of at least 10,000 m3. For this
20,000–300,000 TPA (= 60–800 TPD). concept Wärtsilä provides the complete
They are either built inland next to a smaller Mid/large scale LNG liquefaction EPC for both the power plant and the LNG
gas field or by the shore at the end of a gas and export terminals station. The services and maintenance
pipeline for easy access by LNG tankers. For These are plants that have a capacity of agreement provided can include both power
these applications, dependent on storage >300,000 TPA (>800 TPD). Always located plant and LNG station.
capacity, we use either bullet tanks or flat by the sea shore for easy access by large LNG
bottom concrete tanks. The liquefaction tankers. LNG satellite & bunkering terminals
technology used is either based on Reversed These are mega projects normally done These terminals are smaller local terminals
Brayton cycle or the MR process depending in consortiums or as EPCMs. Therefore with a size of 1000–30,000 m3 and located
on the specific requirements. (Figure 9) Wärtsilä is currently not offering these type by the sea shore or rivers. Often placed in
As in the mini liquefaction plant concept, of plants as EPC but rather as a supplier harbours where there is easy access for supply
Wärtsilä can here also provide everything of selected processes and equipment. In vessels to fill the tanks and for the LNG
from a full process solution to a complete these applications Wärtsilä can provide for driven ships to do bunkering. Often these
EPC with a possibility to include a full example: stations are built primarily as bunkering
service and lifecycle support agreement. Gas/LNG driven power plant for the facility for ships but they can include
terminal (typically 20-100 MW) additional services like trans-shipment,
LNG peak shaving plants Re-liquefaction units truck and container loading to facilitate
Fig. 11 - Harvey Gulf (Louisiana, US), selected equipment delivery by
These are plants that can have a capacity of Liquefaction process in case it is built of re-distribution of LNG in liquid form or for Wärtsilä in 2013.
10,000–300,000 TPA. They are normally several <300,000 TPA trains the larger sizes, a regasification unit supplying

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a local gas pipeline could be added. systems. These can in certain conditions be Small/medium scale LNG terminals
Wärtsilä’s preference is to deliver these an attractive alternative to on-shore satellite These are terminals in the size of 20,000–
projects as EPC with full delivery and and bunkering terminals. The LNG barge 160,000 m3 located at sea shores, working
performance guarantees. The terminal can can be equipped with the similar processes as as hubs for whole regions or larger cities.
be supported with full service agreements. the land based solution. The process can also Due to the major investment and volumes,
(Figure 11) be split between the barge and the land, by a group of industries and consumers are
locating for example the LNG storage on the needed to make these projects possible. They
LNG storage & regasification barges barge and parts of the process equipment and are always multi use terminals which can
The smallest FSRUs today are around 120,000 support facilities on shore. include regasification, pipeline distribution,
Fig. 12 - A 7500 m3 m3. There are no small LNG carriers available Wärtsilä prefers to deliver the barge ship bunkering, trans-shipment, truck and
LNG storage & that can be converted to FSRUs. Wärtsilä and necessary infrastructure on-shore as a container loading to facilitate re-distribution
regasification
barge designed by has created a solution for this problem, complete EPC. Wärtsilä can also provide the of LNG in liquid form. (Figure 13)
Wärtsilä. by designing a barge containing storage services and maintenance agreements for
tanks (1000–25,000 m3) and regasification the total solution. (Figure 12)

Fig. 13 - Manga LNG

terminal in Tornio,
Finland. EPC delivery
by Wärtsilä.

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Large scale LNG terminals terminal (typically 10–50 MW) (>10 m) and easy access and possibility to
These terminals are built only in countries Re-liquefaction process maneuver large LNG carriers to unload the
with large imports of LNG. These are Regasification process cargo on to the FSU or FSRU. In case of an
terminals with >150,000 m3 tank capacities FSU, a regasification system needs to be built
and a throughput of >3 MTPA and located FSRU or FSU + jetty regasification on the shore or jetty close to the FSU.
at the sea shore for easy access by large A FSU (floating storage unit) is really an LNG The FSU/FSRUs are built in ship yards
tankers. (Figure 14) carrier that is stationed at a seashore. If you and Wärtsilä acts as a supplier of equipment
In these mega projects Wärtsilä does add a regasification unit it is called an FSRU and process package. Wärtsilä can deliver
not assume EPC responsibility but rather (floating storage and regasification unit). The the complete power system with engines,
Fig. 15 - PGN FSRU Lampung, where Wärtsilä
supplies selected equipment and design sizes are the typical size of LNG carriers or in propellers and control system for the FSU/ has delivered 3 regasification trains with max
packages. Wärtsilä can for example supply: the range of 120,000–200,000 m3. They have FSRU as well as the re-liquefaction and capacity of 360 TPH. Photo: Höegh LNG.
Gas/LNG driven power plant for the to be located in places with enough draught regasification processes. (Figure 15)

Fig. 14 - Dragon LNG

Terminal, in Wales, UK.
Wärtsilä will deliver the re-
liquefaction system, to be
installed during 2016–17.
Photo: Dragon LNG Limited.

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Total solution provider: required knowledge of LNG business Lifecycle support: Wärtsilä’s service
LNG terminals and liquefaction plants are environment and available solutions in agreements cover nearly 19 GW of
complex projects when it comes to design order to evaluate and make projects happen. generating capacity in both marine and
and construction. It is important that the Wärtsilä can help our customers arrange land based installations – more than 450
total concept and all aspects of the project is financing and with a track record of projects installations. The key persons are Wärtsilä’s
thought through from the beginning. Things always delivered on time and in budget the own experts, with additional well trained
to consider: banks have one less risk to worry about. labour hired based on needs. Wärtsilä can
Wärtsilä may also invest own equity in provide full maintenance agreements of
Location (site & marine) considerations: selected projects. LNG terminals and liquefaction plants.
Location and site This service covers maintenance planning,
Onshore geophysics Project execution: The core of Wärtsilä parts logistics, manpower coordination and
Seismicity and seismic hazards has always been our EPC capabilities. maintenance reporting. In order to perform
Metocean conditions and effect on Wärtsilä has a unique track record in the maintenance efficiently and reliably, we
construction EPC business with almost all projects done ensure that required manpower and spare
Manoeuvrability in time and with lost time injuries rate of parts are available for planned maintenance.
Mooring analysis less than 1 (<1 accidents/million working Typical scope of supply for a maintenance
Bathymetry hours). LNG projects are always assigned to agreement is:
dedicated project teams that have undergone Online remote operations support
Design, construction and operational the necessary training to take on the special Maintenance management & planning
considerations: requirements of LNG projects. Safety and Technical evaluation
Size of LNG carriers, replenishment/ risk management are of essence in LNG Operational data analysis
supply schedule, tank size projects. Therefore series of prudent risk Technical support
Required berth availability analyses are conducted during the project to Spare parts for planned maintenance
Operating philosophy, BOG ensure a safe system. With a lump-sum EPC, Manpower for planned maintenance
management Wärtsilä can give guarantees on final price, Inventory management
Gas delivery flow rate, availability construction time and plant performance, Safety stock & onsite tools
requirement elements of investment having importance Capital spare parts
Investigations into local construction when obtaining financing, and especially for
expertise, equipment and materials non-recourse debt financing. Summary
Combining the LNG process know-how and
Only by doing proper pre-studies it is Modularised solutions: By high level proprietary liquefaction and regasification Project
possible to optimize the functionality and of modularisation and reusing proven technologies with project development, Equipment & Operation &
Development & EPC
operational cost of the plant. With the LNG solutions, Wärtsilä can shorten the EPC and lifecycle support, Wärtsilä is now Engineering Maintenance
Financing
process knowledge in combination with the construction time and guarantee high in a unique position to help our customers
site preparation and construction services quality. To fully utilize these benefits, it is develop, build and operate complete
and EPC capabilities in-house Wärtsilä can important that Wärtsilä can work closely LNG infrastructure solutions and even LNG Terminal
develop feasible solutions that can be backed together with the customer. By collaborating including the gas power plant. All of this
up with firm cost estimates. With a Wärtsilä from early conceptual phase, Wärtsilä can can be backed-up with a price, delivery and Gas Power Plant
EPC and O&M the customer can get a create a more cost effective solution and performance guarantee. That is what being
lump-sum price with guaranteed delivery quicker project completion than what is the total LNG solution provider means!
time and long term performance guarantee. achievable through a traditional FEED (Figure 16)
Fig. 16 - Providing complete solutions both for LNG terminals and gas power plants.
(Front End Engineering & Design)  + ITT
Project development & financing: (invitation to tendering) process. The client
Before you have the final product in place can in some cases save up to 2-5% of the
there is typically several years of project total cost and generate revenue 8-12 months
development and authority approvals earlier by avoiding the FEED + ITT process. 
needed. Wärtsilä has over 15 years of It is important to involve the construction
experience with project development. and operation personnel in the design and
Wärtsilä has a team of experienced project project planning. Wärtsilä has always had a
developers all over the world with full close co-operation between our designers,
access to its project execution and technical constructors and operators as they all belong
support organisation. This team has the to the same organisation.

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