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A CONCEPTUAL PROPOSAL FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING IN BANGLADESH:

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 BANGLADESH RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL
ISSN: 1998-2003, Volume: 10, Issue: 2, Page: 175-185, July - October, 2014
Review Paper

A CONCEPTUAL PROPOSAL FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING IN

BANGLADESH: AN ALTERNATE TO SLUM

Uttama Barua, Shams Uddin Al Azad*, Sultana Rajia and Ishrat Islam1

Uttama Barua, Shams Uddin Al Azad, Sultana Rajia and Ishrat Islam (2014). A Conceptual Proposal
for Low-Income Housing in Bangladesh: An Alternate to Slum. Bangladesh Res. Pub. J. 10(2): 175-185.
Retrieve from http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/admin/journal/upload/1410022/1410022.pdf

Abstract
Bangladesh is a densely populated developing country which has one of the
lowest land-person ratios in the world with high land price. Unfortunately, budgetary
constraints prevent low-income people from the basic right of adequate and
affordable housing, which results in rapid growth of slums without tenure-ship.
Although slums lack: accessible utility facilities, proper hygienic sanitary and
drainage facilities, and accessible community serv ices; the low-income residents
have to pay high rent for the liv ing area and high rate for illegally managed
serv ices.
The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) undertook several housing programs
throughout the country, generally in government khas lands, in order to rehabilitate
the local low-income families, which unfortunately ended in failure. So it is required
to find more practical approach to prov ide adequate and affordable housing for
low-income people in a more efficient way. For this purpose, a hypothetical area of
Dhaka city (Satarkul) was considered, which cov ers about 549.42 acres area. Firstly
target group was defined on the basis of affordable income (BDT 6,000 to 10,000).
Then different categories of dwelling units were designed on the basis of per-person
space requirement (30sq.ft to 50sq.ft per-person). Combining these dwelling units
with different common facilities (toilets, kitchen, veranda, and community space)
according to standard, different housing blocks were designed. After that, land-use
plan for the area was prepared on the basis of land-use planning principles of
Detailed Area Plan (DAP). Then project implementation and cost recovery process
was planned including: proportion of housing for rent and sale, selection of
beneficiaries, cost estimation, collection of fund for construction, management
during construction work and cost recovery of developers and of the project.
Finally management of the area after project implementation was proposed. Thus,
GoB can replicate this project in khas lands to prov ide affordable housing for low-
income people with necessary corrections and adjustment.

Key Words: Low-income people; Adequate and affordable housing project design;
Project implementation, cost recovery and management.
Introduction
Housing is one of the five fundamental human rights. An adequate housing must at least
have legal security of tenure, availability and accessibility of services, materials, facilities
and infrastructure for health, security, comfort and nutrition (utility services such as safe
drinking water, sanitation etc, community facilities such as educational institutions, open
space, market place etc and other essential services), affordability (financial costs
associated with housing should be at such a level that the attainment and satisfaction of
other basic needs are not threatened or compromised), habitability (adequate space
and protection from elements of nature), cultural adequacy (appropriate way of
construction, use of building material and policy support) (UN-Habitat, 2009; RICS, 2010).
Bangladesh is a densely populated developing country which has one of the lowest land-
person ratios in the world with high land price (Nawaz, 2004; Saha et al, 2012). So, housing
shortage is a common scenario here which is resulting in high cost of housing. Again,

*Corresponding Autthors Email: shamsazad08@gmail.com

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology. Dhaka
1000, Bangladesh.
Barua etal. 176

affordability level (proportion of the income of people which they can spend for housing
purpose) is low for the low-income group of people in this country (NRC, 2009). So, they
cannot cope with the increasing cost of housing. As a result, they have to live in slums
compromising accessible utility facilities, proper and hygienic sanitary and drainage
facilities and accessible community services, paying high rent for the living area and high
rate for illegally managed services (Khatun et al, 2012; Islam et al, 2009). The government
undertook housing programs throughout the country in order to rehabilitate the local low
income families, such as the Bhasantek Rehabilitation Project in Mirpur and Dattapara
rehabilitation project in Tongi (Begum and Amin, 2012). Unfortunately, these projects
could not produce the desired outcome in terms of affordability, cost recovery, etc. and
ended in failure (Nawaz, 2004). So it is required to find more practical approach to
provide affordable housing for low income group of people in a more efficient way for
which social-housing is a good solution. Social housing refers to rental housing which may
be owned and managed by the state, by non-profit organizations, or by a
combination of the two usually with the aim of providing affordable housing for those
unable to afford full market costs, where facilities and sanitation are simple and
communal (Payne, 2010). In this regard, this study aims at formulating project for providing
adequate social housing for low income people, with a framework for im plementation,
cost recovery and management. For study purpose, a hypothetical site in Dhaka city was
selected, which is Satarkul, assuming that the site is a property of Government of
Bangladesh (GoB).
Methodology
Satarkul was selected as the study area because it is located in the eastern fringe of
Dhaka Metropolitan (DMP) area. It falls in Spatial Planning Zone (SPZ)-12 of location-10 of
Detailed Area Plan (DAP) (RAJUK, 2010). From the north it is bounded by the Badda-Beraid
Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) road, from the south by Eastern
Housing Aftabnagar Project and 200 ft Purbachal Road, from the east by the proposed
200ft road and west part road of Balu Riv er and from the west by Badda-Satarkul
community. The study was conducted in the year of 2012. Firstly, a physical survey of the
site was conducted in order to familiarize with the existing condition of the site as well as
the surrounding area. Data on the people of the surrounding area, such as, demographic
and economic condition (source of income, household composition etc), amount of
retention area, present land-use etc. were collected from field survey, Dhaka City
Corporation (DCC) ward maps, DAP and other secondary data source. The project site
has an area of 549.42 acres (TROYEE, 2009). In the DAP, the area is proposed to be
planned as an urban residential zone preserving the retention ponds area of 65.93 acres
(RAJUK, 2010). The existing population surrounding the site is 78,589 and the gross density is
143 persons per acre. About 80 percent of the people have monthly income below 10,000
taka. So, it can be said that, the people living in surrounding area are of low income
group (RAJUK, 2010). Occupation and affordability of the low income group of people of
the surrounding area were the prime considerations while planning. Firstly, different
categories of dwelling units were designed on the basis of per capita space requirement
which ranges from 30sq.ft to 50sq.ft per person (Payne, 2010). Combining these dwelling
units with different common facilities (toilets, kitchen, veranda, and community space)
according to standard different housing blocks were designed (GoB, 2008). After that,
land-use plan for the area was prepared on the basis of land-use planning principles of
Detailed Area Plan (DAP) combining the housing blocks along with roads and community
facilities (educational institutions, health facilities, mosque, bazaar etc) design. Then
project implementation and cost recovery process was planned reviewing some case
studies of India, which includes deciding: proportion of housing for rent and sale, selection
of beneficiaries, cost estimation according to LGED and Public Works Department (PWD),
collection of fund for construction, management during construction work and, cost
recovery of developers and of the project. Finally management of the housing area after
project implementation was proposed.

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A Conceptual Proposal for Low-Income Housing

Results and Discussion

Target Group Identification
Location-10 of SPZ-12 covers the areas: Satarkul, Sutibhola, Borokathaldia, Beradia, Batara,
Nurerchala, Khilbaritek and Bawailapara (RAJUK, 2010). So, it is expected that people
from these areas will be more interested to take the opportunity to live in the project
areaas they will get better option of living and their work place will not be far from their
living place. People from other areas whose working places are close to the study area
may also be interested. Low income people having fixed monthly income are considered
as the main target group of the study. The percentage of population according to
occupation of the target group of people is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Percentage of population according to occupation (BBS 2011)

Table 1: Selected level of income and affordability levels of the target group
Income Affordable rent Affordable rent Affordable cost Affordable cost
group (% of monthly (in BDT) (multiple of annual (in BDT)
income) income)
2,16,000-
6000-8000 20 1200-1600 3
2,88,000
8000- 3,84,000-
30 2400-3000 4
10000 4,80,000
(Woo, 2009; Hancock, 1991, Hoek-Smit, 1998)
In the context of income level of Bangladesh and considering the present economic
condition of the people of the surrounding the areas, the target group is fixed within
monthly income range of BDT 6,000 to BDT 10,000 (Hoek-Smit, 1998; Mostafa et al, 2006).
Within the specified income and affordability levels of the target group, both the
affordable rent per month and the cost of dwelling units is shown in Table 1.
Land Use Planning
Basic issues considered in land use design
Classification of land use within the site was done according to the proposal of DAP of
Dhaka city. The basic considerations while preparing land-use design were: (a) the
retention ponds were identified for preservation which is 12 percent of the total area, (b)
open spaces and agricultural lands were designated for preservation which lies in the low
lying areas near to the retention ponds (GoB, 2000), (c) the road network was designed
which is 30 percent of the total area according to DAP, (d) the whole area was divided
into seven sectors to accommodate the housing and other facilities of the target
population, (e) the residential areas for the target group along with the community
facilities were planned. The distribution of different land uses in the area is shown in Table
2.

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Barua etal. 178

Table 2: Distribution of different land-use in the study area

Type Total Area (Acre) Percentage
Building blocks 132.51 24%
Facilities 77.35 14%
Road 164.826 30%
Retention pond 65.93 12%
Open space 21.83 4%
Agricultural land 87.37 16%
Total 549.42 100%
Categories of Dwelling Units
For the design of individual rooms, per capita space is considered within a range of 30 sq.
feet per person to 50 sq. ft per person (Payne, 2010). Combining household size and per
capita space requirement, four categories of room were (Table 3). Considering the
affordability level of the target group and basic living standard, size of rooms has been
determined. In the target group population, a significant number are single people who
work in the industries and garments nearby (Field survey, 2012). They live either singly or
sharing with other people. So, category 1 is designed for single person who can share
room with others. Category 3 and 4 are designed as family residence and category 2 is
designed for both.
Table 3: Category of dwelling units according to household members
Category Household member Space for HH (Sq. ft)
1 1-2 86.25 - 115
2 3-4 150
3 5-6 200
4 7-8 250
Average per capita space: 38.02 sq. ft
(Payne, 2010)
Housing Block Design
Now combining different categories of dwelling units, three types of housing blocks were
designed to make it easier to distribute and maintain the people proportionally according
to the requirement. Each block type contains shared toilet; bathroom and kitchen,
because individual provision of these facilities is costly. Standards are maintained in
designing toilets, kitchen, veranda, and community space (GoB, 2008). According to the
Building Regulation, 2008, minimum setback among the blocks is kept. The rooms are
arranged around common veranda, which will make sure their co-operation and friendly
relation. Again, the blocks contain common courtyard within it which can be used for
gardening, as meeting place and as play lot for the children. Buildings within the blocks
are proposed to be four stories for the best utilization of space as land price is very high.
Different components of housing blocks are shown in Table 4.

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A Conceptual Proposal for Low-Income Housing

Table 4: Different components of three housing block types

Components Block type A Block type B Block type C
No of household: Category 1 2 2 0
No of household: Category 2 12 0 0
No of household: Category 3 0 8 0
No of household: Category 4 0 0 12
No of kitchen 2 2 2
No of toilet 5 5 10
No of bathroom 5 5 10
Width of veranda (in ft) 2.5 2.5 2.5
Area of the building (in sq. ft) 3252.5 2701 4480
Space around block (each side in ft) 6.6 6.6 6.6
Area of open space (in sq. ft) 1395 484 980
Total area of a block (in sq. ft) 6623.54 4864.04 7601.04
No of storey 4 4 4
Persons per block (in person) 208 208 384
No. of blocks in each sector 78 40 14
Number of building blocks and population estimation
The target population density for the site is assumed 350 persons per acre according to
the standard (Mahmud, 2013). To achieve the target population density, it is required to
decide on the number of building blocks to be provided in the site. For the purpose,
percentage of households in the target group with respect to household members is
collected from DAP (RAJUK, 2010) (Table 5). From Table 5 it can be observed that, the
target group comprises highest percentage of households comprising of one to four
household members and least percentage of households comprising of seven to eight.
So, maximum estimation (59%) is decided for block type A and least estimation (11%) is
decided for block type C in the site (Table 6). Table 6 shows the estimated number of
building blocks in the area along with population of the housing project. Thus the
estimated population of the project is around two millions with gross population density
381 persons per acre (Table 6).
Table 5: Category of dwelling units according to household members
Household member Percentage of household
1-2 8%
3-4 55%
5-6 27%
7-8 10%
(RAJUK, 2010)
Table 6: Estimated number of building blocks in the area along with population
Block type Number of blocks Percentage of blocks Population
A 546 59% 1,13,568
B 280 30% 58,240
C 98 11% 37,632
Total 924 100% 2,09,440
Gross Population density: 381 persons per acre
Sector design
To manage the population properly with livable environment and for the proper
management, the whole area is divided into seven sectors. All the sectors are assumed to
be uniform. So, number of block types in each sector is decided (Table 7) on the basis of
their percentage (Table 6) which is decided to be same for all the seven sectors. Thus
population in each sector is around twenty nine thousands and nine hundreds (Table 7).
Figure 3 shows the sector design of the project area.

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Barua etal. 180

Table 7: Estimated number of building blocks along with population in each sector
Block type Number of blocks Population
A 78 16,224
B 40 8,320
C 14 5,376
Total 132 29,920

Figure 3: Sector design of Satarkul area

Road Design
Mainly four types of roads are considered to serve the area according to “Infrastructure
Design, Policies on Government Land Based on Private Partnership, 2008”. They are:
primary roads of 200 ft width, major distributor roads of 60 ft width, minor distributor roads
of 40 ft width and access roads of 20 ft width. Roads are designed maintaining the
hierarchy in such a way to ensure better connectivity maintaining the privacy of the area
and removing through traffic.
Design of Community Facilities
According to “Bangladesh Gazette, 2004: Space Standards for Urban Community
Facilities” space for community facilities are calculated. Space requirement for different
facilities in each sector is shown in Table 8. In each sector the educational institutions
(primary school, secondary school and college) are grouped in a suitable location for the
convenience of the people. Clinics are provided in each sector in such a way to provide
calm and tranquil environment. For the whole area a hospital of 7.8 acre is also provided
which is reachable from all the sectors. Other community facilities are also provided
according to the requirement keeping in mind the convenience.

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A Conceptual Proposal for Low-Income Housing

Table 8: Standards for facility in each sector

Facilities Standard area (acre) per Total calculated area
1000 population (acre) in each sector
(GoB, 2004)
Primary school 0.08
Educational Secondary school 0.1 7.5
College 0.08
Clinic 0.04 1.15
Mosque 0.04 1.15
Bazaar 0.04 1.15
Rickshaw & auto stand and repair -- 0.1
service
Project Implementation
Proportion of Dwelling Units for Rent and Sale
In the area the target is to accommodate low income people. So, it is obvious that all the
households of the target group will not be able to afford houses to buy. For this reason,
option of rental housing is provided for this section of the target group. The distribution of
rental and selling houses according to sectors is shown in Table 9. Sectors one, two and six
are close to the industries and majority of the workers are of single household families. So,
fifty percent of rental housings are provided for single workers in these sectors. Again,
some Non-Government Organization (NGO) workers comprise the target group who are
mostly of lower income group. So, in sector three and four, thirty percent rental housings
are provided for NGO colonies. In sector five, thirty percent rental housings are provided
for those government workers who are of lower income group and live in the surrounding
area. Sector seven is preserved for the cost recovery. The cause of this type of provision of
colony is that the government is unable to bear the whole construction cost of the houses
for rent. So, by providing colony the aim of the project is preserved, cost of construction
can be collected and most importantly proper management of the rental houses would
be ensured (Hasan, 1991).
Table 9: Distribution of rental and selling houses according to sectors (Hasan, 1991)
Sector Percentage of Percentage of Target of rental houses
housing for sale housing for rent
1 50 % 50 % Single housing
2 50 % 50 % Single housing
3 70 % 30 % NGO Colony
4 70 % 30 % NGO Colony
5 70 % 30 % Government colony
6 50 % 50 % Single housing
7 Preserved for cost recovery (Residential land use)

Table 10: Percentage of people for rental and selling houses

type Population Percentage
Rent 71,328 34.06%
Sale 1,38,112 65.94%
Total 2,09,440 100%
Selection of Beneficiaries
To ensure the accessibility of target group into this project, the selection process of buyers
and tenant follows a number of steps. It must be ensured while selecting the beneficiaries
that,they must fulfill the criteria of target group: level of income, work place near to this
area and no ownership of land or house in any places. In case of interested buyers, the
applications will be called from the target group. By drawing of lottery, based on detailed
guidelines and approval by the government, beneficiaries will be selected.For rental
housing; industries, NGO’s and Government organizations within the catchment area will
be called for application with the list of beneficiaries they selected. Through lottery the
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Barua etal. 182

industries, NGO’s and government organizations will be selected for building up their
colony (Government of Rajasthan, 2009).Along with the application for the houses the
applicants may apply for agricultural land or pond for fishing or for shop in bazaar
according to unit requirement of households. Then they will be selected by drawing of
lottery.
Cost Estimation
Hoek-Smit (1998) found that cost of construction for simple construction/multi-family
housing is BDT 650 per sq. ft. when land is free. REHAB (2012) discovered price hike of
construction materials is a big issue in construction sector. Considering price hike and
inflation, construction cost is BDT 1500 for the study. From interview of engineers of LGED it
is found that per square ft road construction cost is BDT 150. The total cost of the project is
showed in Table 11.
Table 11: Total cost for project implementation
Cost Amount (BDT)
Cost for housing 1496,25,39,000
Cost for road network 106, 80, 72,480
Cost for facilities 251,06,76,000
Total cost 1854,12,87,480
After calculation, the selling price of each housing unit is found between 2 lakhs and 5.6
lakhs taka, which are nearly within the range of affordability of the target group (Table 1).
Construction Work
The construction work will be done through public- private partnership where construction
work will be done by private developer and GoB would act as a facilitator. The selection
of private developers will be done through a transparent bidding process. The developer,
offering the maxim um number of lower income group flats in government colony free of
cost to the GoB would be awarded the project. The land would be allotted free of cost to
the selected developer. The layout and specifications including the design of the
affordable houses to be built would be approved by the GoB or its designated
implementing agency. The developer may not modify the plan in any way during
construction. A tripartite agreement between funding providers, bank and development
agency should be done for the facilitation of the release of the fund to the developeras
per the progress in construction.The expenditure on all internal development works
(community facilities) will be borne by the developer only for which they will get profit. If
the developer fails to complete the project within the stipulated period of time, project
period could be extended by 6 months without penalty but beyond 6 months, extension
would be considered on payment of penalty (Government of India, 2007; Government of
Rajasthan, 2009).
Cost Recovery of the Provision of Community Facilities
In REHAB Fair 2005 the member organizations stated that real estate developers were then
are earning on an average at 10-15% as the market has become highly competitive. In
this study, it is assumed that the developers will demand 10% profit for providing road
network and community facilities. Adding the profit, total cost to provide road network
and community facilities became BDT 393,66,23,328. So to pay them the cost, it is decided
to give them some blocks to build house themselves and to make profit from the houses
(Table 12). But they are bound to build and provide housing to the middle income and
upper middle income group of people to maintain balance in the project area, where
income range of middle and upper middle income group is 10,000 to 12,000 and 15,000 to
20,000 respectively (Hoek-Smith, 1998).

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A Conceptual Proposal for Low-Income Housing

Table 12: Block types for cost recovery

No. of blocks Cost recovery
Block type Area (Acre)
Sector 7 Sector 5 Total (BDT)
A 78 3 81 12.2 229,09,85,364
B 40 16 56 6.3 118,09,86,998
C 14 0 14 2.462 46,46,50,966
Total 20.962 393,66,23,328

The design and layout on the blocks or plots can be done by the developer. According to
REHAB (2010) per square foot selling price of apartment in Mohammadpur is BDT 4500.
Due to locational and spatial characteristics per square foot apartment selling price is
assumed BDT 4000. So, for cost recovery 3.08 percent of the total land and 15.76 percent
of the residential land is needed to be provided to the developer. From the table the
requirements are shown along with cost recovery (Table 12).
Cost Recovery of the Dwelling Units
Building would be built by the private developers and it is assumed that they would sell it
with 10% profit. In order to pay the money, possible residents would take loan from banks.
There exist many housing schemes for low income groups all around the world. Such as,
Government of Rajasthan provides 5% of interest subsidy for housing of low income groups
which leaves 8% of interest payable by the loan borrower (Government of Rajasthan,
2007). Banks take the apartment or building as mortgage for the loan. Government can
adapt this kind of scheme for low income groups of Satarkul. If the interest rate is 5% the
amount of monthly installment of the beneficiary, who would bought the house taking
loan, would be BDT 850 to BDT 2,500. The range matches with the affordability level of the
target group (Table 1). It will require twenty three years and ten months to pay the total
loan (Table 13). In case of rental housing range of rent per month per household is BDT 500
to BDT 1500. Both of these are within the affordability range of the target group. It will
require highest twenty three years for cost recovery (Table 14). Here monthly installment is
calculated by “present value of an annuity method”.
Table 13: Cost recovery of dwelling units for sale
Selling price
Payment Payme Interes
Area (constructio
Block (BDT) nt per t rate Duration of
Category (sq. n cost+10%
type per sq. month of payment
feet) profit)
feet (BDT) bank
(BDT)
1 86.25 1,42,313 10 863 5% 23 Y, 10 M
A
2 150 2,47,500 10 1500 5% 23 Y, 10 M
1 115 1,89,750 10 1150 5% 23 Y, 10 M
B
3 200 3,30,000 10 2000 5% 23 Y, 10 M
C 4 250 4,12,500 10 2500 5% 23 Y, 10 M

Table14: Cost recovery of housing for rent (PWD and LGED)

Block Category Area Selling price Rent Rent (BDT) Duration of
type (sq. ft) (construction (BDT) Per payment
cost+10% profit) Per sq. ft household
A 1 86.25 1,42,313 6 518 22 Y, 10 M
2 150 2,47,500 6 900 22 Y, 10 M
B 1 115 1,89,750 6 690 22 Y, 10 M
3 200 3,30,000 6 1200 22 Y, 10 M
C 4 250 5,60,000 6 1500 22 Y, 10 M
Management after Project Implementation
The owner person or organization should not be able to sell the houses elsewhere or to
others. Transfer of the house should be permissible back to the government only, at cost of
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Barua etal. 184

construction adjusted for inflation. Again, some uses should be restricted for the area to
maintain the livable environment and these are: commercial (office) uses, industrial uses,
heavy industrial uses, mixed use, etc. The monthly payment of installments should be
managed by the government at least for thirty years, as it is expected that the project will
get self-sustainedwithin this time. The industries, NGOs and Government organizations that
have colonies in the area, should be responsible for the collection of rents from the salary
of the employees who are residents of their colonies (Government of Rajasthan, 2009).
About 87.37 acre area within retention low lying area and front yard are designed to be
utilized for agriculture purpose and about 65.93 acre of retention pond for fishing purpose.
A group of 20 people would be given 1.46 acre of land for cultiv ation and to form small
holding firms. Small holding firms are quite productive and provide more employments
(Fan et al, 2013). This will create employment opportunity for 1200 persons in agriculture
sector. Retention ponds are scattered and diversified in size. For maintenance and
cultivation of fish a group needs to be formed for each pond. Number of people in each
group differs according to the size of ponds. On an average0.59 acre of pond area
should be given to one person. Thus 1500 people will be engaged in fishing. Integrated
rice-fish firming and will be good choice for land use pattern (Joffre, 2010). Local
government organization and NGO will conduct and maintain the whole process (Dev,
2012).
Conclusion
Thus the requirements of adequate housing with availability and accessibility of services,
materials, facilities and infrastructure (utility services such as safe drinking water, sanitation
etc, community facilities such as educational institutions, open space, market place etc
and other essential services), affordability (within the level of financial costs associated
with housing), habitability (adequate space and protection from elements of nature) and
cultural adequacy (appropriate way of construction, use of building material and policy
support) through social housing can be attained for the low-income people, ensuring
proper implementation, cost recovery and management of the area. The main limitation
of the study is that, a hypothetical site is considered for the study which does not
represent or may not match with the real life scenario. But, GoB can undertake low-
income housing projects in khas lands to provide affordable housing for low-income
people following the methodology of this study with necessary corrections and
adjustment.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the entire batch 2008, Department of Urban & Regional
Planning, BUET, especially Md. Imtiaz Rahman for helping the authors in collecting
necessary data for the study.
References
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), 2012. Population and Housing Census 2011.
Community Report, Dhaka Zila, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Planning Division,
Ministry of Planning, Government of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
Begum, J. A., and Amin, I. I., (2012). Low Income Housing in Dhaka City Vasantek
Rehabilitation, World Review of Business Research, 2(3),78-99.
Dev, S. M., (2012). Small farmers in India: Challenges and Opportunities, Indira Gandhi
Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. pp 8-14.
Fan, S., Brzeska, J., Keyzer, M. and Halsema, A., (2013). From Subsistence to
Profit:Transforming Smallholder Farms. International Food Policy Research Institute,
Washington, DC. pp 6-10.
Government of Bangladesh (GoB), (2000). Metropolitan Open Space and Wetland
Conservation Act, Bangladesh gazette.
Government of Bangladesh (GoB), (2004).Land Development Regulation for Private
Residential Projects, Bangladesh gazette, Ministry Of Home and Public Works, pp.
892.

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A Conceptual Proposal for Low-Income Housing

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