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VEX 121 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS

MODULE 4 – DRAWING

An introduction to drawing and creative visual problem solving. Emphasis is on the analysis and
exploration of basicndrawing techniques in the visual interpretation of natural and fabricated forms. Students will
be introduced to a variety of drawing media.
A. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the semester, the student must have :
1. identified the different tools and equipment used in drafting
2. familiarized with the different use of drafting tools and equipment
3. created a visual design using these tools and equipment
B. Pre Test
Essay: Differentiate freehand drawing and mechanical drawing.
C. Content

Drawing – it is an art or technique of representing an object or outlining a figure, plan or sketch by means of
lines. It is a graphic representation of a real thing, an idea or a proposed design for later manufacture or
construction.

Kinds of Drawing

1. Freehand drawing – is a natural instinct which involves muscle movements with the finger, pencil or
pen even stick.
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VEX 121 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS
2. Mechanical drawing – is a drawing using instruments or tools to make the working drawing of real
objects.

3. Industrial drawing – it shows the design and appearance of certain products. Shadow or shades are
employed to express the form of the object.

4. Working drawing – illustrates the details, on which the article is to be constructed, dimensions of
various scales are given to identify each part of the object.

Classification of drawing according to their function

1. Fine art – refers to an art form practiced mainly for its aesthetic value and its beauty (art for the sake)
rather than its functional value. It is rooted in drawing and design-based work such as painting,
printmaking and sculpture. It is often contrasted with “:applied art” and “crafts” which are both
traditionally seen as utilitarian activities. Other non-design-based activities regarded as fine arts,
include photography and architecture, although the latter is best understood as an applied art.

2. Visual art – within the visual art is a category known as the decorative arts or craft. This art is more
utilitarian and has a function but retains an artistic style and still requires talent to create. The
decorative arts include ceramics, furniture making, textiles, interior design, jewelry making, metal
crafting, and woodworking.
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VEX 121 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS

3. Contemporary art – the term used for art of the present day. Usually the artist are alive and still making
work. It is often about ideas and concerns, rather that solely the aesthetic. Artists try different ways of
experimenting with ideas and materials.

Pencil 16 Techniques

1. Vertical hatching – hatch from top to bottom. You can hold your hand in the air or while resting it on the
surface. In the first case, the marks will be quick and loose and will vary from the start to the end. In
the second case, it’s easier to control the distance between hatches and the pressure applied to the
lead, making it more smooth and even.

2. Horizontal hatching – follow the instruction for vertical hatching, only this time draw lines from side to
side.

3. Inclined hatching – now, place the lines from one corner to the opposite corner in one direction.

4. Cross hatching – begin with either horizontal, vertical, or diagonal lines. Next, add intersecting lines
going in the opposite direction.
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VEX 121 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS

5. Radial hatching – start your marks at the center and work rows of short diagonal hatching out until you
get to the edge of the page.

6. Expressive hatching – the softest lead, such as 6B, is best for this technique. Use random and
intermittent lines, changing the pressure applied to the lead and their direction throughout.

7. Contour lines – these are smooth marks of varying distances apart made by applying even amounts or
pressure to the lead.

8. Feathering – for the maximum effect, use a soft lead. Adding plenty of pressure, apply a dark layer of
graphite. Take a scrap piece of paper or a pre-rolled paper stump and rub the area until the marks are
soft and well blended.

9. Loops – make random open, closed, small, medium, and large loops. Particle changing the loops
directions, the distance between them, the density of hatching, and the pressure applied to draw a line
to see how many variations you can create.
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VEX 121 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS

10. Dots – holding your pencil perpendicular to the paper, while applying pressure, will help you make
these round marks. Using a hard lead will result in light, thin dots while using the softer leads will leave
darker and thicker dots. Notice that the closer you place dots together, the darker the area looks.

11. Dotted line – you can elongate dots to form rows of dashes. By varying the length, width and overall
placement of dashes, these can be used to make interesting patterns.

12. Zigzag lines – without raising the pencil from the paper, start from one point and draw diagonally,
getting longer and then shorter again until you have a square. You can use this technique to create the
silhouette of many shapes by following its outline and changing the length of each line.

13. Interwoven texture – create the look of woven fabric by hatching in random directions all over the page.
Vary the angles and shapes of your hatching to make it more visually interesting.

14. Basket weave pattern – alternate between vertical and horizontal hatching, drawing the same number
of strokes for each to make rows that resemble the texture of a basket.
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VEX 121 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS

15. Wavy lines – start with long strokes of various shapes. Decide which areas you want to be solid colors.
After filling those in, add more lines inside the shapes, following the existing contours.

16. Scribbling – while never lifting your pencil, draw triangular, square, oval, and polygonal shapes all over
the paper. Add contrast by applying a lot or a little pressure while also varying the distance apart the
lines are.

Shading – darkening or coloring of an illustration or diagram with parallel lines or a block of color. “Scenes can
be given perspective by color and shading”.
-it is the process of adding value to create the illusion of form, space, and most importantly I light in a
drawing. When executed correctly, shading can make a drawing appear three dimensional and create a
convincing image.
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VEX 121 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS

1.Hatching – lines drawn in the same direction. By drawing lines closer together, darker values are created.
Leaving more space between lines results in lighter values. For rounded objects, the lines may curve slightly
around the form-following the contours of the object.
2. Cross hatching – lines cross over other. The density at which the lines cross over each other determines the
value that is produced.
3. Contour shading - similar to hatching and cross hatching. The difference is that the lines are curved to follow
the contours of the subject. So these lines can be drawn horizontally, vertically and even diagonally.
4. Scribbling - is an excellent technique to use when drawing specific subjects like trees or hair because it not
only creates values, but also transmits a sense of texture.
5. Stippling - creation of a pattern simulating varying degrees of solidity or shading by using small dots. Applying
countless small dots to build up darker values in a drawing. The density of the dots determines the value
produced.
6. Circulism - consists of many overlapping circles. The more circles you draw, the more smooth the texture
becomes!
Rendering - occurs when you use an eraser to draw. This usually means that the artist applies graphite to the
surface and then removes some of it to create lighter values and highlights. It is a process of both addition and
subtraction. Using an eraser to remove the medium to produce lighter values. This technique typically used in
conjunction with blending.
Pointillism - also called divisionism and chromo-luminarism, in painting, the practice of applying small strokes or
dots of colour to a surface so that from a distance they visually blend together. The technique is associated with
its inventor, Georges Seurat, and his student, Paul Signac, who both espoused Neo-Impressionism, a
movement that flourished from the late 1880s to the first decade of the 20th century. It is a technique of
painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image.

Lines Used in Drawing

D. Learning Activities

Activity 4: Students will test by showing their creativity, choose from Fine Art, Visual Art and Contemporary Art.
Activity 5: Students will draw a group of fruits and apply the proper shading in oslo paper.

E. Assessment:
Identification:
1. Using an eraser to remove the medium to produce lighter values.
2. It is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an
image.
3. Darkening or coloring of an illustration or diagram with parallel lines or a block of color.
4. It is an art or technique of representing an object or outlining a figure, plan or sketch by means of
lines.
5. This art is more utilitarian and has a function but retains an artistic style and still requires talent to
create.
6. Series of connected dots or prolongation of point to show the shape or form of any piece of art.
7. Start your marks at the center and work rows of short diagonal hatching out until you get to the edge of
the page.
8. An excellent technique to use when drawing specific subjects like trees or hair because it not only
creates values, but also transmits a sense of texture.
9. Line from top to bottom to each desired position
10. Illustrates the details, on which the article is to be constructed, dimensions of various scales are given
to identify each part of the object.
11. A natural instinct which involves muscle movements with the finger, pencil or pen even stick.
12. Alternate between vertical and horizontal hatching, drawing the same number of strokes for each to
make rows that resemble the texture of a basket.
13. It shows the design and appearance of certain products. Shadow or shades are employed to express
the form of the object.
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VEX 121 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS
14. It is the process of adding value to create the illusion of form, space, and most importantly I light in a
drawing.
15. Place the lines from one corner to the opposite corner in one direction.
F. Reference
Textbooks
Bert Bielefeld, Isabela Skiba, Basic Fundamentals pf Presentation Technical Drawing, (2013), Publisher:
Birkhauser, ISBN 13: 9783034613262
Dagoon, Jesee (2000) Exploratory Industrial Arts, Rex Book Store, Manila, Philippines
Sadhu Singh, P.L. Sah, Fundamental os Machine Drawing, 2013 by PH Learning Private Limited
Timothy Samara, Drawing for Graphic Design, 2012 by Rockfort Publishers Inc.
Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Dygdon, Noval and Lockhart, Technical Drawing, 2009 Publisher Pearson
Education Inc.

Online References
http://www.google.com.ph.images
G. Rubric

10 7 3
Craftsmanship/Skill The artwork shows good The artwork shows The artwork shows
craftsmanship, with average craftsmanship below average
some attention to detail and little attention to craftsmanship and little
detail. attention to detail.
Creativity/Originality The artwork The artwork The artwork
demonstrates some demonstrates an demonstrates little
personal expression and average amount of personal expression and
logical problem solving personal expression. problem solving skills.
skill.
Shading/Realism Shading is well done Drawing is shaded but Shading in not complete
with defined attention to need a few finishing or not present at all. The
detail. Objects appear touches in order for the drawing has an
real and three- drawing to be realistic incomplete look and has
dimensional. looking. The drawing still a two dimensional look.
has a two-dimensional
quality

H.
Assessment
1. Rendering
2. Pointillism
3. Shading
4. Drawing
5. Visual art
6. Line
7. Radial hatching
8. Scribbling
9. Inclined line
10. Working drawing
11. Freehand drawing
12. Basket weave pattern
13. Industrial drawing
14. Shading
15. Inclined hatching
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VEX 121 – INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS

H. Answer Key
Assessment:
1. Rendering
2. Pointillism
3. Shading
4. Drawing
5. Visual art
6. Line
7. Radial hatching
8. Scribbling
9. Inclined line
10. Working drawing
11. Freehand drawing
12. Basket weave pattern
13. Industrial drawing