A Comprehensive Review on Fault Current

Limiter for Power Network

Mr.Mangesh Chewale Mr.Viraj Savakhande Ms.Rutuja Jadhav
Dept.of Electrical Engg. Dept.of Electrical Engg. Dept.of Electrical Engg.
S.B.G.I. Miraj, India P.V.P.I.T.Budhgaon India S.B.G.I Miraj, India
mangeshchewale5@gmail.com vrajsavakhande15@gmail.com jadhavrutuja958@gmail.com
Ms.Rutuja Kupwade Ms.Pooja Siddha
Dept.of Electrical Engg. Dept.of Electrical Engg.
S.B.G.I Miraj, India S.B.G. I Miraj, India
rutujapgundwade@gmail.com poojasiddha2015@gmail.com

Abstract-Existing Power system has a major role indistributed For limiting short circuit currents, the current limiting reactors
generation. As the power systems are arriving more and more have usage in power system. It also avoids harm to the power
complicated they are becoming an incorporation of some power system due to extreme fault current eluding harm. During
electronic devices. Limiting the fault current is important as the
nominal operation of the system current limiting reactors have
protection of power electronic devices as well as the reliability of
system is depending upon it. This paper is consisting of the impedance [11].
current limiting techniques which are used to suppress the excess For closing fault currents and enhancing the vibrant
magnitude of fault current during fault. Various types of fault steadiness of power system, different types of fault current
current limiters are used in the power system. The focus here is limiters such as resistive, inductive, superconducting, non-
on superconducting fault current limiting reactors. SFCL is a superconducting, have been used [12-16]. A numeral of
device which overcomes the problems due to the increased fault superconducting fault current limiter strategies has been
current levels. In this paper operating principle and structure of actuating from the 10 KV distribution level 100 KV
various power current limiters is explained thoroughly. transmission level building technology has the present focus
of applied superconductivity [17-19].
Keywords-Fault current limiters,Superconducting fault current The difficulty of the power system is openly relational to
limiter, Solid state fault current limiter,Pyrotechnic fault current
power current level. Due to the difficult structure of power
limiter, Electromagnetic dynamic fault current limiter.
system fault current rises as well as it is the maximal threat to
the smooth operation [20]. Various conservative means had
I. INTRODUCTION given advice in past for cropping fault current, inducing
curtailing fault current consists of reconfiguration of system,
There is increase in the act of using power in the modern upgrading of circuit breaker etc. [21-22].
power system as electrical energy is the utmost significant
method of energy in this current ecosphere. Distributed II. TRADITINAL METHODS FOR FAULT
generation resources show the most prior part in formation of CURRENT LIMITER
electrical power interconnection of distributed system resulted Air core reactors, fuses and circuit breakers are included in
in advancement of micro grid [1-2]. Safety of system is very the most usually existing traditional components for protection
essential concern to remove damage to the scheme constraints explained earlier. These devices provide protection to the
and system components from higher quantity of current during greater extent and are expected worldwide. For decades,
fault [3-4]. A particular approach to remove fault current and current limiting means air core reactor is used [23]. The
outcome in regardable exchangeable in the venture of high inductance is important for defense process. It bases the scope
capacity circuit breaker is provided by fault current limiters of reactor to rise if air core reactors are used excessively and
(FCLs). There are new practices for restraining excess fault this is major drawback of this type of reactor.
current [5]. Most normally and usually used devices are fuses. They are
The conventional method of FCL as well as modern more likely to cause a fault. Breakdown of entire device
method of FCL by using applications and also mentioned occurs if there are excessive current flows through fuse. It
conventional switchgears to limit fault current [6]. Due to exchange fuses which is time consuming work to do. Increase
increased fault level, there should have to be the displacement in dynamic influence of current, increase in thermal influence
of this existing switchgear. Necessity of these parameters and capability of circuit breaker to interrupt current may
consideration minimizes the fault current level. Effective way exceed are the adviser effect on power system tools due to
to suppress fault current is provided by the Superconducting increased fault current [7].
fault current limier [7-8]. By dropping the maximum fault To upgrade substation to cope with the new maximum short
current it is optional to downsize of the existent apparatus circuit current from mechanical as well as thermal opinion is
such as transformers, lines and circuit breakers [9]. The the future solution. It will require a huge investment but
explosion fault limiting fuses pyrotechnic FCL have a special adding a device of handle able value will be economically
place. As they comprehend an ultra-fast performing switch for proper to bound fault current and to enhance constancy of
usual loads combined in equivalent to a dense duty fuse [10]. system, fault current limiters have the prospective that they

978-1-5386-9482-4/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

decrease the fault current as well as perform possibilities of A. Current Limiting Reactor (CLR):
the usage of the lower rated protective devices [24-25].
The coils used to bound the fault current are current limiting
III. FAULT CURRENT LIMITER reactors. There is widely use of current limiting reactors for
low voltage distribution systems and others. These systems are
The chief aim of fault current limiter is to bind optional fault mature and simple. Under short circuit conditions, the way of
current in power system. They decrease fault current to a action of current limiting reactors with turbo generators
smaller controllable value and produce the usage of lesser system is examined [33].
graded protective devices. Degradation and restricting of Such reactors have large value of inductive reactance and
power grid has given a rehabilitated attention in FCL low ohmic resistance. These reactors are extreme temperature
technology for employment of consistent and mechanically superconductors in power devices [34]. Designing
possible profitable maneuvers [26]. characteristics of current limiting reactors are consisting in
There is a development in various types of fault current [35]. Current limiting reactor requires less maintenance.
limiting reactors when, a fault happens in system without total
separation. FCLs have two shares. First is fault current limiter B. Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL):
to related equal stage and second is to eliminate the faults in
the system [27]. Fault current limiter has actual small They are new electric apparatus having ability to decrease
impedance value at normal condition. During fault conditions, the fault current level between the first cycles of fault current.
fault current limiters possess high impedance [28]. The increase of impedance takes place to a rate where fault
current is compatibly condensed to a minor rate when fault
IV. BENEFITS OF FAULT CURRENT LIMITER occurs [36]. Practical HTS’s have critical temperatures up to
110K. Liquid nitrogen is a cooling agent for limiters utilizing
1. Redeeming the price of eliminating lesser graded value and high temperature superconductors which are economic one
mounting advanced graded tools in existent installation since with reduced refrigeration capital costs and more importantly
it reduces the worth of fault current which can be handled by running costs [37-38].
SFCLs have been used in various spaces of the power
existing protective device is the main benefit of FCL.
network such as non-conventional power generation,
2. In each phase of line FCLs are installed and series distribution system, transmission systems [39, 40-50].
impedance is inserted to bind the fault current to a particular There are types of SFCLs as follows:
extent. Short circuit level is reduced by FCLs. 1. Resistive SFCL
3. Advancement in fault current limiter is finding out facts by 2. Inductive SFCL
adding a resistor into circuit through which the leakage current a. Shielded iron core type SFCL
streams [29-30]. b. Saturated iron core type SFCL
4. There are solutions such as switchgear and other
components upgraded to evade the difficulties in power 1. Resistive SFCL:
system. FCRs are used in grid system rebuilding as well as
used to join high impedance transformers for impedance of Shown in fig.2. the resistive SFCLs are very smaller as well
network [30-32]. as lighter than the inductive ones [51]. Recently two parallel
projects are aiming in US to construct transmission voltage
level resistive FCL are ongoing [52-53].
V. CLASSIFICATION OF FAULT CURRENT
LIMITER
There are various kinds of fault current limiters are shown
in Fig.1.

Fig.2. Resistive superconducting fault current limiter

The HTS element is used in the resistive SFCL. There is
suppression of electric current during fault and rapid increase
in resistance.1-2 ms quenching is there in HTS element. It is
Fig.1. Classification of fault current limiter depending upon possible fault current and nominal current.
Aspects of the bushings and cryostat are substantial for
passable voltage impasses mainly at the transmission voltage
planes [54]
 2. Inductive SFCL: coil wrapped around each core and its Dc magnetic field
saturates the cores. The out of saturation core limit the current.
Shown in Fig.3. the inductive type is special type of
transformer connected in series with network having
conventional primary coil. The impedance of this limiter is
nearly zero in steady state, because, there is reflection of zero
primary impedance to secondary. In faulty period of the time,
large circuit current induces large current in secondary
winding. There is loss of superconductivity.

Fig.4. Saturated iron core type inductive SFCL

In January 2010, a test field in California agonized through

a lightening induced fault. The FCL device bounded the fault
current as developed to do. There was the plan of a field trial
in 138 KV transmission network in 2011 [57].
Fig.3.Inductive superconducting fault current limiter
C. Solid State Fault Current Limiters (SSFCLs):
A great quantity of iron is essential and hence and inductive
SFCLs are far larger as well as thicker than resistive SFCLs Shown in fig.5. The solid state fault current limiters contain
[55]. semiconductor devices. The can stop a fault current through its
increase beforehand the top rate is achieved. There is parallel
connection between current limiting impedance with solid
a. Shielded iron core type inductive SFCL:
state switch, the current continues to flow to limited level.
After that the fault current is interrupted by the solid state
Shown in Fig.4. shielded iron core type inductive SFCLare
switch.
based on the Diamagnetism principle of superconductor. The
Now a day, two bigger SSFCL projects are under working
magnetic field is barred from the superconductor in
by EPRI [58] related to silicon GTO and SIC-GTO. Operation
superconducting state. This device works like Transformer.
of this limiter is carried out when the load current increases
more than the threshold value. At the same time the secondary
side of the transformer is being uncovered by insulated gate
bipolar transistor [59].

Fig.4. Shielded iron core type inductive SFCL

Fig.5. Construction of SSFCL
The primary winding acts as the main current lead of the
circuit. It is built in a way where it is not exposed to the Development of resonant type SSFCL made up of both
cryogenic part.Secondary winding has two parts as series and parallel resonant circuits. Under normal conditions
superconductive winding and normal conductive bypass. SSFCL gives high impedance by parallel resonant circuit [60-
These limiters are very few and mostly university based 61] in transformer based solid state fault current limiter.
projects utilize shielded core type [56].
SSFCL is classified in three categories and they are:
b. Saturated iron core type inductive SFCL:
1. Series Switch Type SSFCL:
Shown in fig.4. saturated iron core type inductive SFCL,
there are two iron cores one for each cycle. A superconducting Shown in Fig.6.series switch type SSFCLs are made up
with bidirectional controlled switch and bypass circuit. With
various Semiconductor devices the bidirectional switch is becomes out of resonance. The fault current is restrained by
implemented. the large impedance [65].

D. Electromagnetic dynamic fault current limiter (EDFCL):

Shown in Fig.9. Electromagnetic fault current limiter is an

electromagnetic circuit that made up of an iron core and
armature with an modifiable air gap.
It is conditioning its peculiar impedance itself, which relies
the magnitude of fault current is characteristic of this limiter.
Fig.6. Series switch type SSFCL
A vigorous fault current limiter has increasing impedance
which is due to increasing permeability in the electromagnetic
The aim is to decrease the losses and distortion with an
device [66].
extreme voltage and extreme power ZnO arrestors. The
overvoltage bypass is commonly implemented. Snubber limits
the voltage across the semiconductor switch and consumes
small quantity of the energy stored in the line inductance back
to back [62].

2. Bridge type SSFCL:

Shown in Fig.7.Bridge type SSFCLs are consists of current

fed diode switch. A diode or thyristor controlled bridge is used
to connect the DC reactor on the secondary side of
transformer. During normal conditions semiconductor switch
is shut to bypass the discharging resistor. The impedance is
very low and secondary side of transformer is shorted [63].
Fig.9. Electromagnetic fault current limiter

The core material utilized in the DFCL has outwardly pre

associated magnetic fields in the inner and outer ways as
matched to conservative cores with casual field arrangement
[67].

E. Pyrotechnic fault current limiters (PFCL):

Fig.7. Bridge type SSFCL
PFCLs are also called as Is limiters. They are consisting of
Due to voltage drop in power diodes these types of FCLs high rated current capability extremely fast. There is a HRC
have limitation. Due to the loss of there is waveform distortion
fuse in parallel and switch in series with the main conductor.
of line current. It happens during opening or load growing
When fault occurs there is the opening to external trigger. The
[64].
starting current has limitation of 0.5 ms and interrupts at zero
passage [68].
3. Resonant type SSFCL:
F. Hybrid fault current limiter [HFCL]:
Shown inFig.8. Resonant type SSFCLs are consists of the
resonant circuit. Resonant circuit limits the excess current.
In year of 2000 hybrid fault current limiters were
During a fault the DC current is larger than the extreme
developed. They combine SFCLs and SSFCLs. These fault
acceptable current. At the same time, the DC reactor is
current limiters use superconductors. They are used as a late
discharged through freewheeling diode.
reacting resistive limiting element. They are connected with
fast acting load switch [69]. The power electronic switches are
act at great speed in response that’s why commutating the
voltage across its contacts in cycle as they uncover during a
zero voltage crossing [70]. There is probability to get the
enough test effects through the way and extra work organize
for field tests are in developing position [71-72].

VI. SUMMARY
Fig.8. Resonant type SSFCL
Current flows through parallel resonant circuit. There is FCLs give the chance to raise distribution and transmission
mismatching between impedance of resonant circuit, so circuit equipment use and decrease reinforcement requirement. Fault
current limiting reactors or air core reactors are used [9] J.Kozak, T.Janowski, Application of HTS fault limiters in power
network.
commercially worldwide. All current limiter specifications
[10] M.Steurer, K.Fröhlich, Current limiters – state of the art, 4th
and properties are given in the table I. Workshop &Conference on EHV Technology, July 1998.
Table I
FCLs Fault current Is Limiter Resistive Shielded Saturated Solid Electromagnetic Hybrid
limiting SFCL iron core Iron core state FCL FCL
reactor type SFCL type SFCL FCL
Max. 36 kV 40.50 kV 138kV 11kV/ 13.8kV 69kV 220kV, 0.2 kA 12kV
Rating 2500A 2.5kA 0.9kA 2000A 1.2 kA 2000A
Triggering Not required External Internal Internal Internal External External External
Activation - <0.5ms <1/4cycle immediately immediately µs level <10 ms 100ms
Time
Reset time - Non automatic Tens of ms <5ms immediately controll 20ms Controllable
recovery to 2s able
Current Depend on <70% <80% Low 20% 30%-40% controll 85% Controllable
Reduction reactor used able
NeedCooli Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes(Si) No Yes
ng No(Sic)
Size/ Bulky Bulky Small Large & Large & Similar compact Small but
Weight Heavy Heavy to additional
purely components
resistive mayincrease
size
Status Commercially Commercially Designed Research & Research & Develop Designed & Research
available Available and tested Developmen Developmen ment tested stage
t Stage t Stage Phase

CONCLUSION

This paper provides an evaluation on the all types of fault

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