اﺣﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﻪ اﺻﻼ ﺑﻨﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه وﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻳﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﻴﺎه؟
دﻟﻮﻗﺘﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺸﺮب ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻬﺮ اﻟﻨﻴﻞ ،ﻃﻴﺐ ﺗﺨﻴﻞ ﻛﺪه أﻧﻚ اﺧﺪت ﻛﻮﺑﺎﻳﺔ وﺣﻄﻴﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺮ اﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل -ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه دي ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻟﺞ -ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻼﻓﻲ ﺧﺎﺗﻢ دﻫﺐ ﻃﺎﻟﻌﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﺎه
اﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻳﺔ ،وﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺣﺘﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻠﻠﺔ ،أﻧﺖ وﺣﻈﻚ ،اﻟﻤﻬﻢ اﻧﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺶ ﻫﺘﻌﺮف ﺗﺸﺮب اﻟﻤﻴﺎه
ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﻛﺪه اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﺠﻴﻠﻨﺎ اﻳﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺼﺪرﻫﺎ ﻻزم ﺗﻌﺪي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻛﺘﻴﺮ وﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ
ﻟﻠﺸﺮب
water treatement: many successive processes to remove any harmful components and
disinfect water to be suitable for using
ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه :ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻛﺘﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﺈزاﻟﺔ أي ﻣﻮاد ﺿﺎرة وﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎة ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام
water is treated according to what is used for:
اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻫﻴﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻳﻪ؟
اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻣﺶ زي ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ،اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻠﻲ ﻫﺸﺮﺑﻬﺎ ﻫﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻧﻲ اﺻﻨﺢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ
اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮب ﻻزم ﺗﻜﻮن water used for drinking
ﻣﺘﻌﻘﻤﺔ ﻛﻮﻳﺲ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ أي اﻣﺮاض should be well infected to prevent diseases
should contain suitable amount of dissolved salts as : calcium and magnesium, that
benefits us
ﻻزم ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺄﻣﻼح اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﻴﺪﻧﺎ زي اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم واﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮم
اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮب water used in industry
must be soft and shouldn't contain any salts
ﻻزم ﻣﻴﻜﻮﻧﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أي ﻣﻼح ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻋﻠﺸﺎن اﻻﻣﻼح دي ﺑﺘﺘﺮﺳﺐ وﺗﺴﺪ اﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ
)but can contain microorganisms (don't have to be well infected as drinking water
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ،ﻣﺶ ﻻزم ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻌﻘﻤﺔ ﻛﻮﻳﺲ اوي زي ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺸﺮب
ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻠﺸﺮب water treatement for drinking
ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺸﺮب ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻴﺎه
some water requires only simple disinfection
)ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺎه ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﺔ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ -اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ اﺻﻼ وﻣﺶ ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﻘﻰ ﺗﺎﻧﻲ
surface water will be filtered and disinfected
ﻣﻴﺎخ اﻟﺄﻧﻬﺎر واﻟﺒﺎﺣﺮ ﻻزم ﺗﺘﻔﻠﺘﺮ اﻻول ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﺗﺘﻨﻘﻰ وﺑﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﻌﻘﻢ
ground water need to have hardness (calcium and magnesium salts) removed before
disinfection
اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺄﻣﻼح اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻘﻢ
surface water treatement for drinking ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺒﺤﺎر واﻻﻧﻬﺎر ﻟﺘﻜﻮن ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮب
ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ او اﻟﻨﻬﺮ وﺑﻮدﻳﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه
screening to remove large floating suspended objects
ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺈزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺄﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ،زي ﻓﺮدة ﺷﺒﺸﺐ ،ﻫﺪوم...،
اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺘﻌﺪي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺼﻔﺎة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﺗﺘﺼﻔﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ اﻻﺟﺰاء اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻄﻮف ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
cogulation is mixing water with chemicals to gather suspended solids into large particles
that can be easily removed
ﺑﻴﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﺮﺿﻮ ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وده ﺑﻴﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻜﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه،ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺘﺘﺼﻔﻰ
،ﺑﺨﻠﻂ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﻜﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺎت ﺑﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ أن اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺮة دي ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت أﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﺳﻤﻬﺎfloc
flocculation: is mixing water with more chemical which allows of formation of larger
particles from flocs
flocs ﺑﺨﻠﻂ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻛﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ ﺗﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﺸﺎن اﺟﻤﻊ اﻻﺟﺰاء اﻟﻠﻲ اﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﺗﺖ
ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎع
sedimentation flow of water is slowed so that gravity causes flocs to settle
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎعflocs ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة دي ﺑﻨﺘﺒﻄﺊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻋﻠﺸﺎن اﺳﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺳﺐ
اﻟﺪﻧﺚ
sludge processing : in this process, the mixture of solids and liquids collected from settling
tank are disposed of
ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺮواﺳﺐ اﻟﻠﻲ اﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎع واﺗﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
disinfection is the treatement of water to ensure اﺗﺎﻛﺪthat it is free from pathogens, as:
bacteria, viruses
او ﻃﻔﻴﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻣﺮاض، ﻓﻴﺮوﺳﺎت،ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ اﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ أي ﺑﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ
raw water treatement for industrial use
ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ
وﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ واﻧﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓﻲ اﻳﻪexternal water treatement اول ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ وﻫﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮلexternal water treatement ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﻌﺪ ال
ﻋﻠﺸﺎن اﻋﺪل ﻓﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ وﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔinternal treatement او ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎ اﻛﺘﺮ
external water treatement
applied to the entire water supply
اﻻ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔinternal ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺶ ﺷﺮط اﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻟﺞ، external ﻻزم اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻟﺞ
consists of process as: aeration ﺗﻬﻮﻳﺔ, filtration ﻓﻠﺘﺮة, clarification ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ \ ﺗﺮوﻳﻖ, to remove
materials from water such as: suspended solids ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ \ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ, dissolved
materials ﻣﻮاد ذاﺋﺒﺔ, hardness أﻣﻼح, dissolved gas ﻏﺎز ذاﺋﺐ
internal water treatement to modify properties of water for specific application
ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺘﺎج ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه ﻋﻠﺸﺎن اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ دي
ﻓﺒﻘﻮم ﺑﺨﻄﻮة زﻳﺎدة ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه وﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ
Examples of internal water treatement
PH adjustment ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﻤﻀﻴﺔ وﻗﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء
disinfection for food processing uses, or to prevent bacterial growth in cooling water
او ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺒﺎرده،ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم
prevention of corrosion by addition of inhibitors
ﻣﻨﻊ اﻟﺼﺪاء اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺴﺒﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺎت
removal of calcium by addition of precipitants such as phosphate
إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮاد زي اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت
treatement with disperants to inhibit scale formation
اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮاد ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﻜﺘﻼت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء
addition of hydrazine or sulfite to remove dissolved oxygen
اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺖ او ﻫﻴﺪرزﻳﻦ ﻻزاﻟﺔ اﻻﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ اﻟﺬاﺋﺐ
prevent of formation of calcium deposities by addition of chelating agents which dissolve
them
ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﻜﺘﻼت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻒ اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﺗﺬﻳﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻜﺘﻼت
waste (sewage) water treatment
primary waster water treatement
pre-treatement
screening
removes or reduces trash and large solids that get into sewage, where solids are
collected on screens and disposed of
ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻزاﻟﺔ او ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ واﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة،
،اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺘﻌﺪي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎة اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﺗﺘﺼﻔﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ
ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد دي
grit removal
water then enter Grit chamber for removal of grit (sand, gravel, pebbles)
اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺘﻌﺪي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻻزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﻰ واﻟﺮﻣﺎل واﻟﺰﻟﻂ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد،
water flows at low velocity in this step to allow grit to settle at the bootom of tank
واﻗﺪر اﺟﻤﻌﻪ واﺗﺨﻠﺺ،اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺘﻤﺸﻲ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة دي ﻋﻠﺸﺎن اﻟﺤﺼﻰ واﻟﺮﻣﺎل ﻳﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎع
ﻣﻨﻪ
sedementation
adding iron salts, lime and aluminum to form flocs which settle at the bottom
ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎع، واﻻﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم، واﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ،اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮاد زي اﻣﻼح اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ
grease floats to the surface of water and is skimmed
اﻟﺪﻫﻮن ﺑﺘﻄﻔﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ وش اﻟﻤﻴﺎه وﺑﻴﺘﻢ ﻗﺸﻄﻬﺎ
seconday treatement for waste water
known as biological treatement
oxygen suuplied to bacteria is consumed, so that most of BOD (biodegrable Organic
compounds) is removed
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻬﻼط اﻻﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮة اﻟﻰ ﻣﻮاد اﻗﻞ ﺧﻄﻮرة
the most effective and flexible way is the activte sludge system
اﻛﺜﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ وﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﺄة اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ
in Activated sludge system, waster water react with a group of microorganisms in an
aerated tank, where these mircoroganisms uses oxygen in air and convert organic
compounds containing (N) and (P), into more stable compounds as (NO3-) , (SO4-2), (NH4+),
(H2PO4-), (HPO4-), (CO2), (H2O)
واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ دي ﺑﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء،ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺠﺎري اﻟﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﻌﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺟﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻜﺘﻼت
ﺟﻴﺪ اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ
اﻟﺒﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﺘﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪم اﻻﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮة اﻟﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻗﻞ
ﺧﻄﻮرة
then the resulted sludge from the proces is separated in a settling tank called secondary
settler or clarifier
وﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﺤﻤﺄ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺑﻴﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ اﺳﻤﻪ إﻧﺎء اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ أو اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻲ
some of the solids is disposed of and other is returned as sludge to beginning of aeration
tank
ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ دي ﺑﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ واﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻻول وﻳﺘﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺠﺎري ﻣﺮة ﺗﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﺸﺎن
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺘﻪ ﺗﺎﻧﻲ
important process that happens in secondary (biological) treatement
ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﺤﺼﻞ اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه
nitrification
the oxidation of ammonium ion, under ceratin conditions
ﻫﻲ اﻛﺴﺪة اﻻﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ:ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺘﺮﺟﺔ
first, ammonium is oxidized to nitirite by nitrosomonas bacteria
( ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ )ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ وﺣﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻴﺘﺮﻳﺖ،( )اﻻﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮم( ﺑﻴﺘﺤﻮل )ﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻳﺖ،أوﻻ
2 NH4 + 3O2 -----> 4 H+ + NO2- + 2H2O
then, nitrite is oxidized to nitrate by nitro bacteria
ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻳﺖ اﻟﻰ ﻧﻴﺘﺮات ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮة
2NO2- + O2 -----> 2 NO3-
The above reactions occur in an aerated tank and are favored in certain conditions
general retention times ﻓﺘﺮات ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة
low organic loadings وﺟﻮد ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ
large amounts of suspended solids ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ واﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ
high temperatures درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ
aerated tank إﻧﺎء ﺟﻴﺪ اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ
denitification (opposite of nitrification process)happens by speudomonas if oxygen amounts
decreasesd
ﻫﻴﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ،ﻟﻮ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﺗﺖ دي ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺶ ﻛﻮﻳﺴﺔ
اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎخ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ اﻻﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ
4 NO3- + 5{CH2O} + 4 H+ ----> 2 N2 + 5CO2 + 7H2O
this causes bubbles to form on the flocs, which causes the flocs to float on the surface of water,
which prevent the sludge from settling, and increase the organic load
وده ﺑﻴﺰود ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ،ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺨﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﻄﻔﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺪل ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎع
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء
in some cases, we can use this method to remove nutrient nitrogen from water
ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ده ﻟﺈزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء
tretary / advanced water treatement
effulent اﻟﺨﺮجfrom secondary water treatement, still contains some BOD, suspended
solids, dissolved inorganic salts, dissolved gases, traces of organic chemicals, heavy
metals, ...
واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ،ﺑﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﺴﻪ ﺑﺘﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ، اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ
وده ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﻧﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت
واﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﺘﺔ ﻣﺶ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ،ﻓﺒﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه واﻧﻘﻴﻬﺎ اﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه
ﺣﺴﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه،اﺟﺒﺎرﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ او اﻛﺘﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه ﺣﺴﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ
different methods used in advanced water treatement
coagulation and flocculation اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ واﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻞ
ion exchange ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت
reverse osmosis ﺗﻨﺎﺿﺢ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ
electodialysis دﻳﺎل ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ
adsorption اﻣﺘﺰاز
disinfection ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ
cogulation and flocculation
small scattered ions is converted to larger particles that can be easily percipetated and
removed
اﻟﻮاد اﻟﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﺸﻴﻠﻬﺎﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺘﺒﻘﻰ ionsاﺷﺎرﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ )(-veوﺑﺴﺒﺐ ده اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﺑﺘﻨﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ )(repel
ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرة
ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﻛﺪه ﺑﻨﺰود ﻣﺎدة ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﺗﻌﺎدل neutralﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺬرات ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺳﻬﻞ اﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ
اﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎت دي
ﻋﺎدة اﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺸﺒﺔ ﻛﻤﺎدة ﺑﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ]the usual coagulant is alum [Al2(SO4)2.18H2O
however, FeCl3 and F3SO4 , and polyelectrolytes, can be also used
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺎﻧﻴﺔ زي أﻣﻼح اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ،او اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻜﻬﺎرل
when alum is added to water, the aluminum in this salt hydrolyses by reactions that
consumes alkalinity in the water
ﻟﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﺤﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ،ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻻﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ
اﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه [AL(H2O)6]+3 + 3 HCO3- ------> AL(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6H2O
the gelatinous hydroxide formed (positively charged hydroxyl-bridged dimers) react with
negatively charged ions, forming flocs that settle at the bottom
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻬﻴﺪوﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﺘﻜﻮن ،ﺑﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ وﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﻛﺘﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎع
hydroxides, as
metal ions react with virus proteins and destroy up to 99% of the virus in water
اﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن ﺑﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت ،وﺗﻘﺪر ﺗﺪﻣﺮ ﻟﺤﺪ 99%ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء
ion (III) sulphate can be used as a coagulant as aluminum sulfteﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء anhydrous
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ) (IIIاﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت ﻛﻤﺎدة ﺑﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻞ ،زي ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت اﻻﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻮﻳﻢ
and advantage with iron (III) sulfate it that iit works with a wide range of PH
ﻫﻲ اﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺪر ﻳﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ،( اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت ﻛﻤﺎدة ﺑﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻞIII) اﻟﻤﻴﺰة ﻓﻲ
اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺪﻳﺪ
ion exchange
this method takes advantage of ability of elements to exchange their ions
اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ دي ﺑﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﺪرة ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت
used to:
remove hardness (iron and manganese salts), from drinking water supplies
زي اﻣﻼح اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ واﻣﻼح اﻟﻨﻐﻨﻴﺰ،ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻻزاﻟﺔ اﻻﻣﻼح ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺸﺮب
used in some cases to remove specific impurities
ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻻزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﻮاﺋﺐ
to recover valuable trace metals like chromium, nickel, copper, lead, cadmium from
industrial waste discharge
ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎدة ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدة اﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ زي اﻟﻜﺮوم واﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ واﻟﻨﺤﺎس واﻟﻜﺎد واﻟﺮﺻﺎص واﻟﻜﺎدﻣﻴﻮم ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ
from natural elemetns that has ion exchange property are aluminum silicate
ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﻫﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت اﻻﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم
from synthetic elements that has ion exchange properties are zeolites
zeolites are solution of soldium silicate and soldium aluminate
ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﺪرةﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﻫﻲ اﻟﺰﻳﻠﻴﻮت
there are synthetic ion-exchange resins which are composed of organic polymer with
attached functional group such as:
ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮات اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ وﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ
-SO3-H+ (strongly acidic cation exchange resin) ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﻗﺪرة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ
-COO-H+ (weakely acidic cation exchange resins) ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﻗﺪرة ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت
اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ
-N+(CH3)3OH- (strongle basic anion exchange resin) ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﻗﺪرة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت
اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ
in the water softening process (removing salts). hardness (calcium and magnesium)
are replaced by sodium ions
اﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻻﻣﻼح زي اﻳﻮن ﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم ﺑﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﻮﻧﺎت، وازاﻟﺔ اﻻﻣﻼح ﻣﻨﻬﺎ،ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻌﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه
اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم
sodium ion is exchanged with calcium ion in the solution
2 Res SO3-Na+ + Ca +2 -----> Ca + (Res SO3-)2 Ca +2 + 2 Na+
اﻧﺎ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺑﺘﺒﺎدل اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﺑﺲ ﻣﺶ ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ
reverse osmosis
osmosis : water passes from low concentration (pure water) of salts to high concentration
(impure water) of salts, through a membrane ﻏﺸﺎء
ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻼﻣﻼح، (اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ان اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺘﻌﺪي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻻﻗﻞ ﻟﻼﻣﻼح)ﻣﻴﺎه ﻧﻘﻴﺔ
()ﻣﻴﺎه ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ
reverse osmosis water pass from high concentration (impure) to low concentration (pure
water) of , by applying pressure
اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺘﻌﺪي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻻﻋﻠﻲ )ﻣﻴﺎه ﻧﻘﻴﺔ( ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻻﻗﻞ،ﻓﻲ اﻻوزﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ
()ﻣﻴﺎه ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ
ﻻزم ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﺸﺎن اﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ
membrane passes only water and prevent salts from passing
اﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺑﻴﻌﺪي اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺲ وﺑﻴﺤﺒﺲ اﻻﻣﻼح
electrodialysis
electrodialysis uses electrical potential difference to separate anions and cations
ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮد ﻋﻠﺸﺎن اﻓﺼﻞ اﻻﻧﺎﻳﻮن ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺎﻳﻮن
(+)ve (passes only +ve cations) and (-)ve (passes only -ve cations) membranes are arranged
alternatively to form many compartments ﺧﻼﻳﺎbetween two electrodes at 2 end
اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ واﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻴﺘﺮﺻﺼﻮا ورا ﺑﻌﺾ واﺣﺪ وواﺣﺪة ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺔ
when voltage is applied across cell containing minalerizied water
ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎز ده وﻫﻮ ﺑﻴﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎه ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ أﻣﻼح ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ
anions (-ve) go to (+ve) electrode
cations (+ve) go to (-ve) electrode
this causes the solution (water) to be more concentrated at some parts while remaining
become more diluted
وده ﺑﻴﺴﺒﺐ ان ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻻﻣﻼح ﺑﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ،ده ﺑﻴﺴﺒﺐ ان اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﺑﺘﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ
وﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻞ ﺑﻴﺒﻘﻰ اﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ
electric power requirement is directly proportional to number of ions removed from water
اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﻨﺎه ﺑﺘﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪد اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﻠﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه
disadvantages
accumlation of organic molecules on mmebrane and clogging the membrane
ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي ﺳﺪه
leaving concentrated water to be disposed off manually
اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ دي ﻣﺶ ﺑﺘﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻻﻣﻼح ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻠﻲ
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻻﻣﻼح ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ،ﻓﻼزم ﻓﻲ اﻻﺧﺮ ﺑﺮﺿﻮ ﻧﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰة
advantages
don't require any chemical reactoins and has low energy requirements, so it can be an easy
economic way of demineralization
ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ اي ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،وﻻ اﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻌﺎل وﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ
ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه
adsorption
ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ارض اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ،ﻫﻲ اﻧﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺤﻂ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻓﺤﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻼﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﻳﻤﺘﺺ اي رواﻳﺢ اﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
،ده ﺑﻴﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ان اﻟﺬرات ﺑﺘﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮا
adsorption adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a
surface
ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﺼﺎق اﻟﺬرات او اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت او اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اةو ﺳﺎﺋﻞ او ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ذاﺋﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎ
اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻠﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﺘﺼﻘﺎت atoms, ions or molecules are called adsorbate
ﺳﻄﺢ اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق surface is called adsorbent
examples of adsorbent materials: activated carbon, zeolites, activated alumina, lignite
cokes, bentonite
ﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﺳﻄﺢ اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق :اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻨﺸﻂ ،اﻟﺰﻳﻮﻟﻴﺖ ،اﻻﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ ،ﻓﺤﻢ اﻟﻜﻮك اﻟﻠﻴﻐﻨﻴﺖ ،اﻟﺒﻴﻨﺘﻮﻧﻴﺖ
liquid is absorbed to inside the materialاﻣﺘﺼﺎص absorption
ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺑﺘﻤﺘﺺ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻲ داﺧﻠﻬﺎ
activated carbon is used as absorbent material in waste water treatement
ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺎرﺑﻮن اﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻛﺴﺢ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺼﺎق ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ
because of its abundance ﺗﻮاﻓﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﺮة, characterisitcs ﺻﻔﺎت, it is used as econmical method
for removing soluble organics as: phenols, chlorinated hydrocarbons, surfactants, ...
ﻣﺜﻞ،ﺑﻴﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻔﺤﻢ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻛﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﻓﺮة ﻟﺈزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺬاﺋﺒﺔ، ﺑﺴﺒﺐ وﻓﺮﺗﻪ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ:
او اي ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ، ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ،اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻻت
disinfection
water is usually disinfected with chlorine to kill reamining microogranisms and viruses
ﻟﻘﺘﻞ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ واﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ،ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻠﻮر
Cl2 + H2O <-------> H+ + Cl- HOCL
HOCl and OCl- together are called free available chlorine
chromaines ----> ammonia + chlorine
NH4+ + HOCl <-------> NH2Cl (monochloramine) + H2O + H+
NH2Cl + HOCl <--------> NHCl2 (dichloramine) + H2O
NHCl2 + HOCl <----------> NCl3 (trichloramine) + H2O
however, using chlorine can be dangerous, as it may combine with traces of organic
substances causing trihalomethanes (THM) such as carcinoger chloroform which causes
cancer
ﻻن اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ وﻳﻨﺘﺞ،اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﻜﻮن ﺧﻄﻴﺮ
ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ دي ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﻴﻞ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ
chlorine alternatives
ClO2 (chlorine dioxide)
cost much اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻣﻜﻠﻒ
can cause toxic compounds ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﺳﺎﻣﺔ
Ozone (O3)
very effective (more than chlorine) ﻓﻌﺎل اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ
don't change taste or odour of water ﻻ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﻃﻌﻢ او راﺋﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء
it has low soluibility in water ﻻ ﻳﺬوب ﺟﻴﺪا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء
