Traverse
FINAL TERM
Angles and Directions
Bearings Vs. Azimuths
Designate the direction of a line by an angle Angles measured clockwise from any reference meridian
and quadrant letters. (e.g. N30° E) Azimuths range from 0 to 360°
Bearings are never greater than 90° Azimuths are referenced from north
Bearings are referenced from north or south True azimuths are based on true north
and the angle to the east or west from the Magnetic azimuths are based on magnetic north
north-south meridian. In Surveying Practice we usually use South Azimuth
True bearings are based on true north. while in Navigation we usually use North Azimuth
Magnetic bearings are based on magnetic
north.
Angles and Directions
Declination Local Attraction
• Angle that the compass needle • An unusually large deviation of
at a particular time makes with the compass needle from the
the true North true North present at a
particular place.
TRUE NORTH
Sample Problem MAGNETIC NORTH
• A line AB has a magnetic bearing
of S 41° 30’ E when the
declination was 1° 30’ E. What is MAGNETIC NORTH
W/ LOCAL
the True Bearing of the line if ATTRACTION
there is a Magnetic Local
Attraction of 3° 30’ to the East of
the vicinity?
A
Solution:
ß = 41° 30’ ‐ 1° 30’’ ‐ 3° 30
ß = 36° 30’ ß
B
Traverse Correction
A traverse ‐ is a series of consecutive lines whose
lengths and directions have been measured.
• Closed Traverse • Open Traverse
A closed traverse is one that starts Open traversing starts with a known
and ends at known points and pre‐determined point already
directions, whether the shape is determined with respect to a
closed or not. horizontal datum, and end at an
A closed traverse can be a polygon unknown horizontal position further
(closed shape) or down the line. Thus open traverses
end without closing the loop and are
link ( closed geometrically but open geometrically and mathematically
shape) open.
Open traverses are typically used for
plotting a strip of land which will be
used to plan a route in road
construction
Deflection Angle
Deflection Angle Traverse
Σ Deflection Angles = 360 °
Note: error correction is distributed equally to all deflection angles.
Problem: Given a field notes as follows. Correct the clockwise deflection
angle of the 5 point traverse.
STATION DEFLECTION E = Total Error
ANGLE E = 361 ° ‐ 360 ° Correction per Station = - =
E = 1 °
A 45 ° R
or Correction per Station = - 12’
B 123 ° R E = 60’ too much
C 48 ° L
D 100 ° R
STATION DEFLECTION CORRECTION CORRECTED
E 141 ° R ANGLE DEFL. ANGLE
A 45 ° R - 12’ 44 ° 48’ R
Solution: Take Sum of Deflection Angle taking R –
right(Clockwise) positive B 123 ° R - 12’ 122 ° 48’ R
C ‐ 48 ° L - 12’ ‐ 48 ° 12’ L
Σ Deflection Angles = 360 °
D 100 ° R - 12’ 99 ° 48’ R
Σ Deflection Angles = 45 ° + 123 ° + 48 ° + 100 ° + 141 °
Σ Deflection Angles = 361° E 141 ° R - 12’ 140 ° 48’ R
Closed Compass Traverse
Departure Conditions: Traverse Corrections
Σ Latitudes = 0 𝐸 = Σ Latitudes
Σ Departures = 0 𝐸 = Σ Departures
Latitude ∅ nce
s ta Where:
Di 𝐸 = error in Latitude
𝐸 = error in Departure
∅ = Angle NL = North Latitude (+)
L = D * cos(∅) SL = South Latitude (‐)
D= D * sin(∅) ED = East Departure (+)
WD = West Departure (‐)
Compass Rule Transit Rule
Distance of line
DF = Σ Distance of all lines
For Latitude:
Latitude of a line
𝐶 = ‐𝐸 x DF DF = Σ Latitude of all lines
𝐶 = ‐𝐸 x DF 𝐶 = ‐𝐸 x DF
Where: For Departure:
𝐸 = error in Latitude
Departure of a line
𝐸 = error in Departure DF = Σ Departure of all lines
𝐶 = correction in Latitude
𝐶 = correction in Departure 𝐶 = ‐𝐸 x DF
DF = Distribution Factor
Given the following traverse notes taken by a survey party,
find:
a) Linear error of closure
b) Relative error
c) Correct using Compass Rule
d) Correct using Transit Rule
LINE BEARING DISTANCE
AB N 45° 20’ E 410 m
BC S 65 ° 10’ E 605 m
CD N 80 ° 15’ W 600 m
DA S 55° 30’ W 280 m
LINE DISTANCE BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE
AB 410 m N 45° 20’ E + 288.22 +291.60
BC 605 m S 65 ° 10’ E ‐254.09 +549.06
CD 600 m N 80 ° 15’ W +101.61 ‐591.33
DA 280 m S 55° 30’ W ‐158.59 ‐230.76
TOTAL Σ Dist = 1895 m ‐22.85 +18.57
a) Linear error of closure b) Relative error
Linear error of closure
Σ Dist = 1895 m RE =
𝐸 = Σ L = ‐22.85 Perimeter of the Traverse
𝐸 = Σ D = + 18.57 29.44
RE =
1895
Error of Closure = 𝐸 𝐸 RE = 0.015536 m/m length
Error of Closure = 22.85 18.57
Error of Closure = 29.44 m
c) Correct using Compass Rule
LINE Distance Latitude Correction Adj. Latitude Departure Correction Adj.
Departure
𝐶 = ‐𝐸 x DF 𝐶 =‐𝐸 x DF
AB 410 m +288.22 ‐(‐22.85) +293.16 +291.60 ‐(18.57) +287.58
BC 105 m ‐254.09 ‐(‐22.85) ‐246.79 +549.06 ‐(18.57) +543.13
CD 600 m +101.61 ‐(‐22.85) +108.84 ‐591.33 ‐(18.57) ‐597.21
DA 280 m ‐158.59 ‐(‐22.85) ‐155.21 ‐230.76 ‐(18.57) ‐233.5
Σ 1895 m ‐22.85 0 +18.57 0
Distance of line
DF = Σ Distance of all lines
d) Correct using Transit Rule
LINE Latitude Correction Adj. Latitude Departure Correction Adj.
Departure
𝐶 = ‐𝐸 x DF 𝐶 =‐𝐸 x DF
. . +288.3433
AB +288.22 ‐(‐22.85) +296.4265 +291.60 ‐(18.57)
. .
BC ‐254.09 . ‐246.8553 +549.06 . +542.928
‐(‐22.85) ‐(18.57)
. .
CD +101.61 . +104.5032 ‐591.33 . ‐597.9341
‐(‐22.85) ‐(18.57)
. .
DA . ‐155.0744 ‐230.76 . ‐233.3372
‐158.59 ‐(‐22.85) ‐(18.57)
. .
Σ ‐22.85 0 +18.57 0
For Latitude: For Departure:
Latitude of a line Departure of a line
DF = DF = Σ Departure of all lines
Σ Latitude of all lines