RELIANCE LEATHER EXPORT

Project Report submitted to

Department of Commerce (Computer Applications)
Islamiah College (Autonomous)
affiliated to the
THIRUVALLUAR UNIVERSITY
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF COMMERCE
IN
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
BY

FARAZ AHMED MS REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11010

HUNAIN SAFI T REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11016
MD MUQSITH RAAHIM C REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11030
MOHAMED IZHAAN REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11032
MOHAMED AASIM S REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11036
MOHAMED ADNAN A REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11037
MOHAMED AFFAN I REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11039

Under the Guidance of

Mr.P.YASSER ARFATH M.Com.,NET

Assistant Professor
Department of Commerce (Computer Applications)

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (COMPUTER APPLICATIONS) ISLAMIAH

COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), VANIYAMBADI

APRIL-2023
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report of the Internship training in Reliance Leather
Export (31120U11010, 31120U11016, 31120U11030, 31120U11032, 31120U11036,
31120U11037, 31120U11039) Submitted to the Department of Commerce (Computer
Applications), Islamiah College (Autonomous), in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Commerce in Computer
Applications is a record of undergone training of the following students

FARAZ AHMED MS REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11010

HUNAIN SAFI T REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11016
MD MUQSITH RAAHIM C REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11030
MOHAMED IZHAAN REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11032
MOHAMED AASIM S REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11036
MOHAMED ADNAN A REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11037
MOHAMED AFFAN I REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11039

during the period from 11.10.2022 to 28.10.2022 (90 hours) of heir study in the
Department of Commerce (Computer Applications), Islamiah College
(Autonomous), Vaniyambadi – 635 752 under my supervision and guidance and the
report has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree / Diploma /
Associateship / Fellowship or other similar titles to any candidate of any University.

Place: Vaniyambadi Signature of the Guide

Date

Signature of the HOD

 DECLARATION
We,
FARAZ AHMED MS REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11010
HUNAIN SAFI T REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11016
MD MUQSITH RAAHIM C REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11030
MOHAMED IZHAAN REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11032
MOHAMED AASIM S REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11036
MOHAMED ADNAN A REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11037
MOHAMED AFFAN I REGISTER NUMBER - 31120U11039

hereby declare that the report of the internship training in Relince leather Export
(31120U11010, 31120U11016, 31120U11030, 31120U11032, 31120U11036, 31120U11037,
31120U11039), submitted to Department of Commerce (Computer Applications) ,
Islamiah College (Autonomous), Vaniyambadi, Affiliated to the Thiruvalluvar
University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award the Degree of
Bachelor of Commerce in (Computer Applications) is a record of undergone training
during the period from 11.10.2022 to 28.10.2022 (90 hours) under the Guidance of
Mr.P.Yasser Arfath, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce (Computer
Applications), Islamiah College (Autonomous), Vaniyambadi – 635 752 and it has
not formed the basis for the award of any Degree / Diploma / Associate ship /
Fellowship or other similar titles to any candidate of any University.

Signature of the Students

FARAZ AHMED MS

HUNAIN SAFI T

MD MUQSITH RAAHIM C

MOHAMED IZHAAN

MOHAMED AASIM S

MOHAMED ADNAN A

MOHAMED AFFAN I
 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (COMPUTER APPLICATIONS)

ISLAMIAH COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

VANIYAMBADI

EVALUATION

Title: A Report on RELIANCE LEATHER EXPORT

Date of Viva-Voce Examination: 02-05-2023

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE

CERTIFICATE BY THE COMPANY

ACKNOWLEGEMENT

PREFACE

I INTRODUCTION

II HISTORY OF THE ORGANISATION

III AN OVERVIEW OF ORGANISATION

IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Attached Colour Copy of Training Certificate
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise to Allah, who showered his kindness by including me into this nice course. My thanks
and due regards to the President of V. M. E. Society Janab Mouda Ahmed Basha Sahib,
B.Com., General Secretary of V. M. E. Society Janab Ghani Mohammed Azhar Sahib
B.Sc., The Secretary and Correspondent, Janab L. M. Muneer Ahmed Sahib and Our beloved
Principal Dr. T. MD.ILYAS, M. Com, M.Phil, M.B.A, Ph.D.

I am very much thankful to Prof. A. MUQTHAR AHMED M.Com, M.Phil, Assistance

Professor and Head of the Department of Commerce (Computer Applications), Islamiah College
(Autonomous), Vaniyambadi.

I am grateful to the following faculty members of our department for their valuable guidance
and suggestions from time to time.

Prof. YASSER ARAFATH. P, M.Com., NET

Assistant Professor

Prof. M. SYED SHAMEEL, M.Com., NET

Assistant Professor

Prof. E. MOHAMMED IMRAN, M.Com., M.Com (CA)., M.Phil., SET

Assistant Professor

Dr. H. M. BILAL, M.Com, M.B.A, M.Phil, Ph.D., SET

Assistant Professor

I am also thankful to the Mr. Fazal and MD. Razack and all staff members of
Reliance Leather Export who provided me a golden opportunity to undergo training in their
esteemed organization.
 PREFACE

“Reliance Leather Export was selected for the Institutional Training Programme. I
am very much pleased to place the project report on institutional trainee undergone
by me.

The report describes the history of the organization and working of various
departments.

Institutional Training is a part of curriculum for Degree of Bachelor of

Commerce in (Computer Application), Islamiah College (Autonomous),
Vaniyambadi. It is a sort of job training programme to bridge the gulf of between
theory and practice.
 CONTENT PAGE
CHAPTER NO
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Leathers in India 2

I 1.2 Leathers in Tamil Nadu 6

1.3 Leathers in Vaniyambadi 8
HISTORY OF THE ORGANISATION

2.1 History of organization 10

II 2.2 About Reliance leather Exports 12

2.3 Management of Reliance leather Exports 13
AN OVERVIEW OF THE ORGANISATION

3.1 What is leather 15

III 3.2 Steps involve in leather

3.3 Photographs of organization with description
18
22
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS
4.1 Capital productivity 47

IV 4.2 Material productivity

4.3 Energy productivity
48
49
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY 51
V 5.2 CONCLUSION 52
CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 Leather in India
The major production centres of leather and footwear products in India are located
in the States of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana and Delhi.

India is the 5th largest exporter of leather goods and accessories in the world.
India’s exports of leather, footwear and leather products touched $4.03 Bn during
2020-21 with footwear having the largest share of 46.2%, followed by leather
accessories at 25.2%.

The Leather industry in India accounts for around 13% of the world’s leather
production of hides/skins and handles a robust annual production of about 3 Bn sq.
ft. of leather. The industry is known for its consistency in high export earnings, and
it is among the top ten foreign exchange earners for the country. India has an
abundance of raw materials with access to 20% of world’s cattle and buffalo and
11% of the world’s goat and sheep population.

The Leather industry is an employment intensive industry providing job to more

than 4 Min people, mostly from the weaker sections of the society. Women
employment is predominant in Leather products industry with about 30% share. The
Leather industry in India has one of the youngest workforces with 55% of the
workforce below 35 years of age.

The major markets for Indian Leather & Footwear Products are USA, Germany,
U.K, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands, U.A.E, China, Hong Kong, Belgium, and
Poland.

2
India as Footwear hub

The country accounts for 9% of the world’s footwear production and is the second
largest footwear producer and consumer in the world. For every 1,000 pairs
produced and sold in India per day, the sector has the potential to create 425 jobs
spanning manufacturing, allied industries, and retail. 

In terms of volume, India is expected to product almost 3 Bn units by 2024 growing

at more than 10% annually.

The Indian Footwear Market was valued at $ 9.70 Bn in the year 2019 And as per
Council for Footwear Leather & Accessories, the footwear sector has the potential
to grow up to $80 Bn, or eight times its present size, by 2030.

The per capita footwear consumption in India is estimated to have grown from 1.7
pairs in 2016 to 2 pairs in 2019.

The Non-leather footwear market is an upcoming segment in India and has

contributed approximately 59% of the total footwear market in 2019 with a market
size of $ 4.3 Bn which is expected to increase to $ 6 Bn in 2024.

The Indian Leather, Leather Products and Footwear Industry holds a prominent
place in the Indian economy. This sector is known for its consistency in high export
earnings and it is among the top ten foreign exchange earners for the Country.

The export of footwear, leather and leather products from India was to the tune of
US $ 3.68 billion during 2020-21.

The industry is bestowed with an affluence of raw materials as India is endowed

with 20% of world cattle & buffalo and 11% of world goat & sheep population.
Added to this are the strengths of skilled manpower, innovative technology,
increasing industry compliance to international environmental standards, and the
dedicated support of the allied industries.

3
The leather industry is an employment intensive sector, providing job to about 4.42
million people, mostly from the weaker sections of the society. Women employment
is predominant in leather products sector with about 30% share.

India is the second largest exporter of leather garments, third largest exporter of
Saddlery & Harness and 4th largest exporter of Leather Goods in the world.

The major production centers for footwear, leather and leather products in India are
located in the States of Tamil Nadu – Chennai, Ambur, Ranipet, Vaniyambadi,
Vellore, Pernambut, Trichy, Dindigul and Erode; West Bengal – Kolkata; Uttar
Pradesh – Kanpur, Agra, Noida, Saharanpur; Maharashtra – Mumbai; Punjab –
Jalandhar; Karnataka – Bengaluru; Telengana Hyderabad; Haryana – Ambala,
Gurgaon, Panchkula, Karnal and Faridabad; Delhi; Madhya Pradesh – Dewas;
Kerala – Kozhikode and Ernakulam / Cochin; Rajasthan; Jaipur; Jammu & Kashmir;
Srinagar.

Footwear (leather and non-leather) export accounts for about 45.62% share in
Indian leather and footwear industry’s export (2020-21).

Leather Garments Sector – India is the second largest global exporter.

Accounts for 8.03% share of India’s total export from leather sector (2020-21).

4
Strengths of Indian leather sector

 Own raw material source – About 3 billion sq ft of leather produced annually

 Some varieties of goat / calf / sheep skins command premium position
 Strong and eco-sustainable tanning base
 Modernized manufacturing units
 World-class institutional support for Design & Product Development, R & D.
 Presence of support industries like leather chemicals and finishing auxiliaries
 Presence in major markets – Long Europe experience
 Strategic location in the Asian landmass

Emerging strengths

 Design development initiatives by institutions and individuals

 Continuous modernization and technology up-gradation
 Economic size of manufacturing units
 Constant human resource development programme to enhance productivity
 Increasing use of quality components
 Shorter prototype development time
 Delivery compliance
 Growing domestic market for footwear and leather articles

Highlights of Product Segments of Indian Leather and Footwear Industry

Tanning Sector – Annual availability of leathers in India is about 3 billion sq.ft.

India accounts for 13% of world leather production of leathers. Indian leather
trends/colors are continuously being selected at the MODEUROPE

Congress Footwear Sector – India is Second largest footwear producer after China,
with Annual Production of 2.58 billion pairs (2018). India is also the second largest
consumer of footwear after China, with a consumption of 2.60 billion pairs.\
5
1.2 Leather in Tamil Nadu

Footwear, Finished Leather Goods and Polyurethane Fabric

Tamil Nadu is the national leader in finished leather production and home to over
1,650 companies related to the industry

 With 60% of India's tanning capacity

 38% Share in India's Footwear & Leather Products Output
 45% Share in India's Total Leather Export
 2% Share in Global Finished Leather Supply

Highlights

 The major Leather clusters in Tamil Nadu are Ambur, Ranipet, Vellore,
Vaniyambadi, Pernambut, Chennai, Tiruchirappalli, Erode & Dindigul.
 The Leather Industry in Tamil Nadu Employs about 6 lakh people. Out of
which 85% are Women.
 38% share in India's Footwear & Leather Products Output.
 45% share in India's total Leather export.
 2% share in global finished Leather supply.

Potential

i. Tamil Nadu Govt. has identified 4 locations for opening Mega Leather parks
to attract FDI i.e. Panapakkam, Bargur, Perambalur & Tindivanam
ii. Ambur has been notified as a 'Town of Export Excellence' under the Foreign
Trade Policy 2015-20
iii. The tanning industry in Tamil Nadu has a total capacity of 157 million pieces
of hides and skins

6
LOCATION OF LEATHER INDUSTRIES IN TAMIL NADU

The industry is concentrated in several leather clusters in four or five distinct

locations in the country, with each cluster containing a wide variety of enterprise
forms and organizational structure. To be more specific, the major production centers
of leather and its products are located at Chennai, Ambur, Ranipet, Vaniyambadi,
Trichy, Dindigul in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu is the biggest leather exporter (40%) of the country and its share in
India’s output on leather products is 70%. The following provide information on
employment in different segments of the industry, different production centers and
their composition in the sector

The leather industry in Tamil Nadu has a long history going back to the middle of
the nineteenth century. While India was a traditional producer of leather, export trade
in raw hides and skins and leather began in the 1830s.

It began to be recognized that India, with the largest cattle population in the world,
could become a potential supplier on the world market. Initially, India exported only
raw and cured hides and skins, but by 1850, began exporting tanned hides and skins
as well This was due to a significant technical improvement introduced in the
Madras Presidency.

7
1.3 Leather in Vaniyambadi

Vaniyambadi is a leading player in the Leather Tannery & Export market. It was
hub of the tanning industry.As 2nd generation entrepreneurs, It have gained
enormous experience That has led us to achieve the excellent status in raw material
sourcing. With the fine quality of our processed leather, we cater to a satisfied
clientele the world over. Backed by contemporary infrastructure and skilled
personnel, we deliver processed leather that comply with international standards.
We believe it is our passion for perfection that has enabled us to produce world-
class quality

Leathers and thereby win the satisfaction of a global client base. We welcome you
to take a tour into the world of Vaniyambadi a world devoted to making leather an
integral part of your everyday life. Our organization offers a distinct range of
Finished Leather Products that is available in pleasing colors and attractive designs.

These Finished Leather Products are widely appreciated their long lasting shine and
unique quality. We manufacture and supply these Finished Leather Products as per
the client’s need and are highly appreciated by our valuable clients.

Leather Goods & Accessories Sector including Saddlery & Harness – India is the
fifth largest global exporter of Leather Goods & Accessories and third largest
exporter of Sadldery and Harness items.

The leather industry in Vaniyambai has a long history going back to the middle of
the nineteenth century. While India was a traditional producer of leather, export
trade in raw hides and skins and leather began in the 1830s.

8
 CHAPTER – II

HISTORY OF THE
ORGANISATION

9
2.1 HISTORY OF COMPANY
The history of the leather export company dates back to the early days of global trade when the
demand for high-quality leather goods began to rise . these companies specialize in producing and
exporting leather products such as jackets and gloves to international markets.

Reliance leather export is a leather tanning company as well as garments manufacturing unit. This
company was established in 1993, located at vaniyambadi , Chennai , Tamil nadu , india

This company is very popular primarily to process and export east india tanned goat, cow and
Sheep skins, for manufacturing and selling different types of garments over the world. For its
Quality products it has become one of the loyal . is also provides service to its consumers on
Demand.
1. Reliance leather export vaniyambadi
2. Reliance leather export, Chennai

All the group of companies is producing finished leather and leather garments of export quality
With international standards

Reliance leather export private limited ,vaniyambadi , is a subsidiary company

Of reliance group of companies situated at No. 1062/ E1A, R.M. Devan tannery
Road, Konamedu, vaniyambadi-635751

Initially the factory was set up to manufacture the garments full gloves , jacket supply to
the Germany, UK, France, and korea , lather they moved focus to make jacktes for mens .

Reliance leather export private limited , manufacturing garments with a quality the world
recognize. Parity with latest development in the leather world and guarantee of finest skins and
finish with its Own tannery meeting in leather requirement, and with the rich experience of
garments manufacturing Unit backing it.

10
  Commitments to the customers, supplier and employees and to the society.
 This is reflected in their investment in R &D , both and applied in the steadfast to treat their
constituents As well as would like to be treated by them.
 Resolve to make finest quality products.
 Logo for the latest in product development, to apply the most contemporary technology,
and to complete
 A basis in the most demanding of the world markets.
 Reliance leather export private limited to export the garments like jackets and gloves to
France, U.S.A,
 China, and korea, Capacity of industry is 1 million garments of jacket and gloves per
annum.

MAJOR CUSTOMER.

some regular customers of Reliance leather export They are,,

 U.S.A
 FRANCE
 ITALY

11
2.2 FACILITIES AVAILABLE.

Reliance leather export is fully well equipped ladies for garments manufacturing like gloves and
jackets unit with capacity of 1500 pairs of gloves and jackets per day.

Leather division , leather go – down departments , cutting dyes section and material department
provide time to time for achieving cutting targets according to schedule plan

Technical, planning, costing and H.R department are support with their electrical data processing,
data entry, report generation and export & import invoicing it also provides assistance to accounts,
audit and costing departments.

Reliance leather export , has a good source of leather from its own group, reliance prime
Tanneries. It has sources of finished leather soul , toe puff, back stiffer from other sister
Companies. It imports synthetic material from Indonesia , Malaysia and china. Special Finished
leather are also import from china.

POLICIES OF THE COMPANY.

Reliance leather export private limited believe that achieving business leadership is not a
destination but a journey in itself . on our growth and expansion drive we appreciated the need for
a system driven

For a organization . The realization let us to adopt the globally recognized ISO : 9001-2000 quality
Management system meet the requriments of ISO we were certified as on ISO 9001-2000 company
by BVQIN in the year 2005.

We valued the important of accurate and on-time information flow throughout the business. This
led to the hosting of our web-based production, planning and control software eureka. The
manufacturing unit is managed by a team of qualified personnel who look for continual
Improvements in technology operation and products.

The years of dedication pursuit of excellence and strong belief in keeping peace with International
standard and customer expectation have helped as to reach our present Status backed by our by
experience . we focus on tomorrow challenges and demand On our journey in joining the global
gloves and jackets leaders.

12
2.3 MANAGEMENT OF RELIANCE LEATHER EXPORT

MANAGING DIRECTORS

Mr. FAZAL and MD. RAZACK

HUMAN RESOURCES (HR)

Mr. K. RIYAZ AHMED

AADMIN

Mr. R. DIWAKER

ACCOUNTANT / CASHIER

Mr. TALHA AHMED

GLOVES SECTION

Mr. KHALID

JACKET SECTION

Mr. KHALID

HEAD OFFICE ( In charge )

Mr. R. DIWAKER

There are total 75 employees and 40 labours are workin in this organization and leathers
Are exporting to various countries like Italy, France, and U.S.A.

13
 CHAPTER – III

AN OVERVIEW OF
THE ORGANISATION

14
3.1 WHAT IS LEATHER ?

Leather is a by-product, the main sources of raw material for the leather industry World-wide are
cattle ( including buffalo ), sheep, goats and pigs, which are reared specifically for the production
of meat, wool and/ or dairy products.

Leather Manufacturing Process

The leather manufacturing process is divided into three sub-processes:

Preparatory stages, tanning and crusting. All true leathers will undergo these sub-
Processes. Further sub-process, surface coating may be added into the sequence.

15
The list of operation that leathers undergo varies with the type of leather.

Receive Trim cut into Soak lime Unhair Hair

store sides

splits Split Wring Delime

shave Set out Bate Flesh

sort Pickle

Tan

Wetback

Re-Tan Set out Dry Condition

Color stake

Fatliquor

Grade measure Buff

sales finish
Brush

16
RAW MATERIAL
Raw materials are materials or substances or substances used in the primary production or
manufacturing of goods. Raw materials are commodities that are bought and sold on commodities
exchange world wide.

17
3.2 STAGES INVOLVED IN SEMI-FINISHED LEATHERS
PREPARATORY STAGES
The preparatory stages are when the hide/skin is prepared for tanning . during the preparatory
stages many of the unwanted raw skin components are removed. Many options for pre treatment of
the skin exist. Not All of the options may be performed. Preparatory stages may include.

PRESERVATION
The hide/skin is treated with a method which renders it temporarily imputrescible

SOAKING
Soaking leather involves submerging it in water to make it more pliable and easier to work with.
This process allows the leather to absorb moisture, which can help soften it and make it more
flexible. It can also help to remove any dirt or impurities from the leather. However, it's important
to note that soaking leather can also cause it to shrink or become distorted if not done properly or if
the leather is not of good quality.

LIMING
Liming is a process used in leather making to remove hair, flesh, and other unwanted materials
from animal hides or skins. The process involves soaking the hides in a solution of water and
slaked lime, which raises the pH and breaks down the hair and other proteins. This process also
helps to remove any remaining flesh and fat from the hides. After liming, the hides are typically
washed and then treated with other chemicals to prepare them for tanning. Liming is an important
step in the leather making process, as it helps to prepare the hides for further processing and can
have a significant impact on the quality of the finished leather.

UN-HIRING
The leather industry, manufacturers may sometimes cancel orders placed with tanneries or
suppliers due to various reasons, such as changes in production requirements or quality issues. In
such cases, the manufacturers may have to negotiate with the tanneries or suppliers to cancel the
order and possibly incur some financial penalties. The cancellation process is usually governed by
the terms and conditions of the purchase contract or agreement between the parties involved.

18
FLESHING
Fleshing is a process in leather making that involves removing the remaining flesh and fat from the
underside of an animal hide or skin after it has been cured and soaked in water. The process is
typically carried out using a fleshing machine that has a rotating drum or blade that scrapes away
the flesh and fat,

SPLITTING
Splitting is a process used in leather making to split a thick hide or skin into two or more layers of
leather. The process involves feeding the hide or skin through a machine equipped with a sharp
blade that slices it into the desired thickness. The resulting layers of leather can have different
properties and uses depending on their thickness and location within the hide. For example, the top
layer of a split hide, known as the grain side, is typically used for high-quality leather goods, while
the lower layers, known as splits, can be used for less demanding applications such as lining or
suede.

DE-LIMING
De-liming is a process used in leather making to neutralize and remove the lime and other alkaline
substances used in the liming process. The process involves soaking the hides or skins in a solution
of water and an acid, such as sulfuric acid or acetic acid, which lowers the pH and neutralizes the
alkaline substances. De-liming helps to prepare the hides or skins for further processing and can
have a significant impact on the quality of the finished leather. If not done properly, residual lime
and alkaline substances can interfere with the tanning process and lead to defects in the leather.
After de-liming, the hides or skins are typically washed and then treated with other chemicals to
prepare them for tanning.

BATING
Bating is a process used in leather making to remove residual flesh, fat, and other unwanted
substances from the hides or skins after the initial fleshing process. The process involves soaking
the hides or skins in a solution of enzymes, typically derived from animal or microbial sources,
which break down the remaining proteins and other organic matter. Bating can also help to open up
the fiber structure of the hides or skins, making them more receptive to further chemical
treatments. The enzymes used in bating are carefully controlled to ensure that they do not damage
the collagen fibers that give leather its strength and durability. After bating, the hides or skins are
typically washed and then treated with other chemicals to prepare them for tanning.

19
DEGREASING
Degreasing is a process used in leather making to remove excess fat and oil from the hides or skins.
The process is typically done after the initial fleshing process and before any other chemical
treatments. Excess fat and oil can interfere with the tanning process and lead to defects in the
finished leather. The degreasing process involves soaking the hides or skins in a solvent or
detergent solution, which dissolves and removes the excess fat and oil. The solvent or detergent
used in degreasing can vary depending on the type of leather being produced and the tanning
method being used. After degreasing, the hides or skins are typically washed and then treated with
other chemicals to prepare them for tanning. Degreasing is an important step in the leather making
process, as it helps to ensure that the finished leather is of high quality and has a consistent texture
and appearance.

BLEACHING
Bleaching is a process used in leather making to lighten or whiten the color of the hides or skins.
The process involves applying a solution of hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite to the hides
or skins, which breaks down the natural pigments and removes any residual color. Bleaching can
also help to remove any stains or discolorations that may have resulted from previous processing
steps. The concentration and duration of the bleaching process can vary depending on the desired
final color and the type of leather being produced. After bleaching, the hides or skins are typically
washed and then treated with other chemicals to prepare them for tanning. Bleaching is an optional
step in the leather making process, and is not always used depending on the desired final color and
appearance of the leather.

PICKING
Pickling is a process used in leather making to prepare the hides or skins for tanning. The process
involves soaking the hides or skins in a solution of acid, typically sulfuric acid, which lowers the
pH and helps to open up the collagen fibers. This makes the hides or skins more receptive to the
tanning chemicals and allows for better penetration and fixation of the tannins. Pickling also helps
to remove any residual lime or alkaline substances that may have been left over from the liming
process. The concentration and duration of the pickling process can vary depending on the type of
leather being produced and the tanning method being used.

20
DE-PICKLING
De-pickling is a process used in leather making to neutralize and remove the acid used in the
pickling process. The process involves soaking the hides or skins in a solution of sodium
bicarbonate or another alkaline substance, which raises the pH and neutralizes the acid. De-
pickling helps to prepare the hides or skins for further processing and can have a significant impact
on the quality of the finished leather. If not done properly, residual acid can interfere with the
tanning process and lead to defects in the leather. After de-pickling, the hides or skins are typically
washed and then treated with other chemicals to prepare them for tanning. De-pickling is an
important step in the leather making process, as it helps to ensure that the finished leather is of high
quality and has a consistent texture and appearance.

21
 SOAKING

Soaking is the first operation of leather processing it is used to clean hides and skins by removing
various Unwanted contaminats such as dirt , blood, flesh, grease and dung. It is carried out in
conditions of a PH Of 5.5-10. Soaking also rehydrates the skins and hides with use of proteases and
carbohydrates. Proteases Work by dissolving inter fibrillary proteins that compact fibers together
while carbohydrates break up Carbohydrates within the hide and as a result increase water uptake.
The uses of enzymes in this step Improve softness, elasticity , area yield and decrease the
production time by 10-20 hours. The use of Certain proteases also decreases the need for liming
chemicals which harm the environment by 30-60 %

22
SHAVING:

The leather has to reach the desired thickness in the tannery. To achieve this, the skin is first split
on the Splitting machine. Next a shaving machine , comprising knives arranged in a spiral
formation, shaves

The flesh side of the leather until the appropriate thickness is obtained.

23
HAIR REMOVAL

After soaking, the hides are treated with milk of lime ( a basic agent ) typically supplemented by
“sharpening agents “ ( disulfide reducing agents ) such as sodium sulfide ,cyanides , amines , etc.

 Remove the hair and other keratinous matter

 Removes some of the inter fibrillary soluble proteins such as mucins
 Swell up and split up the fibers to the desired extent
 Removes the natural grease and fats to some extent
 Brings the collagen in the hide to a proper condition for satisfactory tannage

the weaking of hair is dependent on the breakdown of the disulfide link of the amino acid cystine,
which is the characteristics of the keratin class of protein that gives strength to hair and wools
( keratin males up 90% of the dry weight of hair ) . the hydrogen atoms supplied by the sharpening
agent weaken the cystine molecular link whereby the covalent disulfide bond links are ultimately
ruptured, weakening the keratin. To
some extent , sharpening also contributes to unhearing , as it tends to break down the hair proteins.

24
DELIMING:
Deliming is an important step in leather processing that involves removing excess lime and other
alkaline substances from the leather. This is typically done after the leather has been soaked in a
lime solution as part of the initial stages of leather tanning.

To delime leather, the excess lime and other alkaline substances are typically neutralized with an
acid solution. The type and strength of the acid solution used will depend on the type of leather
being processed and the specific tanning process being used.

Some common types of acids used for deliming leather include sulfuric acid, formic acid, acetic
acid, and lactic acid. These acids help to lower the pH of the leather and dissolve the excess lime
and other alkaline substances, making them easier to remove.

After the leather has been delimed, it is typically washed thoroughly to remove any remaining acid
and other impurities. This prepares the leather for further processing, such as dyeing and finishing,
before it is ready to be used in the production of leather goods.

PICKING
The pickling solution typically contains a combination of salt, such as sodium chloride, and an acid
such as sulfuric acid or formic acid. The concentration of salt and acid in the solution can vary
depending on the type of leather being processed and the specific tanning process being used.

The pickling process can take several hours, during which the leather is treated with the solution
and then allowed to rest. This helps to ensure that the solution penetrates deep into the fibers of the
leather, which prepares it for the next steps in the tanning process.

After pickling, the leather is typically washed again to remove any remaining salt and acid. The
leather is then ready for further processing, such as dyeing and finishing, before it is used in the
production of leather goods.

25
DYEING:

26
Dyeing is a critical step in leather processing that involves coloring the leather to achieve the
desired hue or shade. There are several different methods for dyeing leather, including drum
dyeing, spray dyeing, and hand dyeing.

Drum dyeing is a popular method of dyeing leather, especially for large batches of leather. In this
method, the leather is placed in a drum with the dye solution, which is then rotated to ensure that
the dye is evenly distributed throughout the leather.

Spray dyeing is another method of dyeing leather, which involves spraying the dye solution onto
the surface of the leather. This method is typically used for small batches of leather or for leather
goods that have intricate designs or patterns.

Hand dyeing is a more labor-intensive method of dyeing leather, which involves applying the dye
solution to the leather by hand. This method is often used for small leather goods or for leather
goods that require a more customized or artisanal approach.

The type of dye solution used for dyeing leather can vary depending on the desired color and the
type of leather being dyed. Some common types of dyes used for leather include aniline dyes,
which are transparent dyes that allow the natural texture and grain of the leather to show through,
and pigmented dyes, which are opaque dyes that cover up the natural texture and grain of the
leather.

After the leather has been dyed, it is typically finished with a coating or treatment to help protect it
from wear and tear and to give it a polished or finished look. This can include treatments such as
waxing, polishing, or buffing, depending on the desired finish.

27
 Dry by hanging or dry tumbling

Drying is an important step in leather processing that follows dyeing or any other wet treatment.
There are two main methods of drying leather: hanging and dry tumbling.

Hanging is the traditional method of drying leather, which involves suspending the leather on a
rack or a hook and allowing it to air dry naturally. This method is typically used for thicker or
heavier leathers, such as those used in the production of furniture or footwear.

Dry tumbling is a more modern method of drying leather, which involves placing the leather in a
dryer and tumbling it until it is completely dry. This method is typically used for thinner or lighter
leathers, such as those used in the production of garments or accessories.

The choice between hanging and dry tumbling will depend on the type of leather being dried and
the specific tanning process being used. Factors such as the thickness and weight of the leather, the
desired finish, and the production capacity of the tannery will also influence the drying method
chosen.

Regardless of the drying method used, it is important to ensure that the leather is dried slowly and
evenly to prevent cracking or other damage. This may involve adjusting the temperature or
humidity levels in the drying area, as well as monitoring the leather closely during the drying
process.

Once the leather is completely dry, it is typically finished with a coating or treatment to protect it
from wear and tear and to give it a polished or finished look. This can include treatments such as
waxing, polishing, or buffing, depending on the desired finish.

28
ROLLING :

Rolled through a machine to make stronger

29
 LEATHER MEASUREMENT MACHINE

A leather measurement machine is a specialized device used in the leather industry to measure the
thickness and other physical characteristics of leather. These machines can accurately measure the
thickness, width, and length of leather in a quick and efficient manner.

Leather measurement machines are commonly used in leather tanneries, leather goods
manufacturing, and quality control laboratories to ensure that leather products meet industry
standards and specifications. They can help manufacturers optimize their production processes,
reduce waste, and improve product quality.

30
 Black coloring machine

A leather coloring machine is a device used in the leather industry to dye and color leather. These
machines are used to apply a consistent and uniform color to leather hides, ensuring that the final
product has an even and attractive appearance.

There are several types of leather coloring machines available, including drum dyeing machines,
spray dyeing machines, and roller dyeing machines. Drum dyeing machines use a rotating drum to
immerse the leather in a dye bath, while spray dyeing machines spray the dye onto the leather
surface. Roller dyeing machines use a series of rollers to apply the dye to the leather surface.

Leather coloring machines can be used to dye leather in a wide range of colors and shades,
including natural, bright, and metallic colors. They are commonly used in leather tanneries and
leather goods manufacturing facilities to ensure that leather products have a consistent and
attractive appearance.

The use of leather coloring machines can help manufacturers optimize their production processes,
reduce waste, and improve product quality. They can also help to meet customer demands for a
wider variety of colors and finishes in leather products.

31
 Hand coloring machine

Leather hand coloring machines are typically used in small-scale leather workshops and studios
where handmade leather goods are produced. They can be used to apply a wide range of colors and
finishes, including dye, stain, and wax. The machines may feature different types of applicators,
such as brushes or rollers, to apply the color to the leather.

Using a leather hand coloring machine allows for greater control over the coloring process and can
result in a more unique and customized final product. It also allows for the creation of intricate
designs and patterns on the leather surface.

However, hand coloring can be a time-consuming and labour - intensive process, which may not be
suitable for large-scale leather production. In these cases, automated leather coloring machines are
more commonly used.

32
 Leather shining machine

A leather shining machine is a device designed to polish and shine leather products, such as shoes,
boots, bags, belts, and jackets. It typically consists of a motorized rotating brush or wheel, a
buffing cloth or pad, and a container or dispenser for applying polishing agents or waxes.

To use a leather shining machine, the user would first clean the leather item and apply a small
amount of polish or wax to the surface. Then, they would turn on the machine and hold the item
against the rotating brush or wheel, moving it back and forth to ensure even coverage. Finally, they
would use the buffing cloth or pad to remove any excess polish and buff the leather to a high shine.

Leather shining machines can be found in shoe repair shops, leather goods stores, and some homes.
They are often used by professionals who need to quickly and efficiently shine multiple leather
items, but they can also be useful for individuals who want to maintain the appearance and
longevity of their leather products.

33
 Measuring yard machine

A leather measuring machine is a device used for measuring the thickness of leather. It is also
known as a leather thickness gauge or a leather thickness meter.

The leather measuring machine works by pressing the leather sample between two plates with a
constant pressure and measuring the distance between the plates. This distance is then displayed on
a digital or analog gauge, indicating the thickness of the leather in millimeters or another unit of
measurement.

Leather measuring machines are commonly used by leather manufacturers, tanneries, and
leatherworkers to ensure consistency in leather thickness and to meet quality control standards.
They can also be useful for individuals who want to determine the thickness of leather before
purchasing it for a specific project. There are different types of leather measuring machines
available, including handheld and benchtop models, as well as manual and digital versions.

34
FINISHING:

Finished with coating of

 Aacrylic,
 Urethane,
 Vinyl,
 Wax,
 Nitrocellulose,
 Dye or other materials

35
TANNING

Chemical treatment of raw animal hide or skin to convert it into leather. A tanning agent displaces
Water from the interstices between the protein fibres and cements these fibres together. The three
most Widely used tanning agents are vegetable tanning , mineral salts such as chromium sulfate,
and fish or Animal oil

Four (4) types of units are there,

1. Wet section
2. Dry section
3. Gloves section
4. Jackets section

36
1.WET SECTION

1. DRUM SECTION

Our wet end section has all polypropylene drums for both sample and bulk
production there by getting consistent good quality production and also saving water.

2. EFFULENT TREAT PLANT

All the effluent is treated in a compact state of art effluent treatment plant where in we
have a three stage reserve osmosis treatment and all the water is reused for our production
purpose. Further Our tannery hase zero discharge of effluent into the soil there by taking
care for the environment.

37
3.DRY SECTION

a) WELL STOCKED RAW MATERIAL

We maintain a good stock of raw material to meet out the order on time and all
the Raw material is assorted as pert the requirement of the customer and taken for
processing.

b) FINISHING YARD

38
 With all the updated machines the leathers are finished under strict supervision
to Meet all the customer requirements of the customer.

39
c) FINAL INSPECTION

All the leathers are finally inspected by our well trained team to meet all the
requirements of the customer.

40
 3. JACKET SECTION

A) DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

We have a team of highly experienced and qualified dedicated design and development Team who
are constantly designing and making new models as per the market trends. While our team has the
expertise to make all the new designs, at same time we also extend all necessary support to all the
de Signs needs of our customer.

41
B) SAMPLE ROOM

Our design and development team has a dedicated sample room where in all
samples are made in priority so that our customers are able to get the sample with quality.

42
C) CUTTING AND FITTING DEPARTMENT

Our skilled and experienced work forces are able to cater to all requirements as
requested by the customer and they are headed by personal who are widely experienced. Quality
control inspection is do at every cutting machine so any defective piece are weeded out at the
initial stage itself thereby setting The quality standard from the initial stages itself.

1. The jacket should fit snugly but not be too tight. It should be comfortable enough to move
your arms and shoulders freely.

2. The sleeves should end at your wrists and not ride up when you raise your arms.

3. The collar should lay flat against the back of your neck and not be too loose or too tight.

4. The jacket should be long enough to cover your waistband and not ride up when you move.

5. If the jacket has a zipper or buttons, they should be able to close easily without any strain.

43
FINAL PRODUCT
The final product in leather jacket production refers to the finished product that is ready for sale
and wear.
The leather jacket production process typically involves several steps, including designing, pattern-
making, cutting, stitching, and finishing. During the production process, the leather is selected and
cut into specific shapes based on the design and pattern. Then the pieces are stitched together and
the finishing touches are added, such as zippers, buttons, and lining. Finally, the jacket is inspected
for quality and packaged for distribution.

The final product should be a high-quality leather jacket that fits well, looks stylish, and is durable
enough to withstand everyday wear. The quality of the leather, stitching, and finishing should all
meet industry standards and expectations. The jacket should be comfortable, functional, and able to
protect the wearer from the elements. The final product should also be visually appealing, with
attention paid to details like seams, pockets, and collar. Overall, the final product in leather jacket
production should meet or exceed customer expectations in terms of quality, style, and
functionality.

44
45
 CHAPTER – IV

DATA ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATIONS

46
 TN UP WB India
50
La
bo 40
r
Pr 30
od
uc 20
tivi
ty 10
(R
Note:
s/ Labor productivity has been estimated as Output value/Wages paid
Rs
) 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
– – – – – – – – – – – – – –
19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

4.1Capital productivity (CP).

The RCBCI (Royal Commission Building and Construction Industry) has explained three types of
productivities i.e. MFP, LP and CP (RCBCI, 2002). Gray (2006) made an addition to it by stating
that the main target of CP is to measure the balance between industry outputs vs capital input. It
also examines the level of flexibility as an added advantage. The excessive accumulation of capital
with scarce productivity barely produces any desirable output (Allen, 2009). Ray (2002),
Mukherjee and Ray (2004) and Trivedi (2004) confirm that capital is one of the factors of
production which proves meaningful only when there is a difference between material and primary
input. On the contrary, Pink (2007) demonstrated the case of Goods and Services Tax in Australia
by saying that its implementation has reduced the industrial output which in turn affected the CP
performance. Lowe (1987) and Yan and Chunlu discussed that the earlier researchers have
significantly contributed and highlighted the development of capital productivity with respect to
the construction industry. The capital units related to industrial investment with respect to
equipments, building and machines can be very well identified from the capital productivity index
(Goodrum and Haas, 2002; RCBCI, 2002; BFC, 2006). The results of the present study evidence
that TN has been consistently doing better than others, except the sudden drop in 2008–2009 from
which it has recovered the very next year. It might have happened either due to the dampening
demands during financial crisis or due to enhanced competition with increasing number of firms
(see Figure 5) or both. In case of leather industry, we along with the traces of literature noted that
the firms run their operations with approx. 60–70 percent or even less capacity utilization.

47
 TN UP WB India
C
9
ap
8
ita
7
l
6
Pr
5
od
4
uc
3
tivi
2
ty
1
19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
. 0
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
– – – – – – – – – – – – – –
19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
Note: Capital productivity has been estimated as Output value/Invested capital

4.2 Material productivity (MP).

The enhancement in productivity is measured via decreased material handling activities including
time and storage (Shian-Shyong et al., 2011). The material handling constitutes a greater portion of
overall productivity in industrial concerns. Yang et al. (2005) shares that the product cost is highly
dependent on the MP. According to Kulak (2005), material handling occupies 30–75 percent of the
total cost for MP, but an intelligent system/design can reduce it by 15–30 percent. The reduced cost
and lead times act as important factors for MP in industrial units. The MP scores have shown quite
flat trends across the clusters (see Figure 6). The underlying dynamics for this can be the
modernization of industry which in turn would have given an upward push to MP due to minimized
material wastage; in contrast with the increased prices of raw material (DIPP, 2012) might have
pushed it down. As per the consulted literature, there a huge scope to lessen the consumption of
material and energy in the Indian leather industry (Saravanabhavan et al., 2007; DIPP, 2012). The
initiatives such as implementation of an advanced technology for leather processing can bring
down water usages by around 40 percent (Ludvik, 2000). Similarly, a better technique of tanning
can increase the chromium fixation from 60–70 to 95 percent approximately (Suresh et al., 2001).
Further, during our field interviews we found that the techniques like recycling, recovery and
reuse, which have already proved their importance for resource/material conservation (Sanja and
Pattnayak, 2005) are not adopted by the leather firms. A consultant based in UP leather cluster
reveals that whatever modernization tannery units have made, the only intention was to improve
the quality of leather produced, and he mentioned that tannery owners hardly give any importance
to resource conservation. However, some modernized techniques, like installation of ultra-modern
drums with many advanced features, have led saving of valuable resources.

48
4.3Energy productivity (EP)
The existing literature confirms that productivity is one of the important indicators to measure
enterprise competitiveness and industry growth. Cleveland et al. (1984) stated that there exists a
strong correlation between EP and gross national product of an economy. Liu and Li (2001) opined
that an industry must consider various factors to reduce energy deployment as compared to the
return in the form of output. The energy production is an essential element in the economic
production of any industry (Diao et al., 2010; Hu and Liu, 2016). The productivity in relation to
energy can be discussed in four ways, i.e., to measure total factor productivity while keeping
energy as an input factor, deals with the partial factor energy, a type of single-factor productivity
which is calculated as a ratio of gross product to energy consumption, focuses on the direct
relationship between energy and productivity (Boyd and Pang, 2000) and presents the association
of EP or efficiency in relation to TFP (Panesar and Fluck, 1993; Honma and Hu, 2009; Chang and
Hu, 2010; Shibin et al., 2016). Unlike previous studies that highlighted the energy-related
developments like carbon-dioxide emissions (Strazicich and List, 2003; Romero-Avila, 2008),
energy use ( Jakob et al., 2012), electricity intensity (Maza and Villaverde, 2008; Liddle, 2009),
this present study has considered EP has one of its main elements. The findings exhibit that TN and
WB have performed noticeably better than UP and India’s average value (see Figure 7). The
average EP values were 48.43, 46.18 and 31.09 for TN, WB and UP, respectively. However,
during our field trips to these clusters we got to know that UP’ firms have been forced to pay
higher energy bill due to the usage of private generator to accommodate the interrupted power
supply.

M TN UP WB India
at
2
eri
al 1.5
Pr
od 1
uc
tivi 0.5
ty
19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
0
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
– – – – – – – – – – – – – –
19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

49
 CHAPTER – V

SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSION

50
In conclusion, my internship experience in the has been extremely valuable in helping me
understand the various processes involved in leather production, from sourcing raw materials to
finishing and packaging the final product. Throughout my internship, I had the opportunity to work
with experts in the field and learn from their vast knowledge and experience. I also gained practical
skills in areas such as quality control, inventory management, and customer service.

One of the key takeaways from my internship is the importance of sustainability in the Reliance
leather Exports. It was encouraging to see that many of the companies I worked with were making
efforts to reduce their environmental impact by using eco-friendly chemicals and processes, and
sourcing materials from ethical suppliers. However, there is still much work to be done in this area,
and I believe that the industry as a whole can benefit from adopting more sustainable practices.

Overall, my internship in the Reliance leather Exports has been a valuable learning experience that
has equipped me with practical skills and knowledge that will be useful in my future career. I
would like to thank all the companies and individuals who provided me with this opportunity and
supported me throughout my internship.

This system has some benefits to reliance leather export staffs currently they are keeping every
records By written down in memo manually . at least this system will give them relieve from
exhausted life which they are dealing with their customers besides this system will make them
(RLE)

The conclusion has arrived through analysis and interpolation .the study under take for RLE classic
Garments private limited (RLEPL) has successfully analyses the work attitude perception and
expectation Towards the worker performance of appraisal in the industry

51
FINDINGS :

 51% of the respondents lie in between the age of 21-25.

 Respondent educational qualification is up to H.sc level. (+2).

 59%of the respondents have income level below Rs.5000.

 50%of the respondents are have 0-2years of experience.

 61% of the respondents are unmarried.

 47% of the respondents felt that they are motivated by the superiors/ senior authority.

 41% of the respondents that the company has adopted good safety measure in the work place.

 37% of the respondents felt that the wage policy of the company is Excellent.

 40% of the respondents felt that the promotional policy of the company is Excellent.

 55% of the respondents felt that work timings of the organization is Excellent.

 51% of the respondents say that they have good relation with their immediately superior.

 49% of the respondents say that they have good relation with their subordinate.

 46% of the respondents says that agreed that they have good relation with their subordinate.

 48%of the respondents agreed that the training program should be more extensive.

 49% of the respondents felt that the procedure for job rotation is good.
52