Acidity

BUILDING UTILITIES Cause: contains carbon dioxide

PLUMBING AND SANITARY Effect: corrosion of non-ferrous pipes, rusting and
clogging of steel pipes
Plumbing Correction: passing the water through a bed of
 Any system that conveys fluids for a wide range crushed marble or limestone to achieve alkalinity
of applications. or adding sodium silicate
 Uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and Hardness
other apparatuses to convey fluids. Cause: presence of magnesium and calcium
 Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and Effect: clogging of pipes, impaired laundering and
potable water delivery are among the most food preparation
common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to Correction: introduction of water softener made
these applications up of zeolite
Turbidity
Cause: silt or suspended matter picked up in
surface or near surface flow
Water Cycle of the Plumbing System Effect: discoloration and bad taste
Correction: filtration
Color
Cause: presence of iron and manganese
Effect: discoloration of fixtures and laundry
Correction: precipitation by filtration through
manganese zeolite
Pollution
Cause: contamination by organic matter or sewage
Effect: disease
Correction: chlorination

Water Treatment Process

Rain Water – harvesting is the accumulation and
storage of rainwater for re-use on site

Sources of Water Supply

Surface water – Lakes, Streams, Rivers, Reservoir,
Run off from roofs and paved areas
Underground – Shallow Wells, Deep Wells,
Artesian Wells, Artesian Springs and Land spring Dilution – the process of decreasing the
Types of Water Wells: concentration of a solute in a solution
 Dug “ Balon” Coagulation Flocculation – the addition of
 Driven “Poso” polymers that clump the small, destabilized particles
 Bored/Drilled “Pump” together into larger aggregates so that they can be
City Main – from main water source more easily separated from the water
Settling (sedimentation) – the process slows the
flow of the water in a pond or basin so heavier items
can settle to the bottom
Chemical Characteristic of Water Filtration – process in which solid particles in a
liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a
Hardness – the amount of dissolves calcium and filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through
magnesium in the water but retains the solid particles
Water Softener – is a water treatment equipment Disinfection – in addition to physical removal, it is
designed to remove positively charged ion from still important to provide chemical disinfection.
water
Alkalinity – the capability of water to neutralize
acid
pH – measure of the water’s hydrogen ion
concentration, as well as its relative acidity or
alkalinity. Below 7 indicate increasing acidity and
corrosiveness. Water in its natural state can have a
pH as low as 5.5. Higher than 7 indicate increasing
alkalinity

Water quality problem and their corrections

 Water Distribution

Gravitational Distribution –the water from upland

gathering grounds is impounded in a reservoir. There
is no pumping cost w/ this system.

Booster Pump – a machine which will increase the

pressure of a fluid

Pumped Distribution – water extracted from a river

is pumped into a settlement tank, subsequently
filtered and chlorinated
Dynamic Pump / Kinetic Pump – impart velocity

Classification of Pump
Reciprocating pump – a class of positive
and pressure to the fluid as it moves past or through displacement pump which includes the piston
the pump impeller and subsequently convert some of pump, plunger pump and diaphragm pump
that velocity into additional pressure (for large
volume of water) Pneumatic pump – make use of pressurized gas or
Submersible Pump – a device which has a air
hermetically sealed motor close coupled to the
pump body.

Ejector pump – replaces gravity during the

transportation of waste from a plumbing space
Centrifugal Pump – best for moving large volume of that is situated underneath the remainder of the
water at low to medium pressure, good for steady system
flows, low to high discharge pressure and dirty,
abrasive or partly solid liquids

Displacement Pump / Positive Displacement

Pump – the moving element (piston, plunger, rotor, Water Distribution: Main water
lobe or gear) displaces the liquid from the pump
casing and at the same time raises the pressure of the
liquid (for low supply of water)

Rotary Pump – Best for moving viscous or high

pressure liquids, good for steady flows, medium
discharge pressures. Not good for abrasive liquids

Corporation cock/stop – water or gas cock by

means of which utility company employees connect
or disconnect service line to a consumer
Curb stop – the valve which the city or municipality Common for water system
has installed to turn the water service off and on to a
building.

Lift/Piston Check Valve

Water, steam and air
system

Curb Box – a vertical cast iron pipe extending from

curb or sidewalk level down to the shutoff at the
water main connection
Ball Check Valve
Gate valve – a full way Pumping station, prevents
gate valve as when it is water hammering
fully open it does not
restrict flow along the
pipeline
Silent Check Valve
Liquid, gas, steam. Prevents
water hammering

Nozzle Type Check Valve

Liquid, gas, slurry

Check valve – a valve that closes to prevent

backward flow of liquid
Water Check Valve
Service pipe – connection that is made to the main Liquid
and is run to a stop valve near to the site boundary of
the building. Pressure is usually between 50-70psi

Tilting Disc Check Valve

Water Supply System Liquid

Distributing pipe – conveys water from a storage

cistern or from hot water apparatus
Types of system used Other types of Valve
 Cold water supply system
Indirect system – from a cold storage cistern Globe Valve – a linear motion valve
Direct system – from the main water pressure used to stop, start and regulate the
 Hot water supply system fluid flow.
Up feed and gravity return – used in small Types of globe valve
residential and industrial installation  Z - type – simplest and most
Overhead feed and gravity return – used in common type
building of extreme height  Angle type – turns the flow direction by 90
Pump Circuit System – circulation of hot degrees w/o using an elbow and one extra
water to the plumbing fixtures by means of pipe weld. This can be used in the fluctuating
mechanical device flow and capable of handling the slugging
effect
 Y - type – solution for high pressure drop
Types of Check Valve problem. Seat and stem are angled at
approximately 45degrees to the pipe axis
Dual Disc Check Valve
Common for water and air Ball Valve – regulating the
system flow of fluids by a movable
ball which fits in a spherical
seat

Swing Check Valve

Butterfly Valve – consisting of a disk rotating on an Back Water Valve – back flow prevention device
axis across the diameter of a pipe to regulate the used to prevent outbound
flows water through a dwelling
drain pipes from re-
entering back flowing into
a home
Plug Valve – w/ cylindrical or
conically tapered plugs which CopperTubing – has
can be rotated inside the valve
body to control flow through Distributing Pipe: Materials
the valve.
strong resistance to corrosion, fittiings are soldered
Stop and Waste Valve – a to the tubing and called as sweat joints.
fitting that attaches to your Advantages
irrigation sprinkler lines,  not prone to leakage or corrosion
prevents water from  can stand up to extreme tempereature changes,
freezing in the lines includinghot and cold water
 material can be recycled
Drain Valve – installed at the  has antimicrobial property
lowest point in pipe systems, Disadvantages:
boilers and storage vessels  not environmental friendly in terms of cost

Plastic Piping – pipes and fittings are produced

from synthetic resins, like coppe, plastic piping does
Safety valve – acts as fail safe. not present corrosion problems
Immediately release pressure I Types:
the event of an emergency or Polyethylene (PE) –
system failure flexible tubing that can be
snaked through walls ans
around corners, can bend
Relief valve – control w/o breaking when buried
pressure in a system, in settling soil and is highly
most often in fluid or resistant to unusual soil
compressed air systems. condition. Used for low
They open gradually pressure cold water
allowing the system to underground services.
return to the preset Maximum pressure = 40psi
pressure level. When the at 100° F. Maximum temperature for non pressure
level is reached, the valve use = 180° F
shuts again.
High Density
Angle Valve – structured so that Polyethylene (HDPE) –
the center line of the entrance pipes can be used in a
and exit of the fluid intersect wide range of
perpendicularly. application including
water main schemes

Cross Linked Polyethylene

Ballcock / Float Valve – (PE-X) – used for natural gas
mechanism for filling water and offshore oil application,
tanks, such as those found in chemical transporattion and
flush toilets transporatation of sewage and
slurries. Does not melt and is
Flushometer Valve – metal thermally resistant.
water diverter that uses an inline
handle to flush tankless toilets Acrylonitrile-Butadaine-
or urinals. Styrene (ABS) – rigid black
pipe that is fairly strong and
economical. Max pressure =
Foot Valve – installed at the 40psi at 100° F. most common
lowest point in pipe systems, for drains and vents.
boilers and storage vessels.
Chlorinataed Polyvinyl
Chloride) – cream colores ridid
pipe that is very strong and has
 a chemical resistance similar to PVC. Max
pressure = 100psi at 180° F. used for hot and cold
water supply as well as process piping

Polyvinyl Cholride (PVC)

– Maximum pressure =
40psi at 100° F.
Maximum temperature fpr
nonpressure use = 180° F.
used fpr cold water
supply. Solvent weld.

Unplasticized Polyvinyl
chloride (uPVC) – for
Distributing Pipe: Plastic Fittings
portable water supply.
Colde water supply. Rigid
PVC

Polypropylene (PPR) – the

lightest weight piping
material w/ very good
chemical resistance even to
many organic solvents. Hot
and cold water line.

Ferrous Metal Pipes

Types:
Galvanized Iron – Water
Supply, more resistant to
corrosion than Black Iron,
more durable compared to
Black Iron
Galvanized Steel – Water
Supply, rigid and durable,
expansive, heavy, more
resistant to corrosion than
Black Iron

Cast Iron – water, gas, sewage, high heat retention

property/heqat resistant, susceptible to rust over
time

Black Iron – compresses air,

natural gas, sprinkler system,
steam, propane, fire resistant,
less expensive, more flexible
than other metal pipes, less
resistant to corrosion
compared G.I
 Flanging
Soldering
Brazing
Compression
Welding Fusion+Pressure
Solvent Welding
Caulking
Gasket and Coupling

Hose Bib / Sill Cock

Gooseneck
Distributing Pipe: Stainless Fittings Compression Faucet
Metering Faucet
Disc Set
Ball Faucet
Cartridge Faucet

Fittings

Tee
Cross Tee
Plug
Cap
Union
Nipple
Coupling
Elbow

Pipe Support Types of Faucet

Riser Clamp
Clevis Hanger
Swivel ring/Loop Hanger
U-bolt
Saddle Clamp
Strap Typical Sink/Lavatory and its Parts
Split Ring
Strut Types of Sink and Lavatory

Kitchen Sink
Scullery Sink – for restaurant Squat Bowl
Under the Counter Sensor Type
Above Counter / Counter Top Concealed Type
Pedestal Exposed type
Pantry Sink Pedal Type
Laundry Tub
Self Rimming
Through

Sink and Lavatory Material Types of Water Closet according to

Flushing Mechanism
Stainless Steel – can be used for kitchen w/ stone,
concrete, solid surfaces or even wood countertops Reverse Trap
Pros: affordable, easy to maintain and clean Wash Down
Cons: noisy, shoes spots, not totally scratch resistant Siphon Vortex
Siphon Jet
Copper – Farmhouse style Blowout flushing Action
Pros: w/ antimicrobial properties, beautiful finish,
heat retention
Cons: Expensive

Enamel – for light to medium use

Pros: long life span, scratch resistant
Cons: Heavy, requires special cleaning and care

Ceramic – Light to medium use

Pros: highly durable, easy to clean, long life span
Cons: heavy and expensive, professional installation
required

Solis Surface – Light to medium use

Pros: affordable, customizable
Cons: shorter life span, discoloration overtime, Types of Urinal
sensitivity to extreme heat, prone to scratches
Wall Hung
Stone – for stone or wooden countertops Through Urinal
Pros: heat resistant, long life span Pedestal Urinal
Cons: heavy, extreme reinforcement needed, sealing Stall Urinal
required
Types of Bath Tub
Composite – Large contemporary and traditional
kitchen
Pros: more affordable than stone, no sealing required
Cons: more expensive than steel and solid surface,
can be damaged by extreme heat

Built in Bath Tub

Types of Water Closet according to Whirpool – Jacuzzi
Flushing system Sitz Bath
Hospital Bath
Tank Foot Tub
Flushometer – ideal for public, but not ideal for low Bidet
pressure water
Pail Flush
Fiber Glass – a kind of reinforce plastic which is Roof Drain
formed into layers then molded into a bath tub shape Scupper Drain
before being coated w/ layer of gelcoat resin Trench or Linear
Bath Tub Materials
Pros: very affordable price, lightweight easy to Pop up Drain
install, damage can be easily repaired Grid Drain
Cons: Brittle, porous in nature, tendency to crack, Waste Disposal Unit
easy to deteriorate, unstable and easy to warp

Acrylic - formed by taking a solid sheet of combine

materials such as petrochemicals, stabilizers, resin
fillers and appropriate dye which are heated and
molded then reinforced w/ fiberglass
Pros: non porous, can retain heat, easy to clean
Cons: Less stable, prone to scratch, not a very cheap
option

Stone Resin – artificial material that mimics the

look of natural stone
Pros: colors does not easily fade, long life span,
more luscious, easy to clean, best for both quality
and price
Cons: more expensive than acrylic and plastic

Ceramic – created by forming numerous clay that is

heated to high temperature unit until hardens
Pros: most options for bathtub size, easy to mold,
affordable
Cons: surface is not even, actively maintain and
replace grout termination

Wood – using different types of wood

Pros: aesthetically pleasing, can be any size or
shapes
Cons: expensive, needs support and framing, overuse
will wash away the resistant sealing

Cultured Marble - made of crushed limestone and Types of Traps

resin then finished with a layer of gelcoat
Pros: retains heat, natural look Trap – device to prevent the passage of sewer air
Cons: heavy, not scratch resistant, needs regular through it, also called anti-siphon traps.
maintenance, discoloration and molded overtime.
Porcelain – are constructed from cast iron or tamped P-trap – common seal – 2” depth between overflow
steel which is then coated with a layer of porcelain and the dip, Deep seal – 4” liquid content
Pros: has very nice sheen, surfaces are very smooth,
resistant to scratch, easy to clean S-Trap – used when pababa yung drain
Cons: slippery, does not hold heat very well, not
impact resistant, easy to deteriorate Running Trap – a pipe permitting liquid flow but
forming a barrier against sewer gases, house trap
Copper – made of hammering multiple sheets of
pure copper into the shape of a tub Drum Trap – for large volume of water like bath
Pros: durable, resistant to scratch, easy to maintain, tub
retains heat
Cons: heavy, expensive and rare Bottle Trap – less radial space under a waste outlet
and is ideal for pedestal mounted basins where space
Cast Iron – molten iron poured directly into a is usually very limited, deeper then P and S traps
molding before it is smoothed out then covered in a
layer of enamel
Pros: most durable, long life span, highly scratch
resistant, easy to clean, high heat retention
Cons: heaviest of any bath tub, need additional
support sometimes, expensive

Types of Drain Grease Trap – a plumbing device designed to

intercept most greases and solids before they enter a
Floor Drain wastewater disposal
 Main Soil and Waste Vent (Stack Vent) – used to
ventilate the soil and waste pipes, portion of the soil
pipe stack above the highest installed fixture branch
extending through the roof, means of eliminating
objectionable odors, size 2-5” Ø

Main Vent (Vent Stack) – referred to as relief and

yoke vents, serve the fixture trap only in indirect
way, primary purpose is to maintain atmospheric
pressure in the waste pipe system, construed as a
Siphonage – minus pressure in the drainage system collecting vent line, begins at the base of the soil
pipe stack where its purpose is to relieve any back
pressure
Trap Seal Lost
Dry Vent – a vent that does not carry water or water
Direct Self-siphonage – found in unventilated traps borne waste
serving oval bottomed fixtures, result of unequal
atmospheric conditions caused by the rapid flow of Wet vent – portion of a vent pipe through which
water to the trap, fixture having rounded oval bottom liquid waste flow
discharge its content abruptly and does not offer the
small amount of trickling waste needed to reseal the Individual Vent; Back Vent
trap – portion of the vent pipe
Indirect or Momentum Siphonage – the result of a system which serves a single
minus pressure in the waste piping caused by trap
discharge of water from a fixture installed on a line
which serves a fixture placed at lower elevation. Unit Vent; Dual vent,
Tailpiece max of 600. Common Vent – portion
of the vent pipe system
Back Pressure – caused which ventilates two
of a plus pressure, practically blows the water out of fixtures trap that discharge
the fixture into the room, and occurs most commonly into a sanitary cross w/
at those located at the base of soil stacks or where a deflectors
soil pipe changes its direction abruptly
Circuit – portion of the drainage system which
Evaporation – a phenomenon of nature, the use of ventilates 2 or
deep seal trap is recommended to prolong the more fixture
interval of total loss of the trap seal traps that
discharge into a
Capillary Action – caused horizontal soil
by a suspension of a or waste branch
foreign object into the trap extended at
seal extending over the slight grade
outlet arm of the trap
Relief Ventilation – portion of the vent pipe
Wind effect – wind of installation which
high velocity passing over primarily
the top of the soil pipe eliminates minus
roof terminal, a downdraft and plus pressures
tends to ripple in the drainage
the liquid content of the system; on long
trap and spill a quantity vertical pipes a
of it over its outlet leg relief vent often
referred to as yoke
or by pass vent
Ventilation Branch Vent – a
horizontal vent
Vent System – pipes pipe connecting
installed to provide flow from a branch of
of air to or from a the drainage
drainage system or to system to a vent
provide a circulation of stack or stack vent
air within such system to
protect trap seals from Local vent – a
siphonage and back pipe or shaft
pressure serving to convey
foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to the
outer air Hangers & Support (Horizontal Piping)
Cast Iron Soil Pipe – at 1.5m interval (max)
Copper – at 1.8 interval (>38mm) at 3m interval
Yoke Vent – pipe (<51mm)
connecting upward from Plastic – by stiff metal/wooden backing for its entire
a soil or waste stack length for 38mm and smaller without backings for
below the floor and larger tubings
below horizontal
connection to a adjacent Vertical Piping
vent stack at a point Thru Service Core Chase – all unit dadaan sa chase,
above the floor and may sira isa affected lahat. Less cost, less pipes
higher than highest spill Thru Distributed Pipe Chase – for condo unit, has
level of fixture for individual chase / unit
preventing pressure Thru wet columns – for residential house. Piped
changes in the stacks, embedded on column
maybe installed at 3-5
floor intervals
Waste Disposal Treatment and Recycling
Group
Vent – a Public Sewer – a common sewer directly controlled
branch vent by public authority
that
performs its House Sewer – part of the drainage system
function for beginning just outside the foundation wall and
two or more terminating at the main sewer. The terminal of a
traps house sewer can also be a septic tank
House Drain – part of the plumbing system which
Loop Vent – a way of receives the discharge of all soil and waste stacks
venting the trap installed within the building and conveys it to the house sewer
in an island sink, loop vent
allows gas to flow up the House Trap – a device place in the house drain
pipe as the water flows immediately inside the foundation wall of the
down the pipe building, serve as barrier and prevents the gases
which occur in the public sewer from circulating
Cleanouts – pipe fitting w. a removable plug which through the plumbing system
provides access for inspection or cleaning of the pipe
run, also called access eye or cleaning eye. 15m in
length

Sanitary Piping Materials

Galvanized Wrought Iron and Steel Pipe – shall
not be used underground and shall be kept at least
152mm above ground

Vitrified Clay Pipe – Shall not be used above

ground or whenever a piping is pressurized and shall
be kept at least 300mm below ground
Plastic Piping – Shall be used in high rise building,
provided that its use shall be the discretion of the
designer/master plumber

Protection of Sanitary Piping

Embedded Metal Pipe Sleeve – for pipes passing
under/thru walls
Polyethylene Sheath Casing – for pipes passing or
under cinders or other corrosive materials Private Sewage Disposal – means any sewage
Bitumen – for void b/w pipes and sleeves thru disposal system not constructed, installed,
concrete floor in the ground

Hangers & Support (Vertical Piping) Classification of Public Sewage

Cast Iron Soil Pipe – at every storey or closer Disposal
Copper – at each storey/every3m (max interval) maintained, operated and owned by a municipality
Plastic – at 1m Interval
Combination Public Sewer – system are sewers  Min size of .9m x 1.5m
that are designed to collect rainwater runoff,  2 compartment; 1st shall have one half to 2/3 of
domestic sewage and industrial wastewater in the the volume of the tank
same pipe  Min liquid depth of .6m
 Max liquid depth of 1.8m
Sanitary Sewers – underground pipe or tunnel  Vertical distance of the air gap at least 200mm
system for transporting sewage from houses and  Septic Tank distance to…
commercial buildings to treatment facilities or
 Building Structure - .6m
 Water supply – 15.20
Classification of Private Sewage  Streams – 15.20
Disposal  On site domestic water service line - .3m
disposal  Public water Main - .3m
Class 1 – sewage systems shall receive or be used
only for the disposal of human body wastes. This
includes various types of toilets and privies Septic Tank Materials
Chemical Toilet – toilet that is not connected to a
sewage system but has a compartment in which Concrete Septic Tank
waste is treated with chemicals for temporary Advantages:
storage  Heavy in weight and hence they will not float if
Recirculating Toilet – equipped w/ high speed the water table is near the tank level
blades that grind the waste down into pieces small  Long life span
enough to dissolve into the liquid of the main  Strong enough and are not easily damaged by
storage chamber heavy machines
Incinerating Toilet – type of dry toilet that burns  Rustproof
human feces instead of flushing them away with Disadvantages
water, like a flush toilet does  Costly
Portable Toilet or Mobile Toilet – easily be  Hard to repair when it is damaged
moved around  Transportation issue if precast
Privy – a toilet located in a small shed outside a  Low quality concrete mic develop cracks
house or other building
Latrine – a toilet or outhouse especially a Steel Septic Tank
communal one in a camp or barracks Advantage:
 Heavy in weight and hence they will not float if
Class 2 – grey water system. Grey water may the water table is near the tank level
contain traces of dirt, food, grease, hair and certain Disadvantages:
household cleaning product  Gets corroded easily
 High price and low durability
Class 3 – cesspool, a pit lined with cement or stone
 It is hard to remove corroded steel septic tanks
and sometimes has an outlet pipe connected to
another pit from the ground

Class 4 – leaching bed system including sewage

systems utilizing treatment units
Plastic Septic Tank
Advantages:
Class 5 – a system which requires or uses a holding
tank for the retention hauled sewage at the site where  Economical
it is produced prior to its collection by hauled  Easy to handle and install
sewage system  Rustproof
 Good chemical resistance
Septic Tank Disadvantages:
 They are not allowed in some place
 typically underground in which sewage is  They are more like accidentally damaged during
collected and allowed to decompose through transportation or installation
bacterial activity before draining by means of  They can rise if installed incorrectly during flood
leaching field. or heavy rain
 Min volume capacity of Septic Tank 2m3
Fiber Glass Septic Tank
Advantages:
 Cheaper than concrete and steel
 Better strength when compared to plastic
 High durability
 Rustproof
 Watertight
Disadvantage:
 They can rise if installed incorrectly during flood How to connect Hub and Spigot?
or heavy rain  Caulking

Toilet – fixture that consist usually of a water

flushed bowl and seat and is used for defecation and
Sewage Treatment Plan
urination
Restroom – a public toilet
Comfort Room – a room with toilet in a public
place can be referred to as a restroom, a comfort
station or a washroom. It can also be referred to as
the ladies room and men’s room
Bathroom – a room in the home or hotel for
personal hygiene activities, generally containing a
toilet a lavatory and either a bathtub, a shower or
both
Full bath – a bathtub, a shower, a toilet and a
lavatory
¾ bath – a stall shower (vertical upright), toilet and
a lavatory
Half bath – a toilet and lavatory
Powder Room – women’s toilet in a public building.
A toilet in a private house, especially one intended
for use by guest. Functionally, a powder room needs
only a toilet, sink and minimal storage for hand
towels

How to connect PPR Pipes?

 Fusion Welding

How to connect PPR Pipes to PVC Pipes

 Using Fittings (use when different materials)

How to connect CPVC Pipes

to PVC Pipes
 Compression Fittings

How to connect PEX pipes to

PVC Pipes?
 Using Fittings (adapter)

How to connect Hub less

pipes?
 Gasket and Coupling

Torque
Wrench