HOA 3 Congregational prayers – muslims line up in rows

where they bow toward Mecca

Islamic or Saracenic
ISLAMIC/SARACENIC
Architecture
STRUCTURES
DISTINGUISED FEATURES:
Dome of the rock (Jerusalem)
• Muqarnas
• Mosaic
• Domes
• Minarets
• Horseshoe arch

- Oldest islam monument

- Influenced by byzantine archi.
- Used as a shrine for pilgrims

Great Mosque of Mecca

Harem – women are separated from the men in the

mosque

Imam – Head of the mosque who leads

congregational prayer

Minbar – pulpit from which an imam or political

- Largest mosque in the world and surrounds
leader issues a sermon each Friday
the islam’s holiest place “KAABA”
Qibla – niche or opening that indicates the direction - 400,800 sqmA
of Mecca
Ka’aba
Muezzin – person chants the prayer call 5 times a
- “house of
day
God”
Minaret – from the top of this tower the prayer call - Small
is sounded cubical stone
building in
Fawwara/Meda – each mosque has an area with courtyard of great
water accessibility where obligatory ritual mosque in mecca
washing… - Contains
sacred black stone
Great mosque of Damascus (Umayyad mosque) MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
• Building style flourished in northern and
central india under patronage of Mughal
emperors
• Mughal period marked striking revival of
Islamic archi in northern india
• Reached zenith during reign of Shah Jahan

Humayun’s Tomb (India)

- Oldest surviving stone mosque

- Interior covered in mosaic

MOORISH ARCHITECTURE
• Islamic architecture of north africa
• Building of large mosques and elaborated
fortress-palaces
• Structural systems and decorations adapted
from classical antiquity COMBINED w/ - Includes perfect radial or bilateral symmetry
Islamic architecture. - Red sandstone

CHARACTERISTICS: Taj Mahal

1. Elaborate ornaments - “crown

2. Arches palace”
3. Honeycombed vaults - Built by
4. Colorful tile work Shah Jahan as
tomb for Mumtaz
Example of Moorish Architecture: Mahal
- Marble
façade decorated
by floral motifs

Mughal Gardens

- Type of garden built by Mughals based on

Persian type of architecture.
- Example of landscape horticulture.
1. Alhambra Palace and Fortress
2. Great Mosque of Cordoba
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE - Refers to rising tower in North Indian
Temple Architecture.
- Includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and
North Indian Temple Architecture
Sri Lanka
- Into Buddhism - These towers r extravagantly decorated
- Features Stupa, Sikhara
- Monumental design 3 kinds of Shikharas

Hinduism – combination of faiths of Aryan and 1. Latina

dravidians 2. Phamsana
3. Valabhi
Jain – mahaveer or vadhaman (Brahman)
Latina / “Rekha Prasad”
- Nirvana
- Has square base
Buddhist – Siddharta Gautama - Simple, most common
type
- Ultimate Nirvana
- Mostly used for
Indus Valley garbhagriha

Phamsana

- Harappa &Mohenjo Daro (largest cities of - has

Indus Valley) broader base
- Variety of house types many of which had - Shorter in
“private baths” connected to drainage height than latina
systems - Mostly
used for
• Why is it unique?
Mandapa
o Arch
o Well planned cities
o Drainage system
o Have irrigation systems
o Houses made w/ clay bricks
Valabhi
o Priest-kings as leaders
o Religion: animism&polytheism - Rectangular base
- Roof rises into vaulted chambers
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE STYLES
- Known as wagon vaulted buildings
Shikhara – Sanskrit word meaning “mountain peak”
Nagara Temple Style (Northern India) o Torana – gateway
o Vedika – balustrade
o Medhi – pedestrian path
o Harmika – decorative balcony
o Anda – dome
o Chattra / chihatri – topmost part
shaped like umbrella
o Pradakshina – upper level walkway

PAKISTAN & AFGHANISTAN

ARCHITECTURE
- Pakistan AR. Reflects the cultural diversity
and contrast the country experienced
through the ages.
- Entire temple built on high stone platforms
- Do not have large enclosures or entrances Harappan Architecture
- Mandapa – meeting halls
- Layout in grid system
Dravidian Temple style (Southern India) - Citadels
- Large pools for ritual bathing, granaries,
complex system of covered drains and
sewers

Gandhara Civilization

- Enclosed within compound wall - Ancient kingdom located in Nothern

- Gopuram on front wal Pakistan and Eastern Afghanistan
- In south india, shikhara is used only for Mahabharata Era (800BC) – gandhara had played
crowning element at the top of temple important role in hindi epic of Mahabharata as
- Fierce dvarapalas (door-keepers) Princess named Gandhari married to Hastinapur’s
Stambha or Lats blind king Dhritrashtra

- Indian columns with carved inscription Rule of Cyrus (550BC) – cyrus the great built first
- Figures of animals represents guardians of 4 the “universal” empire, stretching from greece to
quarters of universe (elephant, bull, horse, the indus river.
lion) Persian Empires (520-326 BC)- Issuance of Coin
Ashoka Pillars Currency for the first time in the Indus Land

- Supports a metal wheel with 24 spokes - Great use of iron technology

- Capital – shape of an inverted bell/lotus bub Alexander Conquest – Alexander the great
with fluted pearls conquered Gandhara and indian territories
Stupas - A shrine that represents Mount Meru

- Have 4 ceremonial gates to the shrine

Mauryan Dynasty – Chandragupta (founder of EXAMPLES OF ARCHITECTURE:
Mauryan Dynasty) lead a rebellion and ascended
the throne

Rule of Ashoka Under Mauryan Dynasty – Ashoka

(Chandragupta’s grandson) ruled as governor

- Introduced Buddhism in Gandhara and built

FIRST BUDDHIST MONASTERY called
Dharmarajika Vihara

Indo Greek

Kushan Empire – Kushans (Yuezhi in China)

moved from central asia to bactria

- Considered as the Golden Period of

Gandhara Peshawar Valley and Taxila Double-Headed Eagle Stupa

White Huns and Nezak – Nepthalite Huns captured

Gandhara and did not adopt Buddhism

Hindushahi – replaced the Turkishahi

- Jayapala(last great king) extended his

empire
Buddhas of Bamiyan
- Anandapala (son of last great king) moves
his capital near nandana - statue represents a later
- Trilocanapala- was assassinated by his own evolution of classic blended
troops style of ancient art in
Afghanistan
Art

- presents some of the earliest images of Salsal – “light shines through

Buddha the universe” (male)
Shahmama – “Queen Mother”
Language (female)
- Gandhara’s language was “Middle Indo-
Aryan” Dialect written from right to left
- Greeks introduced Theior language, art and FAMOUSE SITES:
religion
1. Hadda and Bamiyan
Architecture 2. Shah-ji-ki-dheri in Peshawar
3. Bala Hisaw and Sheikhan Dheri in
- Because the region was a cultural Charsadda
crossroads, the art of Gandharan Buddhist 4. Takht-i-bahi in Sahri Bahiol in Mardan
was a fusion of Greco-roman, Iranian and 5. Aziz Dheri in Swabi
Indian style 6. Butkara-I & II in Swat
7. Sirkap, Sirsukh, Julian in Taxila
SRI LANGKA - This Temple complex is located in and
around 3 bolder formations spread across
ARCHITECTURE large area in front of Tissa Weva.
- Is made in the form of a pabbatha vihara
Major Influences of Sri langka: architecture
• Indian and Chinese Architecture Dambulla Cave Temple
• Architectural influences from southern asia
• Europe

Religion Influence:

• Shaivism – had many influence on early sri

Langka architecture
• Buddhism – has significant influence on Sri
Lankan architecture

Design Construction:

• Architects – attend to the built environment

• Construction methods - historians suggests
Sri Lanka may have had the first pre-
fabricated buildings in the world.
• Air cooling
• Building Materials - Largest and best-preserved cave temple
o Brick complex in sri langka
o Stone - Major attractions are spread over 5 caves
o Wood containing statues and paintings.
• Timber – primarily timber architecture, with o Cave of the Divine King
mud or masonry walls. It carried the load. ▪ first cave is called Devaraja
Lena (lena meaning cave)
• Drip Ledge on Caves – it diverts the water
so it won’t flood the inside of the cave. ▪ dominated by 14-meter statue
of Buddha.
CAVES AND TEMPLES
Vessagiriya

o Cave of the Great Kings (Maharaja

Lena)
▪ Largest cave
▪ Has 16 standing and 40
seated statues of Buddha
 Aluvihare Temple (Matale Alu Viharaya)

- J
o Great New Monastery (Maha Alut
Vihara)
▪ acquired ceiling and wall
paintings in typical Kandy
style. - Has many caves w ancient inscriptions.
▪ 50 Buddha statues and a These caves are surrounded by modern wall
statue of the king Kirti Sri and ceiling paintings and also Buddha
Rajasinha statues.
- Main cave constitutes large reclining statue
of Buddha with standing and seated Buddha
statues
- Buddhagosa – indian monk / he greatest
exponent and interpreter of Pali canonical
scriptures.

Dumbulagala Raja Maha Vihara

Pilikuhthuwa Temple

- Considered as
one of the Buddhist
temples in the country
with highest number of
drip ledged rock caves
- The temple has
99 rock caves w/ drip
ledges, as of today 78
caves have been
identified

- Home to some of the most valued fragments

of early frescoes called Gunners Quoin by
british.
Mulkirigala Temple Jetavanarama Temple

- Cradled on a rocky crag approx. 16km

- The temple consists of 7 smaller structures
wihin 5 terraced caves:
o Lower Temple Compound
o Siyambalamaluwa
o Bomaluwa - Is a stupa, or Buddhist reliquary monument.
o Royal Temple Compound - At 122 meters, and was the world’s tallest
o Upper Temple Compound stupa
- This temple represents the tensions within
the Theravada and Mahayana sects of
Buddhism
STUPAS AND DAGOBAS
Medirigiriya Vatadage
Thuparamaya Temple

- Vatadage - unique architectural building

which completely housed the stupa
- Believed to be the first Buddhist dagoba
built in Sri Lanka ANCIENT PALACES
- White domed structure in ancient city Five royal palaces:
Anuradhapura also known as Thuparama
Dagoba. 1. Vijayabahu’s palace at Anuradhapura
2. Palaces of Nissanka Malla and
Parakramabahu in Polonnaruwa
3. Palace of Sugala in Galabadda
 4. Parakramabahu’s palace in Palace of Vijayahabu
Panduwasnuwara

Palace of Anuradhapura

- Only thing that remains of this hall is an

impressive example of stonework

- The guardstones at the entrance represents

“Sankanihi”and “Padmanidhi”, two
attendants of Kuvera

Palace of Yapahuawa
Nissanka Latha Mandapa

- An elevated stone platform with number of - King enclosed the city with towering wall
stone columns surrounded by low stone and a moat protecting the palace within.
walls - Historians says it’s a form of defense bc of
the narrowness of the steps.\
Palace of Parakramabahu
Palace of Dambadeniya

- Once towering at 7 stories, believed to have - There r steps carved on stone still intact.
1,000 chambers, the palace of the great king These provide witness on how well the
Parakramabahu is a reminder of just how castle must have constructed on the rock.
great the kingdom was. - Steps are broader and steeper
Palace of Kandy o Ulpange (Queens Bathing Pavilion)
– serves as bathing chambers for his
queens.

ANCIENT SKYSCRAPERS

Lovamahapaya

- The Royal Palace of the Kingdom of Kandy

was the last royal residence of his majesty
King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha
- Royal palace was called “Maha Wasala” or
“maligawa”
o Raja Wasala (King’s Palace) – long
building w/ central doorway
▪ Decorated with stucco and
terra-cotta work - The king in this era informed monks he
o Maha Maluwa (Great Terrace) – is would erect an excellent storied monastery.
an open park located in front of the - Nine stories, each storey has 100 windows
Temple of Tooth and total of 1000 rooms
▪ Contains a statue of
Madduma Bandara (statute of
princess Hemamali and
prince Danthakumara) who
aaccording to the legend
brought the tooth of Buddha
o Magul Maduwa (Royal Audience
Hall) – is where King meet his
ministers and carried out daily
administrative tasks.
o Wadahincina Mandappe – the palace
where the king used to rest while
other visitors awaits for him.
o Palle Vahale (Lower Palace) – used
as quarters of the harem of King of
Kandy
o Meda Wasala (Queen’s Chambers) –
smaller in size but similar to the
Palle Wasala
o Ran Ayuda Maduwa (Royal
Armoury) – has central porch of
timber columns