Basic Grammar
Article
Use THE with Don’t use THE with
School, colleges, universities when the phrase begins Schools, Colleges, Universities when the phrase
with school etc. begins with a proper noun
The University of Florida Santa Fe Community College
The College of Arts and Sciences Coopers Art School
Stetson University
Ordinal numbers before nouns Cardinal numbers after nouns
The first world war, World war one,
The third chapter Chapter three
War (exception world wars) Holidays
The Crimean wars Christmas
The Korean war Thanksgiving
Certain countries or groups of countries with more than Countries preceded by new or an adjective such as
one word (except Great Britain) a direction
The United States New Zealand
The United Kingdom South Africa
Historical documents Sports
The constitution Baseball
Basketball
Ethnic groups The Indians Abstract nouns
Freedom
Happiness
General areas of subject matter
Mathematics
Sociology
Earth, Moon Planets
The earth, the moon Venus, Mars
Mountains The mounts
The Rocky Mountains Mount Everest
Oceans, rivers, seas, gulfs, plural lakes Single lakes Lake
The red sea Geneva
The Atlantic Ocean
We use the before a nation we don’t use the before language English is
The English of Canada is different than that of the USA spoken by the English
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While – [verb +ing]
While -subject – (continuous tense based on the principal clause)
Example
While doing this work, I was shocked.
While he was doing this work, I was shocked.
It is time, it is high time, as if, as though, I wish, would that
Verb= (past form)
Be verb =(were)
Example
It is high time we changed ourselves
He talks as if he were there.
He talks as if he knew everything.
Head of the subject =verb
Example
The color of her eyes is beautiful.
mind Cannot help With a view to Look forward to
Be used to Get used to worth Could not help
(Verb+ing)
Example
I don’t mind using your pen.
Either or neither nor not only, but also or 2nd subject =verb
Example
Either he or his friends have done this.
Neither his friends nor he has done this.
If two singular noun/one noun indicates one person or one thing= verb{singular}
Example
The MP and Minister has come.
Subject Verb
The number of plural Singular
A number of Plural Plural
Many a Singular Singular
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Example:
I made him do the work. [Person]
I made the car washed. [Object]
Subjunctive
Advise Decree Move Propose Require Urge
Ask Insist Order Recommend Stipulate Necessary /urgent
Command demand prefer Request suggest Important
/obligatory
Example:
Philip requested that Karim assume part responsibility.
It is necessary that he find the book.
Infinitive (to+verb)
Gerund (verb+ing)
Agree Fail
Admit Finish Suggest
Allow Forget
Anticipate Forgive Quit
Attempt Hesitate
Appreciate Recommend Resist
Decline Intend
avoid Mind Prefer
Decide Want
Expect Refuse
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If there is no auxiliary verb, we have to use do verb to make interrogative.
• Tapan plays football.
o Doesn’t Tapan play football?
Assertive To Exclamatory
What How
(If article) (If no article)
This is a very beautiful girl.
o What a beautiful girl she is!
This is very beautiful
o How beautiful this is!
It is a matter of great sorrow: Hurrah!
It is matter of great joy: Alas!
Wish: (had/if)
I wish I were a king
o Had I been a king! / If I were a king!
Assertive to Imperative
You should do the work.
o Do the work
You should never hate the poor
o Never hate the poor.
We should not laugh at the poor.
o Let us not laugh at the poor.
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Rules compound Complex Simple
1 and Since/as Because of
2 But though In spite of/despite
3 Or If By …..ing
4 Or If Without ….ing
5 And So that to
6 And So……..that Too……..to
Rule 1
• He is poor and he can’t eat properly.
• Since he is poor, he can’t eat properly.
• Because of his being poor, he can’t eat properly.
Rule 2
• He is poor but he is honest.
• Though he is poor he is honest.
• In spite of his being poor, he is honest.
Rule 3 & 4
• Do or die.
• I you dint do it you will die.
• Without doing it you will die. / By doing it you won’t die.
Rule 5
• We eat and thus we live.
• We eat so that we can live.
• We eat to live.
Rule 6
• The bag is heavy and he can’t lift it.
• The bag is so heavy that he can’t lift it
• The bag is too heavy to lift.
If the rules are not applicable for any sentence you have to use relative pronoun and phrase to
convert the sentence into simple/complex.
I am a boy(complex)
It is I who am a boy.
N.B.The verb we will use that can only be decided by the noun or pronoun before the relative
pronoun.
He shut the door and went out.
Shutting the door, he went out.
N.B.We can use any participle according to the context or structure of the sentence.
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5) As for interrogative sentence
(Do/did/does/have/has /had/am /is/ are/was /were/shall/will)
Does he know about you? (Active)
Assertive: He knows about you
Passive: You are known to him
Passive –interrogative: Are you known to him? (Passive)
(What /how /where)
What do you want? (Active)
You want-----
-----is wanted by you.
What is wanted by you? (Passive)
(Whom –who)
Whom do you want? (Active)
I want ----
-----is wanted by you
Who is wanted by you? (Passive)
(Who-by whom)
Who is calling you?
----is calling you.
You are being called------
By whom you are being called?
6) In terms of adjective placed after verb as object.
• Honey is sweet. (Active)
Honey is sweet when it is tested. (Passive)
• Rice sells cheap. (Active)
Rice is cheap when it is sold. (Passive).
7) As for indirect speech
• He said that he would call me.
It is said to me that I would be called by him.
8) Sometimes object or subject of the sentence will be missed. You have to consider
that according to the context of the sentence.
• English is spoken all over the world. (Passive)
People speak English all over the world. (Active)
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while, till, until
Adjective
Descriptive Adjective Limiting
Attributive Predicate Article Possessive Demonstrative Indefinite Interrogative Proper Cardinal Ordinal
I Have A The A, an 5-6 1st -2nd
Cute Puppy Is ,the
Puppy Cute
Adjective
Adjective Of Quality Adjective Of Quantity Adjective Of Number
Honest More, less Demonstrative
Mad Indefinite
Article
Cardinal
Ordinal
Degree Of Adjective
Positive Comparative Superlative
Adjective Example
Article He is a boy.
Possessive He is my boy. (pronoun)
He is sure of my success. (adjective)
Demonstrative This book is mine.
Indefinite No book is needed.
Interrogative Whose book is that?
Proper He is a Nazrul
Afran Nisho played a celebrated Nazrul actor in his movie.
Cardinal I have 2 books
Ordinal He is the 2nd boy in the class.
Nominal Adjective =works as =noun
The=Nominal adjective
The elderly is a great source of wisdom.
The French have amazing restaurants.
The opposite of up is down.
The best is yet to come.
He works as a bad.
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