+CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

K.R. Puram, Bangalore-560 036

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
It is Certified that Mr. MENAKURU SRIKAVYA, Mr. NALLAM SATHWIKA, Mr.
BINDUSHREE S H and Mr. BINDU D R bearing USN: 1CD19EC081, 1CD19EC086,
1CD19EC020 and 1CD19EC019 respectively, are bonafide students of Cambridge Institute of
Technology, and have completed requirements of the project entitled “CLOUD AMAZON
ALEXA” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for VIII semester Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during academic year 2022-2023. It is certified that all Corrections/Suggestions
indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report. The project report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work Phase-II
prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering degree.

----------------------------- ---------------------------
Prof. Veerappa S.C Prof. Ravi kumar.M
Project Guide Project Co-ordinator
Dept. of ECE, CITech Dept. of ECE. CITech

--------------------------------- -----------------------------
Prof. Shivapanchakshari T. G. Dr. G. Indumathi
Head of the Dept. Principal
Dept. of ECE. CITech CITech

External Viva
Name of the Examiners Signature with date
1.

2.

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 DECLARATION

We, Mr. MENAKURU SRIKAVYA, Mr. NALLAM SATHWIKA, Mr. BINDUSHREE S H

and Mr. BINDU D R bearing USN1CD19EC081, 1CD19EC086, 1CD19EC020 and
1CD19EC019 respectively, are students of VIII semester, Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Cambridge Institute of Technology, hereby declare that the project entitled
“CLOUD AMAZON ALEXA” has been carried out by us and submitted in partial fulfillment of
the course requirements project work Phase-II of VIII semester Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication Engineering as prescribed by Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi, during the academic year 2022-2023.

We also declare that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, the work reported here
does not form part of any other report on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on
an earlier occasion on this by any other student.

Date: Menakuru Srikavya (1CD19EC081)

Place: Bengaluru Nallam Sathwika (1CD19EC086)
Bindushree S H(1CD19EC020)
Bindu D R(1CD19EC019)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Shri D. K. MOHAN,

Chairman, Cambridge Group of Institutions, Bangalore, India for providing excellent
Infrastructure and Academic Environment at CITECH without which this work would not
havebeen possible.

I extremely thankful to Dr. G. INDUMATHI,PRINCIPAL, Cambridge Institute of

Technology, Bengaluru for providing me Academic ambience and Laboratory facilities to in
and everlasting motivation to carry out this work and shaping our careers.

I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. SHIVAPANCHAKSHARI T G. HOD,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Cambridge Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and
motivation throughout the course of present work.

I also wish to extend my thanks to our Project Co-ordinator Prof. RAVI KUMAR.M,
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Cambridge Institute of Technology, Bengaluru for their unstilted support, valuable guidance
and help throughout the seminar related work.

I also wish to extend my thanks to my Guide Prof. VEERAPPA S.C, Assistant

Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Cambridge Institute
of Technology, Bengaluru for her critical, insightful comments, guidance and constructive
suggestion and support to improve thequality of this seminar work.

I would like to thank all the faculty members and non-teaching staff of dept. of ECE,
for their constant support. And I would like to thank our parents and friends for their
constantmoral and financial support.
Menakuru Srikavya (1CD19EC081)
Nallam Sathwika (1CD19EC086)
Bindushree S H(1CD19EC020)
Bindu D R(1CD19EC019)

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 ABSTRACT

Smart offices are dynamically evolving spaces meant to enhance employees’ efficiency, but also to
create a healthy and proactive working environment. In a competitive business world, the challenge
of providing a balance between the efficiency and well being of employees may be supported with
new technologies. This paper presents the work undertaken to build the architecture needed to
integrate voice assistants into smart offices in order to support employees in their daily activities,
like ambient control, attendance system and reporting, but also interacting with project management
services used for planning, issue tracking, and reporting. Our research tries to understand what are
the most accepted tasks to be performed with the help of voice assistants in a smart office
environment, by analyzing the system based on task completion and sentiment analysis. For the
experimental setup, different test cases were developed in order to interact with the office
environment formed by specific devices, as well as with the project management tool tasks. The
obtained results demonstrated that the interaction with the voice assistant is reasonable, especially
for easy and moderate utterances.
 Table of contents

CHAPTER 1:1. INTRODUCTION TOIOT ······································································································ 1

1.1 WHAT IS AN IOT? ····················································································································· 2
2. UNDERSTANDING INTERNET OFTHINGS ······················································································ 2
2.1 INTERNET OF THINGS DEFINITION: ···························································································· 3
2.2 IMPORTANT INTERNET OF THINGSCOMPONENTS: ······································································ 3
3.1 THE IMPACT OF IOT ON YOU: ·····································································································5
3.2 THE CHALLENGES OF INTERNET OF THINGS: ··············································································7
3.3 WHAT TO EXPECT: ····················································································································8
CHAPTER 2:LITERATURE SURVEY ·········································································································9
CHAPTER 3:METHODOLOGY ··············································································································· 13
CHAPTER 4HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS ······························································································18
CHAPTER 5SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS ·······························································································32
5.1 ARDUINO: ·······························································································································32
5.2 ARDUINO UNO: ······················································································································· 34
5.3 ARDUINOATEMGA2560: ··········································································································· 34
CHAPTER 6 IMPLEMENTATION: ···································································································· 37
Software Implementation: ················································································································· 37
Accessing the device through iOS Home app: ························································································· 38
Hardware Implementation: ················································································································ 39
Software Implementation: ················································································································· 40
CHAPTER 7FURTHER ENHANCEMENT AND FUTURE SCOPE ····································································· 43
CONCLUSION ······································································································································· 44
REFERENCES: ·······································································································································45

i
 TABLE OF FIGURES
1.3.1 INTERNET OF THINGSINNUMBERS DEFINITION············································································ 5
1.3.2 IOT CHALLENGES:·················································································································· 6
3.1 SECURE CONNECTIONS:·········································································································· 14
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:··················································································································· 15
4.1ESP 8266 MODULE:··················································································································· 17
4.2 4 CHANNEL RELAY MODULE:···································································································18
4.3LED:········································································································································ 20
4.4LED CONNECTION:···················································································································21
4.6 COMMONANODE: ··················································································································· 23
4.7 GLOWING LED:······················································································································· 23
4.8 JUMPER WIRES:·······················································································································25
6.1 CONNECTIONS OF HARDWARE:······························································································· 36

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 Cloud Amazon Alexa using arduino
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION TO IOT

1.1 WHAT IS AN IOT?

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps

additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. An embedded
system is a micro controller-based, software driven, reliable, real-time control system,
autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in
diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost conscious market.
An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a
software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application. High-end
embedded & lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit
Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc. Lower
end embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers used with an minimal operating systems
and hardware layout designed for the specific purpose.

2.UNDERSTANDING INTERNET OF THINGS

Everyone is eyeing the next big thing after the .com boom which will make riches. World has
never being the same after advent of the internet. Investment gurus and statisticians may have
many proposals to make but one thing is for sure, the next big move which will shape the
century will depend on internet and embedded technology. That is, in other words internet of
things definition is what interests major players now. What we do, how we do and when we do is
never going to be the same when the physical environment around us gets lively and starts
communicating.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is here and is becoming an increasing topic of interest among
technology giants and business communities. The hype is not baseless as there are enough
evidences to support the success of “Internet of Things” in the coming

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years. According to a report by Gartner there will be 30% increase in the number of connected
devices in 2016 as compared to 2015 with 6.4 billion IoT devices entering the realm of internet
of things. The number is further expected to increase to 26 billion by 2020.

So one might simply ask “What is Internet of Things” and how it is going to impact our lives and
career opportunities. There is a lot of complicated technology and terminologies at work in the
IoT world but here I will try to keep things simple to explain the concept of Internet of Things
easily.
2.1 INTERNET OF THINGS DEFINITION:

IoT is simply the network of interconnected things/devices which are embedded with sensors,
software, network connectivity and necessary electronics that enables them to collect and
exchange data making them responsive.

More than a concept Internet of Things is essentially an architectural framework which allows
integration and data exchange between the physical world and computer systems over existing
network infrastructure.

2.2 IMPORTANT INTERNET OF THINGS COMPONENTS:

Many people mistakenly think of IoT as an independent technology. Interestingly internet of

things is being enabled by the presence of other independent technologies which make
fundamental components of IoT.

The fundamental components that make internet of things a reality are:

• Hardware-Making physical objects responsive and giving them capability to retrieve

data and respond to instructions

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• Software-Enabling the data collection, storage, processing, manipulating and instructing

• Communication Infrastructure-Most important of all is the communication

infrastructure which consists of protocols and technologies which enable two physical
objects to exchange data

Why Internet of Things/IoT will be successful in the coming years?

As the telecommunication sector is becoming more extensive and efficient, broadband internet is
widely available. With technological advancement it is now much cheaper to produce necessary
sensors with built-in wifi capabilities making connecting devices less costly.

Most important, the smart phone usage has surpassed all the predicted limits and
telecommunication sector is already working on its toes to keep their customers satisfied by
improving their infrastructure. As IoT devices need no separate communication than the existing
one building IoT tech is very cheap and highly achievable.

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3.INTERNET OF THINNGS INFOGRAPHIC

3.1 THE IMPACT OF IOT ON YOU:

Fig 1.3.1: Internet of things in numbers

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Fig 1.3.2: IOT Challenges

To put things simply any object that can be connected will be connected by the IoT. This might
not make sense for you on the forefront but it is of high value. With interconnected devices you
can better arrange your life and be more productive, safer, smarter and informed than ever
before.
For instance how easy it will be for you to start your day if your alarm clock is not only able to
wake you up but also able to communicate with your brewer to inform it that you are awake at

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the same time notifies your geezer to start water heating. Or you wearable wrist health band
keeps track of your vitals to inform you when you are most productive during the day. These are
just few examples but applications of internet of things are numerous.

On large scale transportation, healthcare, defence, environment monitoring, manufacturing and

every other field you can imagine of can be benefited from IoT. It is very to conceive the whole
application domain of internet of things at the moment but you can clearly understand why it is
such an interesting and hot topic at the moment.

3.2 THE CHALLENGES OF INTERNET OF THINGS:

Like any other technology there are challenges which make the viability of IoT doubtful.
Security is one of the major concerns of experts who believe virtually endless connected devices
and information sharing can severely compromise one’s security and well being. Unlike other
hacking episodes which compromise online data and privacy with IoT devices can open gateway
for an entire network to be hacked.

One such flaw is well presented by Andy Green berg on wired.com where he works with hackers to
remotely kill his Jeep on the highway. Another very relevant example is provided by W. David
Stephenson in his post Amazon Echo: is it the smart home Trojan Horse? You can estimate the
amount of personal and private data the connected devices will be producing once they are on a
network. The major challenge for IoT tech companies is to figure out how the communication in
the internet of things realm can be made truly secure.

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3.3 WHAT TO EXPECT:

Any object that can be connected will be connected by the IoT.

Internet of Things is truly a game changing concept and whatever challenges may be present,
there will be rapid growth in the number of connected devices. There is still need for us to
understand concepts of IoT and the flaws that are underlying. As more and more devices
start to connect the need will force technocrats to come up with most advanced concepts and
methods to ensure growth of this technology.By the time what we can do best is to educate
ourselves on various IoT technologies and keep experimenting with new stuff.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Smart Offices’ Implementations and Applications

Different types of approaches have been presented in the scientific literature which address smart
offices as well as specific problems identified in building and optimizing such kind of systems.
Authors present an application that is identifying users using facial recognition. The
implementation is based on an Edge system capable of computing the increasing of image
compression levels, but also on the possibility of hybridization of Cloud and Edge computing in
order to optimize computational resources presented an integrated semantic service platform that
supports ontological models for IoT-based services.
The personalized smart office environment results by interpreting the user’s input via a
smartphone offered a solution capable of identifying a certain task and, based on that, the light
from a smart bulb will be adapted accordingly. The system is also capable of predicting future
activities, but also to offer reliable recommendations. In order to save more energy, authors of
describe a system for lighting control in an office, based on considering the sensor output as an
observation of the occupancy status, while presents a smart office based on a Raspberry Pi board
which is able to perform different levels of security of the outside environment. The system is
also capable of detecting dangerous situations occurring in the office,such as the presence of
intruders, thieves, or fire. This makes it clear that cloud services are to be used for resource
pooling and broad network access. Different smart environment projects are based on using
cloud services for offering the desired functionalities, for example in the field of a cloud based
smarthome environment but also for managing computing and storage resources needed in the
case of medical emergencies
The idea of using VAs in a smart office was first introduced by authors in [20]. However, the
solution presented in lacks tangible results in terms of interaction with the VA. The interaction
with the Vas is usually realized in a single language, but there are projects that have extended the
capabilities into understanding several languages.
State-of-the-Art on Voice Assistants Usage and Implementation
Voice Assistants for Medical Applications
When dealing with the research papers pertaining to VAs, it can be noted that there are different
examples of using these devices in implementing medical-based applications. It is interesting to
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notice thatis presenting a study showing that currently only one-eighth of pediatric providers are
using VA technology in their clinical setup, while 47.4% manifested their willingness in trying
digital voice assistants. In Vas are used to understand medication names in USA and Canada, but
the researchers’ conclusion is that such kind of devices should not be used for the moment as a
reliable source of medical information and guidance. A distinct application category is that of
employing VAs to help the elderly that have visual im pairment . , need strengthening of social
bonds , or daily caring .Amazon Echo Dot was used in the home of seven older adults. This VA
was consistently used for finding online health-related information, while the usage of other
features, like setting timers, reminders, and so on, was low due to reliability issues.

presented a system used to enhance the training process and increase the performance of combat
medics and medical first responders. The implemented VAs are real-time monitoring and
responding to each trainee. A large number of patients are taking the role of managing their
health. VAs are used order to help patients build up their health literacy, while in Ref. to assist
them in managing diabetes medication. Ref. illustrated the impact that VAs have on the market
of health and fitness apps. Due to the restrictions VAs currently have on recording health data,
but this kind of market is still mainly focused on healtheducation and fitness due to privacy and
security reasons. A special class of medical applications is that ofusing VAs for visually
impaired people Amazon Alexa and Apple Siri are the two VAs used forconducting experiments
in this case. While the individuals appreciated the services offered by these devices,
understanding the responses and controlling the presented information were some points which
further need improvement.

Voice Assistants for Educational Activities

Virtual Assistants have started being used in different educational contexts. Authors in present an
intelligent multi-agent based voice-enabled virtual assistant developed specifically for interacting
with the Moodle Learning Management System (LMS). The motivation behind developing this
VAs was enhancing the usability of LMS in order to speed-up user’s tasks through voice
commands. The projects in show practical uses of VAs to assist engineering students into
completing each stage of experiments,controlling hardware laboratory instrumentation, but also
presenting supplementary teaching resources when asked by the user. Work studies the impact
digital assistants have on children, as these are adapting the language style of the software when
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“Eliza” which is rebuking the impolite requests. The experiments show that children prefer the
human to human interaction in their different activities. An interesting project where VAs have
been successfully used is Cyrus an application which allows test database adaption, without
being limited to a specific set of keywords or natural language sentence structures. This project
has two main modes: the tutor mode allows students via VA to choose an example database,
accepts voice queries in natural English, and maps the query to SQL. In assessment mode, the
application shows only the test queries in English and the difficulty level which was chosen by
the student to transcribe in SQL. In the described prototype of the paper, the focus was to support
a sufficient number of SQL query classes for an entry level database class and to allow multiple
natural language renditions of the queries to support variability and personalization.
Addressing the Security in Voice Assistants

Giving the open nature of voice assistants, one of the issues to be addressed is that of security
threats Authors of present two-proof of concept attacks, namely fake order and home burglary.
The study shows that VAs should have further authentication mechanisms, as well as additional
sensors in order to correctly interpret the environment. Work in proposes a solution for
increasing the reliability of interacting with different VAs by using intelligent agents, while Ref.
offers a solution for continuous authentication based on the recognition of owner’s voice. The
false positive rate is less than 0.1%, while this system is capable of detecting impersonation
attacks, replay attacks, and mangled voice attacks.
Voice Assistants for Entertaining Activities

Virtual Assistants are used for entertaining purposes as highlighted in where these devices are
integrated into an Android application in order to control multimedia applications. presented a
case study of using VAs for building a driving assistant companion. This advanced driver-
assistance system is offering drivers different information by predicting upcoming events on the
road based on the data received from range finding sensors.
Voice Assistants Helping the COVID-19 Crisis
Facing the worldwide COVID-19 crisis, the validity of VAs being applied in different scenarios has
been tested, but also questioned. These days, the emergency facilities are many times contaminated
by the deadly virus. The humanity is facing an unseen deadly enemy. Every technological device
that could be used is a valuable asset in preventing the contamination with the virus.

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exam questions, triaging, screening, receiving questions for providers,

and offering basic medication guidelines Such implementations would decrease dependency on
providers for routine tasks, but also reduce the impact of delayed care. concluded that different
VAs showed disconnection with public health authorities, while the information presented by the
VAs is many times not up-to-date and not reliable. This is why there is a need to improve the
features of VAs, but also the coordination between the stakeholders in terms of requirements and
necessities. The state-of-the-art scientific literature review shows a somehow different situation
in terms of other COVID-19 affected areas. an interesting case of integrating voice assistants
into a Moodle-based Learning Management System. The students were divided into two groups,
the first group participated in the online activities without any VAsupport, while the second one
faced the interaction of VAs. It is interesting to note that greater satisfaction was found in the
group in which VAs have been applied, but no better results were found in the group that used
the voice assistants.
Compared to the different approaches highlighted from the state-of-the-art literature, our smart
office implementation is based on an Amazon Alexa voice assistant. In the tasks are being
recognized with the help of a smartphone, which could be an alternative to our approach.
However, the scientific trend around VAs demonstrates that different scenarios are taken into
consideration to analyze the areas where these devices could be successfully used, but also which
are the points where further research and development is still needed. Our decision for using
VAs is based on this motivation. The main difference between the research results in and our
proposal is that the light in our system is controlled via the VA and not based on the occupant
seat. An improved smart office concept could include both methods. However, the novelty of
our proposal is that a prototype of the integration is being constructed and tangible results of this
are further obtained. This is the reason for which key points of future research are identified.
Compared to the medical applications where VAs were used in the presented scenarios, before
COVID-19
crisis and during it, we are facing similar results when dealing with complex scenarios, namely
the tasks to be completed. Our research encourages further developments into this topic,
especially when the testing conditions are not lacking noise or the spoken language is not native.
The satisfaction of the user is proportional to the degree that the VA is able to complete the task,
this being a result of our research,.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

The system described in this paper enhances a smart office with Voice Assistants, especially in
the domain of project management tools interaction. The research steps our approach
implemented are as follows:
Building the system architecture of the prototype for including the VA into a smart office
environment, in order to support employees in their daily activities, like ambient control,
attendance system and reporting, but also interacting with project management services used for
planning, issue tracking, and reporting.
Construction of the prototype by physically integrating the required devices and software
implementation .Implementation of the Alexa skills for the interaction of the user with the
prototype; these skills are: Jira skill, Ambient control skill, and Office skill.Performing usability
evaluation Performing an initial survey for the users Analyzing the data in the initial survey User
interaction with the prototype, based on a set of experimental test cases Performing a feedback
survey for the users
Analyzing the data in the second survey Validation of the results from the last question in the
feedback survey with respect to the results of the first question in the feedback survey, by using
sentiment analysis Obtaining the polarity results of the users’ opinions.Analysis of the scores
obtained at point 4 by using a task completion factor Calculate and analyze the Kappa coefficient
Identify and discuss possible causes for the scores at previous points

Identify and discuss new scientific insights to benefit researchers with further work of similar
features .Being compatible with one of the most recognized cloud-based services on the market,
bridges the communication gap between different applications and processes, and removes many
tricky aspects that usually follows wireless connectivity and communication.

Using Alexa is as simple as asking a question — just ask, and Alexa will respond instantly.
Integrating Arduino with Alexa is as quick and easy as these four simple steps:

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Link your Arduino Create account with Alexa.

1. Once linked, go to the device tab in the Alexa app and start searching for devices.

2. The properties you created in the Arduino IoT Cloud now appear as devices!
Boom — you can now start voice controlling your Arduino project with Alexa!
IoT – secure connections
The launch of the Arduino IoT Cloud and Alexa integration brings easy cross platform
communication, customizable user interfaces and reduced complexity when it comes to
programming. These features will allow many different types of users to benefit from this
service, where they can create anything from voice controlled light dimmers to plant waterers.
While creating IoT applications is a lot of fun, one of the main concerns regarding IoT is data
security.

Arduino IoT Cloud was designed to have security as a priority, so our compatible boards come
with an ECC508 crypto chip, ensuring that your data and connections remain secure and private
to the highest standard.The latest update to the Arduino IoT Cloud enables users with a Create
Maker Plan subscription to use devices based on the popular ESP8266, such as NodeMCU and
ESPduino. While these devices do not implement a crypto chip, the data transferred over SSL is
still encrypted.Getting started with this integration

In order to get started with Alexa, you need to go through a few simple steps to make things
work smoothly:Setting up your Arduino IoT Cloud workspace with your Arduino Create
account Getting an IoT Cloud compatible board Installing the Arduino Alexa skill

Setting up the Arduino IoT Cloud workspace

Getting started with the Arduino IoT Cloud is fast and easy, and by following this tutorial you
will get a detailed run through of the different functionalities and try out some of the examples!
Please note, you will need an Arduino Create account in order to use the Arduino IoT Cloud and
a compatible board.Getting an IoT Cloud compatible board
The Arduino IoT Cloud currently supports the following Arduino boards: MKR 1000, MKR

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The following properties in the Arduino IoT Cloud can currently be used with Alexa:
Light
Dimmable light
Colored light
Smart plug
Smart switch
Contact sensor
Temperature sensor
Motion sensor

Fig 3.1:Secure connections

Any of these properties can be created in the Arduino IoT Cloud platform. A sketch will be
generated automatically to read and set these properties.

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Installing the Arduino Alexa skill

To install the Arduino Alexa skill, you will need to have an Amazon account and download the
latest version of the Alexa app on a smartphone or tablet, or use the Amazon Web application.
You can find the link to the Amazon Alexa app here. Once we are successfully logged into the
app, it is time to make the magic happen.

To integrate Alexa and Arduino IoT Cloud, you need to add the Arduino skill. Then link your
Arduino Create account with Alexa. Once linked, select the device tab in the Alexa app and start
discovering devices.
The smart home properties already in existence in the Arduino IoT Cloud now appear as devices,
and you can start controlling them with the Alexa app or your voice!

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig 3.2: block diagram

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CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
HARDWARE COMPONENTS:
⚫ ESP8266 Module
⚫ 4 Channel Relay Module
⚫ 3 Watt LED
⚫ CD Motor
⚫ 5Volts Power Adapter
⚫ Jumper Wires

ESP8266 Module
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip, with built-in TCP/IP networking software,
and microcontroller capability, produced by Espressif Systems[1] in Shanghai, China.
The chip was popularized in the English-speaking maker community in August 2014 via the ESP-
01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer Ai-Thinker. This small module allows
microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-
style commands. However, at first, there was almost no English-language documentation on the chip
and the commands it accepted.[2] The very low price and the fact that there were very few external
components on the module, which suggested that it could eventually be very inexpensive in volume,
attracted many hackers to explore the module, the chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate
the Chinese documentation.[3]
The ESP8285 is a similar chip with a built-in 1 MiB flash memory, allowing the design of single-
chip devices capable of connecting via Wi-Fi.[4]
These microcontroller chips have been succeeded by the ESP32 family of devices.

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The NodeMCU (Node MicroController Unit) is an open-source software and hardware development
environment built around an inexpensive System-on-a-Chip (SoC) called the ESP8266. The
ESP8266, designed and manufactured by Espressif Systems, contains the crucial elements of a
computer: CPU, RAM, networking (WiFi), and even a modern operating system and SDK. That
makes it an excellent choice for Internet of Things (IoT) projects of all kinds.

However, as a chip, the ESP8266 is also hard to access and use. You must solder wires, with the
appropriate analog voltage, to its pins for the simplest tasks such as powering it on or sending a
keystroke to the “computer” on the chip. You also have to program it in low-level machine
instructions that can be interpreted by the chip hardware. This level of integration is not a problem
using the ESP8266 as an embedded controller chip in mass-produced electronics. It is a huge burden
for hobbyists, hackers, or students who want to experiment with it in their own IoT projects.

But, what about Arduino? The Arduino project created an open-source hardware design and software
SDK for their versatile IoT controller. Similar to NodeMCU, the Arduino hardware is a
microcontroller board with a USB connector, LED lights, and standard data pins. It also defines
standard interfaces to interact with sensors or other boards. But unlike NodeMCU, the Arduino
board can have different types of CPU chips (typically an ARM or Intel x86 chip) with memory
chips, and a variety of programming environments. There is an Arduino reference design for the
ESP8266 chip as well. However, the flexibility of Arduino also means significant variations across
different vendors. For example, most Arduino boards do not have WiFi capabilities, and some even
have a serial data port instead of a USB port.

Fig 4.1:ESP8266 Module

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4 Channel Relay Module

This is a 5V 4-channel relay interface board, and each channel needs a 15-20mA driver current.
It can be used to control various appliances and equipment with large current. It is equiped with
high-current relays that work under AC250V 10A or DC30V 10A. It has a standard interface that
can be controlled directly by microcontroller.

Principle

From the picture below, you can see that when the signal port is at low level, the signal light will
light up and the optocoupler 817c (it transforms electrical signals by light and can isolate input
and output electrical signals) will conduct, and then the transistor will conduct, the relay coil will
be electrified, and the normally open contact of the relay will be closed. When the signal port is
at high level, the normally closed contact of the relay will be closed. So you can connect and
disconnect the load by controlling the level of the control signal port.

Fig 4.2: 4 channel Relay Module

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Features：

Size: 75mm (Length) * 55mm (Width) * 19.3mm (Height)

Weight: 61g

PCB Color: Blue

There are four fixed screw holes at each corner of the board, easy for install and fix. The
diameter of the hole is 3.1mm High quality Songle relay is used with single pole double throw, a
common terminal, a normally open terminal, and a normally closed terminalOptical coupling
isolation, good anti-interference.Closed at low level with indicator on, released at high level with
indicator off VCC is system power source, and JD_VCC is relay power source. Ship 5V relay by
default. Plug jumper cap to use The maximum output of the relay: DC 30V/10A, AC 250V/10A

LED:
With an RGB LED you can produce almost any color. How is this possible with just one single
LED? In this article you’ll learn:

How RGB LEDs work

Control an RGB LED with an Arduino

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How do RGB LEDs work?

An RGB LED is a combination of 3 LEDs in just one package:

1x Red LED
1x Green LED
1x Blue LED
You can produce almost any color by combining those three colors. An RGB LED is shown in
the following
figure:

Fig 4.3:LED

How to create different colors?

With an RGB LED you can, of course, produce red, green, and blue light, and by configuring the
intensity of each LED, you can produce other colors as well.

For example, to produce purely blue light, you’d set the blue LED to the highest intensity and
the green andred LEDs to the lowest intensity. For a white light, you’d set all three LEDs to the
highest intensity.

Mixing colorsTo produce other colors, you can combine the three colors in different intensities.
To adjust the intensity ofeach LED you can use a PWM signal.

Because the LEDs are very close to each other, our eyes see the result of the combination of
colors, rather than the three colors individually.

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To have an idea on how to combine the colors, take a look at the following chart. This is the
simplest color mixing chart, but gives you an idea how it works and how to produce different
colors.

Common Anode and Common Cathode RGB LEDs

There are two kinds of RGB LEDs: common anode LED and common cathode LED. The figure
below illustrates a common anode and a common cathode LED.

Fig 4.4:LED connection

In a common cathode RGB LED, all three LEDs share a negative connection (cathode). In a
common anode RGB LED, the three LEDs share a positive connection (anode).

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This results in an LED that has 4 pins, one for each LED, and one common cathode or one
common anode.
RGB LED Pins

RGB LEDs have four leads—one for each LED and another for the common anode or cathode.

You can identify each lead by its length, as shown in the following figure.

Fig 4.5 LED

With the LED facing you so the anode or cathode (the longest lead) is second from the left, the
leads should be in the following order: red, anode or cathode, green, and blue. Distinguish
between RGB LED common anode and common cathode.
The best way to distinguish between a common cathode and common anode RGB LEDs is using
a multimeter.
Put you multimeter is in continuity mode.

Place the red multimeter tip on the longest LED lead. Then, place the black tip on one of the
other leads.
If the LED lights up, this means you have a common anode LED.

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Fig 4.6:Common anode

So, to distinguish between common cathode and common anode RGB LEDs: Use a multimeter
in continuity mode.
If the LED lights up with the red tip on the longest lead and the black on one of the other leads –
you have a common anode RGB LED.
If the LED lights up with the black tip on the longest lead and the red tip on one of the other
leads – you have a common cathode RGB LED.
Control an RGB LED with the Arduino

In this example, we show you how to control the color of an RGB LED using an Arduino.

The project we’ll build uses three potentiometers to control the light intensity of each pin (LED)
of the RGB LED to produce any color you want

Fig 4.7:Glowing LED

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DC MOTOR

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and
electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's
shaft. An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates with a
reversed flow of power, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy

Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, or
rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power grid, inverters or electrical
generators.

Electric motors may be classified by considerations such as power source type, construction,
application and type of motion output. They can be powered by AC or DC, be brushed or
brushless, single-phase, two-phase, or three-phase, axial or radial flux, and may be air-cooled or
liquid-cooled.Standardized motors provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The
largest are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with
output exceeding 100 megawatts.Applications include industrial fans, blowers and pumps,
machine tools, household appliances, power tools, vehicles, and disk drives. Small motors may
be found in electric watches. In certain applications, such as in regenerative braking with traction
motors, electric motors can be used in reverse as generators to recover energy that might
otherwise be lost as heat and friction.

Electric motors produce linear or rotary force (torque) intended to propel some external
mechanism, such as a fan or an elevator. An electric motor is generally designed for continuous
rotation, or for linear movement over a significant distance compared to its size. Magnetic
solenoids are also transducers that convert electrical power to mechanical motion, but can
produce motion over only a limited distance.

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JUMPER WIRES:

A jumper wire is an electric wire that connects remote electric circuits used for printed circuit
boards. By attaching a jumper wire on the circuit, it can be short-circuited and short-cut (jump) to
the electric circuit.

Fig 4.8: Jumper Wires

By placing the jumper wire on the circuit, it becomes possible to control the electricity, stop
the operation of the circuit, and operate a circuit that does not operate with ordinary wiring.
Also, when specification change or design change is necessary on the printed circuit board,
reinforcement of the defective part, partial stop of the unnecessary function, and change of
the circuit configuration of the unnecessary output part by attaching or detaching the
jumper wire can do.SHOWA jumper wire (NSL: New Showa Lead) is a lead-free tin-
plated annealed copper wire. Tin plating is tin: 99.2%, copper: 0.8%.

In general, it is said that hot plating is difficult to control the plating thickness compared with
electroplating, but wecontrol the plating thickness by the original processing method.It also
supports various environmental surveys such as RoHS Directive and REACH.

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CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

5.1 ARDUINO:

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something
online. You canf tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller
on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based onWiring), and the
Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great
help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping,
aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a
wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges,
differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D
printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source,
empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs.
The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.

5.1.1 Why Arduino?

Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been used in thousands of
different projects and applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet
prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and to experiment with new musical
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Makers, of course, use it to build many of the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example.
Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programme can start
tinkering just following the step by step instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other
members of the Arduino community.

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical
computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others
offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller programming and
wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with
microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over
other systems:

• Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller

platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and
even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
• Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
• Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's
conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students learning to
program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
• Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open source tools,
available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through
C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from
Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-
C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
• Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are published under a
Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version .

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5.2 ARDUINO UNO:

The most common version of Arduino is the Arduino Uno. This board is what most people are talking
about when they refer to an Arduino. In the next step, there is a more complete rundown.
Arduino NG, Diecimila, and the Duemilanove (Legacy Versions)

Legacy versions of the Arduino Uno product line consist of the NG, Diecimila, and the Duemilanove.
The important thing to note about legacy boards is that they lack particular feature of the Arduino
Uno. Some key differences:
• The Diecimila and NG use an ATMEGA168 chips (as opposed to the more powerful
ATMEGA328)
• Both the Diecimila and NG have a jumper next to the USB port and require manual selection
of either USB or battery power.
• The Arduino NG requires that you hold the rest button on the board for a few seconds prior to
uploading a program.
5.3 ARDUINOATEMGA2560:

The Mega is the second most commonly encountered version of the Arduino family. The Arduino
Mega is like the Arduino Uno's beefier older brother. It boasts 256 KB of memory (8 times more than
the Uno). It also had 54 input and output pins, 16 of which are analog pins, and 14 of which can do
PWM. However, all of the added functionality comes at the cost of a slightly larger circuit board. It
may make your project more powerful, but it will also make your project larger. Check out the official
Arduino Mega 2560 page for more details.

5.4 ARDUINOMEGAADK:

This specialized version of the Arduino is basically an Arduino Mega that has been specifically
designed for interfacing with Android smartphones.

5.5 ARDUINOLILYPAD:
The Lily Pad was designed for wearable and e-textile applications. It is intended to be sewn
the use of a special FTDI-USB TTL serial programming cable. For more information,
the Arduino LilyPad page is a decent starting point.

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Some people think of the entire Arduino board as a microcontroller, but this is inaccurate.
The Arduino board actually is a specially designed circuit board for programming and
prototyping. The nice thing about the Arduino board is that it is relatively cheap, plugs
straight into a computer's USB port, and it is dead-simple to setup and use (compared to other
development boards).
• An open source design. The advantage of it being open source is that it has a large
community of people using and troubleshooting it. This makes it easy to find someone to
debug in projects.
• An easy USB interface.The chip on the board plugs straight into your USB port and registers
on your computer as a virtual serial port. This allows you to interface with it as through it
were a serial device. The benefit of this setup is that serial communication is an extremely
easy (and time-tested) protocol, and USB makes connecting it to modern computers.
• Very convenient power management and built-in voltage regulation. You can connect an
external power source of up to 12v and it will regulate it to both 5v and 3.3v. It also can be
powered directly off of a USB port without any external power.
• An easy-to-find, and dirt cheap, microcontroller "brain." The ATmega328 chip retails for
about $2.88 on Digikey. It has countless number of nice hardware features like timers,
PWM pins, external and internal interrupts, and multiple sleep modes. Check out the
official datasheet for more details.
• A 16mhz clock. This makes it not the speediest microcontroller around, but fast enough or
most applications.
• 32 KB of flash memory for storing your code.

• 13 digital pins and 6 analog pins. These pins allow you to connect external hardware to
your Arduino. These pins are key for extending the computing capability of the Arduino
into the real world. Simply plug your devices and sensors into the sockets that correspond
An ICSP connector for bypassing the USB port and interfacing the Arduino directly as a
serial device. This port is necessary to re- bootload your chip if it corrupts and can no
longer talk to your computer.
• An on-board LED attached to digital pin 13 for fast an easy debugging of code.
• And last, but not least, a button to reset the program on the chip.

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CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION:

The hardware requirements are- one Raspberry Pi computer, one 5V relay with multiple
channels, multiple female to female jumper cables, one external power adapter and any home
device or appliance (Here, a string light is used). Figure 5.1 shows the hardware setup.

The output of the relay will be connected to the string lights. The GPIO pins on relay will be
connected to Raspberry Pi pins. This is how the Raspberry Pi will be able to send commands to
relay to close or open the connection to the string lights which will turn it 17 ON/OFF.

Software Implementation:
The first step to get started is to install the operating system Raspbian in a Raspberry Pi
computer. Raspbian is a Debian-based computer operating system for Raspberry Pi. There are
several versions of Raspbian including Raspbian Stretch and Raspbian Jessie. Since 2015 it has
been officially provided by the Raspberry Pi Foundation as the primary operating system for the
family of Raspberry Pi single-board computers. Raspbian uses PIXEL, Pi Improved Xwindows
Environment, Lightweight as its main desktop environment as of the latest update. It is
composed of a modified LXDE desktop 18 environment and the Openbox stacking window
manager with a new theme and few other changes. Raspbian is a free operating system based on
Debian, optimised for the Raspberry Pi hardware. Raspbian comes with over 35,000 packages:
precompiled software bundled in a nice format for easy installation on Raspberry Pi. Next step is
to install the Apache Web Server on Raspberry Pi which will allow it to serve web pages. On its
own, Apache can serve HTML files over HTTP, and with additional modules can serve dynamic
web pages using scripting languages such as PHP. So, the PHP library is installed through the
Apache.
Now it’s time to create the PHP file which will be the front end and it will show all the buttons
which will turn home appliances and devices ON/OFF on clicking. Each button on the file will
send commands to the relay and then from the relay these commands will be sent to the GPIO
pins on. To control the GPIO pins through PHP file, WiringPi is installed. WiringPi is a PIN
based GPIO access library written in C for the BCM2835, BCM2836 and BCM2837 SoC
devices used in all versions. It’s released under the GNULGPLv3 license and is usable from C,
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C++ and RTB (BASIC) as well as many other languages with suitable wrappers (See below) It’s
designed to be familiar to people who have used the Arduino “wiring” system. WiringPi includes
a command-line utility gpio which can be used to program and setup the GPIO pins. You can use
this to read and write the pins and even use it to control them from shell scripts buttons WiringPi
is extendable and modules are provided to extend wiringPi to use analog interface devices on the
Gertboard, and to use the popular MCP23x17/MCP23x08 (I2C 7 SPI) GPIO expansion chips, as
well as module that will allow blocks of up to 4 74×595shift registers to be daisy-chained
together for an additional 32-bits worth of output as a single unit. (You can have several blocks
of 4 74x595s if needed) One of the extension modules allows you to use an ATmega (e.g.
Arduino, or the Gertboard) as more GPIO expansion too – via the Pi’s serial port. WiringPi
supports analog reading and writing, and while there is no native analog hardware on a Pi by
default, modules are provided to support the Gertboards analog chips and other A/D and D/A
devices can be implemented relatively easily. The next step is to create the Python script on
Raspberry Pi in order to work the home appliances. This is where we define the channel which
will control the output of the relay 20 to the GPIO Pins. The script mainly has two functions each
for sending the command to turn the device ON and OFF. When all of these steps are done, the
device operates completely fine and can be used to operate any home appliance (once connected
to the relay) through the web browser of any personal or mobile computing device.

Accessing the device through iOS Home app:

Apple launched its Home app with iOS 10 in 2016. It serves as a centralized hub for managing
Apple HomeKit-enabled accessories. HomeKit is a software framework by Apple that lets users set
up their iPhone or other Apple device to configure, communicate with, and control smart-home
appliances. By designing rooms, items, and actions in the HomeKit service, users can enable
automatic actions in the house through a simple voice dictation to Siri or through apps. HomeKit
was first released with iOS 8 in September 2014. HomeKit support is not available in macOS, but it
is available on all their other devices, including through Siri. Manufacturers of HomeKit-enabled
devices were required to have a MFi Program, and all HomeKit products were required to have an
encryption co-processor. Equipment manufactured without HomeKit support can be enabled for use
through a "gateway" product, such as a hub that connects between those devices and the HomeKit
service. Many HomeKit-enabled smart accessories have their own separate apps, but the advantage
of using the Home app is that you can access and control all of them from one centralised location.

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With the new Home app in iOS 10, it’s easy to set up and manage all your HomeKitenabled smart
accessories. The app features integration with Control Center, 3D Touch quick actions, and of
course, support for Siri. The app's settings are also synced through Apple's iCloud storage service,
so any iCloudenabled Apple device - whether that be an iPhone or iPad - can be used to control
your Home. With this project, I am going to connect normal products like, a basic string light,
which is not at all a smart device, to the apple HomeKit and will control it through the Home app.

Hardware Implementation:
The hardware requirements and implementation for this part are almost similar to the previous part.
We require one Raspberry Pi computer, one 5V relay with multiple channels, multiple female to
female jumper cables, one external power adapter and any home device or appliance (Here, a string
light is used). Apart from that we need an iOS device having iOS 10 or later. The output of the relay
will be connected to the string lights. The GPIO pins on relay will be connected to Raspberry Pi
pins. This is how the Raspberry Pi will be able to send commands to relay to close or open the
connection to the string lights which will turn it ON/OFF.

Software Implementation:
First step is to install and run Homebridge on Raspberry Pi. Homebridge is a NodeJS server that acts
as a HomeKit-enabled bridge, linking up non-HomeKit-enabled products to your HomeKit setup.
Once you've set up a Homebridge server, you can download 22 Figure 5.4 - Flow chart showing
hardware setup plugins for non-HomeKit-enabled devices in order to access them with the iOS
Home app and control them using your voice with Siri. Next step is to install and run the
HAPNodeJS(HomeKit) on Raspberry Pi. HAP-NodeJS is a NodeJS application which is installed to
form a bridge between HomeKit requests and the Wi-Fi devices. Next step is to make the software
setup for Siri/HomeKit lights. We already have a Raspberry Pi with WiFi and HAP-NodeJS fully
setup from the previous section. The channel relay with jumper cables is also already working and
setup. Now we need to download the Setup Light Script in the HomeKit directory. Then we need to
make a python directory and download and install all the python accessories and files for the
HomeKit. By doing this, we will get a Light Accessory file and a Python Directory at the root of
HAP-NodeJS. We will then create two python files named light0.py and light1.py. Now we need to
go into the Accessories folder in HAP-NodeJS directory which contains a light accessory file.

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Then we need to make some changes in this file. We need to change 23 the display name of the
device which is working as an accessory (String Lights). Then we need to change the user name of
that accessory. We can also change several values related to our particular accessory according to
our wish. The coding related to the power state of accessories is already done in the file. It consists
of two functions one for switching ON the lights and another that switches OFF the light. Next step
is to install Forever on Raspberry Pi which is a node module and start it. Then we need to start the
Apple Home BridgeCore file at the HAP-NodeJS root directory. Once started, we just need to go to
the apple Home app and the device (String Lights) will have been added there as an accessory and
now we can start controlling this accessory. A screenshot of the Home app with String Lights as
accessory

Hardware Implementation:
The hardware requirements and implementation for this part are almost similar to the previous part.
We require one Raspberry Pi computer, one 5V relay with multiple channels, multiple female to
female jumper cables, one external power adapter and any home device or appliance (Here, a string
light is used). Apart from that, we need an Android device. The output of the relay will be
connected to the string lights. The GPIO pins on relay will be connected to Raspberry Pi pins. This
is how the Raspberry Pi will be able to send commands to relay to close or open the connection to
the string lights which will turn it ON/OFF.

Software Implementation:
The system consists of a micro web - server based on Raspberry Pi, hardware interface modules and
the Android compatible Smart phone. This system allows authorized home owners to remotely
control and monitor connected devices at home using any Wi-Fi or 3G/4G enabled Smart phone
which supports Java. The smart phone app provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for accessing
and controlling the devices at home through server real IP. Upon starting the HomePi app, the user
needs to select a particular room and on selecting room the user finds a screen showing several
buttons. Each button is connected to a device which can be turned ON/OFF by clicking on that
button. The interface is simple to use, user can simply touch on the icon to turn on/off the
appliances.

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OUTCOME:
5V power supplies (or 5VDC power supplies) are one of the most common power supplies in today.
In general, a 5VDC output is obtained from a 50VAC or 240VAC input using a of transformers,
diodes and transistors. 5V power supplies can be of two types: 5V regulated power supplies, and 5V
unregulated power supplies.5V regulated power supplies come in three styles:

Switching regulated AC to DC, Linear regulated AC to DC, and Switching regulated DC to DC.
Switching regulated 5VDC power supplies, sometimes referred to as SMPS power supplies,
switchers, or switched mode power supplies, regulate the 5VDC output voltage using a complex
high frequency switching technique that employs pulse width modulation and feedback. Acopian
switching regulated power supplies also employ extensive EMI filtering and shielding to attenuate
both common and differential mode noise conducted to the line and load. Galvanic isolation is
standard in our 5VDC switchers, affording our users input to output and output to ground isolation
for maximum versatility. Acopian switching regulated power supplies are highly efficient, small
and lightweight, and are available in both AC-DC single and wide-adjust output and DC-DC
configurations. Our Low Profile wide adjust output switchers can be voltage or current regulated
and are externally programmable.

Linear regulated 5VDC power supplies regulate the output using a dissipative regulating circuit.
They are extremely stable, have very low ripple, and have no switching frequencies to produce
EMI. Galvanic isolation is standard in our 5VDC linears, affording our users input to output and
output to ground isolation for maximum versatility. Acopian linear regulated power supplies are
available AC to DC single and wide adjust outputs.

Unregulated 5VDC power supplies are basic power supplies with an AC input and an unregulated
5VDC output. The output voltage changes with the input voltage and load. These power supplies
are inexpensive and extremely reliable.

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 Cloud Amazon Alexa using Arduino

Fig 6.1 Connections of hardware

RESULT
The experimental model was made according to the circuit diagram and the results were as
expected. The home appliances could be remotely switched over Wi-Fi network. Both the switch
mode and the voice mode control methodologies were successfully achieved. The Blynk
application was also successful in displaying the status of every application.

➢ LIMITATIONS
Android devices having lower API version than 16 requires internet access to convert the speech
data to string data. Currently, the application is made for Android Smart Phones; other OS
platform doesn’t support our application. During voice mode, external noises (voice) may affect
our result. The speech instruction that we command in our voice mode may not give exact result as
expected. There hence lies an ambiguity in result.

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 Cloud Amazon Alexa using Arduino
CHAPTER 7

FURTHER ENHANCEMENT AND FUTURE SCOPE

Looking at the current situation we can build cross platform system that can be deployed on
various platforms like iOS, Windows. Limitation to control only several devices can be removed by
extending automation of all other home appliances. The prototype can include sensors to implement
automatic control of the home appliances like; an LDR that can sense daylight and switch lamp
accordingly, a PIR to detect motion and be used for security purposes making an alarm buzz, or a
DHT11 sensor that’s senses ambient temperature and humidity of atmosphere and switch fan/air
conditioner accordingly. Scope of this project can be expanded to many areas by not restricting to
only home, but to small offices .

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CONCLUSION

It is evident from this project work that an individual control home automation system can be
cheaply made from low-cost locally available components and can be used to control multifarious
home appliances ranging from the security lamps, the television to the air conditioning system and
even the entire house lighting system. And better still, the components required are so small and few
that they can be packaged into a small inconspicuous container. The designed home automation
system was tested a number of times and certified to control different home appliances used in the
lighting system, air conditioning system, home entertainment system and many more . Hence, this
system is scalable and flexible

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REFERENCES:

1. “Smart Energy Efficient Home Automation System using IOT”, by Satyendra K. Vishwakarma,
Prashant Upadhyaya, Babita Kumari, Arun Kumar Mishra.
2. “IOT Based Smart Security and Home Automation”, by Shardha Somani, Parikshit Solunke,
Shaunak Oke, Parth Medhi, Prof. P. P. Laturkar.
3. “A Dynamic Distributed Energy Management Algorithm of Home Sensor Network for Home
Automation System”, by Tui-Yi Yang, Chu-Sing Yang, Tien-Wen Sung; in 2016 Third International
Conference on Computing Measurement Control and Sensor Network.
4. “Enhance Smart Home Automation System based on Internet of Things”, by Tushar Churasia and
Prashant Kumar Jain; in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in
Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC 2019) IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP19OSVART;
ISBN:978-1-7281-4365-1
5. “Visual Machine Intelligence for Home Automation”, by Suraj, Ish Kool, Dharmendra Kumar,
Shovan Barman.
6. “A Low Cost Home Automation System Using Wi-Fi based Wireless Sensor Network
Incorporating internet of Things”, by Vikram.N, Harish.K.S, Nihaal.M.S, Raksha Umesh, Shetty
Aashik Ashok Kumar; in 2017 IEEE 7th International Advance Computing Conference.
7. “Voice Controlled Home Automation System using Natural Language Processing and Internet of
Things”, by Mrs. Paul Jasmin Rani, Jason Bakthakumar, Praveen Kumaar.B, Praveen Kumaar.U,
Santhosh Kumar; in 2017 Third International Conference on Science Technology Engineering &
Management (ICONSTEM)
8. Wikipedia(2009). HomeAutomation. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation
9. Theory of IOT from :https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-Things-
IoT 10. About Node MCU from: https://lastminuteengineers.com/esp8266-nodemcu-arduino-tutorial/

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