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/ 56
HINDU TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE AS THE
BASE FOR RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE IN
KERALA CONTEXT
Submitted by
ACHUTH.H
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture
Holy Crescent College of Architecture
Mahatma Gandhi University
Kottayam
2017 Holy Crescent College of Architecture, S.Vazhakulam, Alw
CERTIFICATE
‘This is to certify that the dissertation work titled “Hlindu temple architecture as
base for religious architecture in Kerala” is a bonatide work of AchuthH,
under my guidance, submitted as Semester VII & VIII subject for the award of
“Degree of Bachelor in Architecture” during the term of 2013 to 2018 through
Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam
Ar. Neetha Mohan.C
Dean Holy Crescent College of Architecture, $.Vazhakulam, Alwaye
DECLARATION
1, Achuth IT, hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “Hindu temple architecture as base
for religious architecture in Kerala” ix the outcome of my own research study undertaken
under the guidance of Ar. Neetha Mohan.C, Professor at Holy Crescent College of Architecture,
Cochin. It has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, or
certificate of this Institute or of any other institute or university. [have duly acknowledged all the
sources used by me in the preparation of this dissertation.
Achuth.H
Date: 28-04-2017
Place: Vazhakulam ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I express my sincere gratitude to my guide Prof, ArNeetha Mohan and our
dissertation coordinator Vishnu Prakash, Holy-Crescent College of Architecture,
South-Vazhakulam, whose valuable support and guidance helped to make this
dissertation a success,
T would also use this opportunity to express my thanks to all our faculty members
of Holy-Crescent College of Architecture, for their valuable inputs towards this
Dissertation.
1 would also like to express my gratitude towards Ar.Vivek.Vashista, Ar Manoj
‘Madhu and AcJnesh.V.Archary for helping me with theie valuable support thought
out the process of dissertation.
I take this opportunity to extend my thanks to Travencore Dewasom Board
Director and his office for providing me with all the data required for completing
this dissertation,
Tam also thankful to all my friends and classmates who helped me in all stages of
my dissertation
Tam also thankful to my father, mother and all my family members and to the
God almighty for the blessings. ABSTRACT
Kerala is a state located in the southern part of India on the Malabar Coast. It has a population
more than 33 billion people and has a spread around 15005 sq. m Jt is a peninsular region
sharing its boundaries with ‘Tamil Nadu and Karnataka on Kast and North respectively. Kerala is,
divided into 14 districts with its capital at Trivandrum. Some of the major cities in Kerala include
Kochi, Trivandrum, and Kozhikode,
Before independence, Kerala was ruled by princely States of Travancore, Venad(also known as
Kochi) and Malabar, under the British Empire
Kerala is with its 94% literacy rate is one of the most advanced society of India. The official
language of Kerala is Malayalam, but there are other prominent languages such as English, Tamil,
and Hindi
With the Arabian Sea in the west, the Western Ghats bordering in the east, Kerala experiences
tunique geographical features. A long shoreline with serene beaches, stretches of backwaters,
networks of rivers, Lush hill station, exotic wildlife, Waterfalls, Sprawling plantation and paddy
fields, Enchanting art forms, Historic and cultural monuments, all of which offer 2 unique
experience.
‘The Azchitecture of Kerala is unique It is in conteast to Dravidian architecture which is normally
seen in other parts of South India. ‘The architecture of Kerala is influenced from Vastu Shastra,
‘The, Thachu-Shastea, Manushyalaya-Chandrika ete. are the architeetueal sciences that ha
strong impact in Kerala Architectural style
‘The Style has been derived from Kerala's climate and historic influences of traders ke Chinese,
Arabs and Europeans.
Kerala is an abode of religious places of Hindu, Christian and Muslim faiths. A large number of
Hindu temples in Kerala sre managed by Devaswom Boards. Exquisite seulpture, wood work,
‘murals, ete., of temples, mosques and churches bring in a large number of tourists. Both
Christianity and Islam came to Kerala long before they were introduced in other parts of India
Unique architectural patter of the temples, mosques ete. attract large number of people to the
state every year.
{+ } LIST OF TABLES
‘Table 1: Different Elements related to temple complex...
‘Table 2: Different Hlements related to Church comple 30
‘Table 3: Comparison between different features of different religious spaces. 38 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: METHODOLOGY-STUDY PROC!
Figure 2 ; Example for Miele Phase ‘Temple
Figure 3: Entry Gopura to Peruvanam Shiva Temple...
6
Figure 3 : Image depicting Three-storied structure
Figure 4: Model of a Temple Complex “Tirukulashekarapuram, 6
Figure 5 : Main Entry towards the temple Complex,
Figure 6 : Back side entry to the second level of temple complex
Figure 7 : Paintings seen on the columns
Figure 8 :Annakoutil of the Temple...
Figure 9 : Main Sree-kovil Complex (in elevated platiorm)
Figure 10 : Circumambulatory Space around the temple. 8
igure 11 : Layout of the temple.
Figure 12 : Back side Entrance to temple Complex
Figure 13: Main Entrance of the Temple Comples. 9
Figure 14 : Other Minor Deities Around the temple complex
Figure 15 :"The Mathrushala of the ‘Temple
Figure 16 : Universal Design Steps and Ramps) 0
Figure 17 : General Temple complex.
Figure 18 : Aalthara as seen within ‘Temple Complex...
Figure 19 : General plan of Mosques.
Figure 20 : Essential features of a basic Mosque Steucture
Figure 21: Tharathangadi temple Mosque, Kottayam
Figure 22: Talli Shiva ‘Temple Gopura , Kozhikode.
Figure 23 : ‘The Kannur Mosque symbolizes the slow transit from Kerala style to Persian style
with additions of Minaret
Figure 24 : The Cheraman Mosque, originally built in Kerala style, which was renovated recently
to give Arabic touch.. 5
Figure 25: P:
saya surianni Palli Chenganoor.
Figure 26 : General Church layout, West Facing Entrance 28
Figure 27 : General Church layout, South Facing Entrance.
Figure 28: A Syrian Church with a mixture of East Syrian and Kerala architecture.
{ « } Figure 29: The Kadamattom Church near Muvattupuzha, is one of the oldest churches built in
Kerala style
Figure 30 : The assimilated Syrian style in Kerala architectural patter
Figure 31 : Syeian Orthodox chusch in Chengannue : built ia Kerala
St. Mary’s Orthodox Syrian Chureh or the Cheriya Pally church, typical Kerala design
Je with a Stone Lamp ..34
Figure 32 :
Figure 33 : Typical brass oil lamp as seen in Hindu Temples...
Figure 34 : Colorful Altar similar to Mural paintings
Figure 35 : Dwajastambam(Flag Post ) as seen in Hindu Temple
Figure 36: Blevation Details of Different Religious buildings. 39
Figure 37 : Mosque at Varkala
Figure 38 : StJohn's Metropolitan Cathedral, Tiruvalla
Figure 39 St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Chi
ch, Kottayam,
Figure 40 : Ganapathy Temple, Kottarakara
Figure 41 -Tharathangadi temple Mosque, Kottayam
Figure 42 Talli Shiva Temple, Kozhikode. 41
igure 43 :Mac toma Church, Kothamangalam
Figure 44 -Balllikallu at a temple complex. 2
Figure 45:3
Figure 46 : Pallikara Chusch
Yadakunathan Temple;Thsissur TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement...
Abstract.
List of Tables.......
List of Figures.............ccessccseeeseses
Chapter 1 Introduction ..
1.1 Background Study
12 Aim
1.3 Objective
14 Methodology
15 Scope
1.6 Limitation
1.7 — Research Questions
Chapter2 — Religious Architecture ...
24 Hindu Temples
2.1.1 Classification of temples in India
2.1.2 Phases of Evolution
(@) Fiest Phase
(@) Second Phase
2.1.3 Case Study “Thrikoor Temple,Trissur
2.1.4 Concept behind Temple Zoning
(@) Sthoola Shasiea
(&) Sookhs
2.1.5 General Temple Layout
2.1.6 Temple Complex
2.1.7 Main featu
@ Sanctum
sharia
of Temple Complex
() Second Enclosure
(© Third Enclosure
(@ Fourth Enclosure
(© Other main elements 2.2. Mosque Architecture
2.2.1 Phases of Evolution: Establishments of Mosques
2.22 Mosque Architecture
22.3 Concept behind Mosque building
2.24 General Mosque Zoning.
2.2.5 Main Features of Mosque Complex
(a) Minara
(b) Miheaby
(© Musalla
(@ Wudhu Tap
2.2.6. Traditional Mosque: Influence of Hindu architecture
2.27 Literature Study : Jamaat Palli,KKuttichisa
2.28 New Mosque in the ‘Townscape
2.3 Church Architecture
Concept behind Churches
(Origin of Churches in Kerala
Architecture of Churches
General Church Layout
Church Concept
‘aditional Churches : influence of Hindu Architecture
judy : StMary’s Church , Kottayam
3A Concept behind Churches
3.1.1 Elevation Details
3.1.2. Similar Hlements/Features
4 Conclusion
5 Bibliography/Reference
6 Annexure 1, CHAPTER 1
Introduc
mn
1.1 Background Study
Religion, throughout human history, has been the i
spication for brilliant and luminous works of
literature, philosophy, sculpture, painting and architecture. From the sands of ancient Egypt to
the streets of modern day Barcelona, sacred traditions are embodied, expressed and preserved in.
places of worship and pilgrimage.
‘This research act as a guideline of a base for designing a common platform for different religions
where they could showease artefacts , and related items that reflects its importance and religion
values.
‘The study is to look into the aspects of influences that different religion has done in the feld of
architecture (specifically to place of worships and religious buildings)
12 Aim
‘To explore, analyze and compare the architectural features that defines the experience of