LAB MANUAL

INTODUCTION TO CUMMIUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Semester: 1st

Submitted to:
Sir Burhan Ahmed
Submitted by:
Muhammad Moazzam (042)
Faisal Abbas (032)
Muhammad Farooq (014)
Ali Ilyas (016)
Sultan Kamran (025)
Haseeb-ul-Rehman (043)

Department:
BS SOFTWARE ENJINEERING
Minhaj University Lahore
 Lab # 01
Introduction to information and communication technology
What is microprocessor?
Microprocessor is a small chip which connected with a ram, rom, mouse,
And accessories. It is very expensive.
What is microcontroller?
Microcontroller is a small chip. Which have own processer ram, rom.
It is very cheap.

What is CPU?
CPU stand for central processing unit. It is the main part of computer.
Computer cannot work without CPU. Many types of CPU like met Rolla processing and Intel processing.

Basic Computer System:

There are four part of basic computer system.

 Processing unit (processer, motherboard)

 Input unit (mouse, keyboard, scanner)
 Output unit (printer, monitor, speaker)
 Storage (USB, ram, rom)

Processor Motherboard Mouse Keyboard

Printer Monitor Ram Rom (Hard disk)

 Venn diagram of output and input devices:

What is Motherboard?
Motherboard is a primary board of a computer system which connect all components.

What is Ram?
Ram stands for random access memory. Primary storage of a computer system
Which lead a program or execute a program in an initial stage.

What is Ram Work?

RAM is a temporary memory bank where your computer stores data it needs to retrieve quickly.
RAM keeps data easily accessible so your processor can quickly find it without having to go
Into long-term storage to complete immediate processing tasks.

Types of Ram?
There are two main types of RAM:
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) require continues power
Static RAM (SRAM) non continues
 What is Hard Disk?
Hard disk is a Secondary storage of a computer system which can save your information and data.
CD ===> Compact disk (700mb maximum space)
DVD ===>Digital Video Disk (4.5 GB)
USB ====> (Universal Serial Bus)
SSD =====> (Solid state drive)

Difference between SSD and HDD?

HDDs are traditional storage devices with spinning platters that read and write data. SSDs use newer technology .
. That stores data on instantly accessible memory chips. SSDs are faster, quieter, and smaller, consume less energy,
And more durable.

Types of Hard Disk?

 Cache R=Register
 SSD
 HDD cost increase
 USB/Flash speed increase
 CD/DVD
 FLOPPY DISK Management Disk tape

What is Graphic Card?

It helps for better visualization and outputs.
Graphics card are used for a gaming or a graphic basis or architectures.

History of processors?
4004 ----------- 1971 Intel Pentium 1
8008 ------------1972 Intel Pentium 2
8080 ------------1976 Intel Pentium 3
8086 ------------1978 Intel Pentium 4
Intel 786--------1980 Intel Pentium (Dual core)
Intel 386--------1981 Intel Pentium (Core 2 Duo)
Intel 486--------1982 Intel Pentium (Quad core 2 Duo)
Intel Pentium Quad core 2 Duo
Intel core series i3, i5, i7, i9
Intel Xeon
Intel Celeron
Storage Devices and its capacity
CD=====>700mb
Dual layer====>1.4GB
DVD====>4.5GB DVD (Digital video disk)
Dual layer====>8GB
Quad layer====>16GB
CD====>25GB CD (Compact Disk)
Dual layer====>50GB
Quad layer====>100GB BD (Blue ray disk)
HDD 3.5inch/2.5inch
Pata
Sata SCSI (secure)
SSD:-
Sata 2.5inch
Sata speed ===>500mb
M.2 (PCIO) 2230
Sata 2240
NVME 2280
ATA = Advance technology attachment
CSI = Computer system inference
1GB===> 1024mb
1mb===>1024byte
1byte====>8bit

What is PATA?
The term PATA is an acronym for Parallel ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment).
It is a type of bus interface that we utilize for connecting various secondary storage devices.
Such devices include optical drives, hard drives, and many more.
Western Digital and Compaq first introduced PATA in 1986. SATA later replaced it with better technology.

What is SATA?
The term SATA is an acronym for Serial ATA. It is also a type of bus interface that connects
The optical drives, hard discs, etc. It came into the market with the Serial ATA Working Group back
In the year 2001 after PATA started declining slowly. SATA is more technically advanced and gives
More advantages as compared to PATA. Thus, it has a better demand in the market.
 Lab # 02
Computer software system and OS installation
What is OS (Operating System)?
A computer operating system is a system software that manage computer
Hardware and software and provides support to both.

Classification of OS block diagram

1. Multi-user
2. Multi-processing
3. Multi-tasking
4. Multi-reading
5. Real-time

Block Diagram:-

Monitor Apps

Keyboard OS PC

HDDI SSP Mouse

OS (Operating System) Installation:-
1) Create a bootable media e.g. bootable Disk, bootable USB
2) Run the system using BIOS using dedicated key.
3) Set the boot priority using boot media.
4) Restrict the system.
5) Create a new position where required.
6) Follow further steps depending upon operating system.
7) Install OS with your required setting.
8) Finish your installation.
9) Give a suitable name to your PC also set password
10) Then connect to internet and install required system drivers.

How to create Bootable Media:-

1) Download Bootable software (Rufus, Power ISO)
2) Download your desired O.S image file which is ISO formed.
3) Open your bootloader software.
4) Select the pair of your OS image file.
5) Create bootable media using desired settings.

Microsoft windows versions:-

DOS (Non GUI)
Windows 45
Windows 98
Windows 1000
Windows ME
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Windows 8
Windows 10
Windows 11
 Linux: - server (2000, 2003, 2008, 2010, 2013, 2020, 2022)

Android
U burto
Federa
Red Hot (same)

Mac:-
Venture
Leopard
Panther
Jaguar
Tiger
Puma
Cheetah

Lab 2 Task:-
How to Create a Bootable USB Using Rufus Step by Step?
What is a Bootable USB?

A “bootable USB” is a regular USB storage device (like a USB stick or external hard drive)
That has an “ISO image” of an operating system saved on it.
An ISO image is an archive file that contains all the information found on an optical disc,
Such as a CD or DVD. This could, for example, be a Windows installation CD.

Steps to follow and create a bootable media:-

To create a bootable USB using Rufus, all you need is:

 Your ISO of choice, e.g. Windows 10
 The latest version of Rufus (available online from https://rufus.ie)
 A spare USB stick (an 8GB USB should be plenty for Windows 10 but make sure you have one that’s large
enough for the ISO you’re using)

Once you’ve got these ready, just follow these steps to make your own bootable USB:

Step 1: Open up Rufus and plug your clean USB stick into your computer.
Step 2: Rufus will automatically detect your USB. Click on Device and choose the USB
You want to use from the drop-down menu.
Step 3: Make sure the Boot Selection option is set to Disk or ISO image then click Select.
Rufus will open a file explorer browser window; locate the ISO image you want to burn onto the USB
And select it.
Step 4: You’ll generally want to create a Standard Windows installation, and
Rufus will automatically detect the correct Partition Scheme based on your device,
So keep the default settings as they are.
However, you can also change these if you want.
Step 5: Give the Volume label a name of your choice, or leave it as it is, and once again leave
The default settings for File system and Cluster size. Now click Start

Step 6: You’ll get a warning saying that any data on the USB will be destroyed (this is normal).
Then click OK and Rufus will start creating the ISO image on the USB.
Step 7: Once Rufus has finished creating the ISO image on the USB, you can close it and your
Bootable USB is ready to go!

Task 2:-
How to install windows in Computer or a Laptop with step by step.
1. Plug your USB device into your computer’s USB port, and start up the computer. You may be asked
To press a key to boot from the USB.

2. Choose your preferred language, time zone, currency, and keyboard settings. Once you’re happy with
customizing these settings, click next. (Note that these settings can be changed in the future after the
Windows 10 installation is complete.).
 Click Install Now and select the Windows 10 edition you’ve purchased.
Now click Next to start the installation process.

3. Choose your installation type. You can either choose Upgrade, which will allow keeping your current
files, settings, and apps; or do a fresh clean installation by picking Custom. In this example, we’ll
choosing custom to do a fresh Windows installation.
 To install Windows, you need a partition on your hard drive for storing system files; this will become
the main C: drive. You can either pick an existing partition and format it or delete everything and create
new partitions.
 Note: If you haven’t yet backed up your hard drive, you may want to stop now, back everything up,
and start over. Once you’ve deleted a partition, you won’t be able to recover the data previously
stored on it.
You can either use one of the existing partitions on your hard drive by formatting it or you can delete
the ones there and create new ones from fresh instead: To use one of the existing partitions, select it,
and click Format.

To delete the existing partitions, select each one and click Delete, then OK.
4. If you’ve deleted all the existing partitions, your hard drive’s space will be unallocated, and you’ll need
to create new partitions. If you just formatted an existing partition, then skip to Step 7 now. To create
new partitions:
Click Drive options (advanced).
 Now click New and choose the size for your new partition, then click next.

Windows will now create a new partition for storing system files. Click OK to accept.

Repeat this process if you wish to create more partitions.

Once you’ve finished creating all the partitions you want, format each one except for the partition you
want to store your Windows system files on. Select the partitions one by one and click Format,
 Then OK when prompted.

5. Now select the partition where you want to install Windows and click next. The Windows 10
installation will begin. Your computer may reboot a few times during the process. This is normal.

6. After the installation is complete, your computer will automatically restart one last time. When it starts
up again for the first time, you’ll be able to choose more of
7. Your settings or use express settings recommended by Microsoft.

8. Finally, sign in to your Microsoft account to use some of the new features with Windows 10, such as
password recovery, and to access One Drive. If you don’t want to sign in with your Microsoft account,
click Skip this step and follow the instructions to create a local user account instead.

Now your windows ready.

 Lab # 03
……..………..File System……………….
What is File System?
This system is a collection of Algorithms and Windows File system data structure,
That perform a translation from logical file operation to physical storage of information.

TYPES OF WINDOWS FILE SYSTEM:

1. FAT 32
2. NTFS
3. Ex FAT

What is Fat 32?

FAT 32 is the oldest file storage system.
(i). Introduced in Windows 95.
(ii). Max limit: 4GB

What is ex Fat?
(i). Introduced in windows XP.
(ii). Compatible with flash drives.
(iii). Extended FAT.

What is NTFS?
It is a modern day file storage system.
(i). Support partitioning.
(ii). Also introduced in VISTA.

Difference between Fat32, ex fat, NTFS:-

FAT 32 Ex Fat NTFS

Introduced in Introduced in Introduced in
windows 95 windows XP windows VISTA
Quick access Suitable for USB File Encryption
Work with Windows Windows, Windows
Mac OS, Linux Android Limit = 2TB
Limit = 4GB No specific
Partition = 8TB limit Partition =16TB
Compression = No Compression = No Compression = Yes
DT = Low DT = high DT = normal
No Repair No Repair Auto Repair
 Explanation about Byte, GB, TB, and MB:-
1 byte ====> 8 Bit
1024 byte ====> 1 KB
1024 KB ====> 1 MB
1024 MB ====> 1 GB
1024 GB ====> 1 TB
1024 TB ====> 1 PB
1024 PB ====> 1 YB
1024 YB ====> 1 ZB

File Transform:-
Limit = 2 TB
Partition = 16 TB

Lab 3 Task:-
How to format a USB in all three windows file system i.e (fat32, NTFS, ex Fat)?

How to Format USB to NTFS Using Windows File Explorer

1. Open Windows 10 File Explorer (Windows + E), locate and right-click on the USB drive, select "Format".
2. Set the NTFS as the target file system, tick "Quick Format" and click "Start" to start the formatting.
3. When the process completes, click "OK" to confirm. And now your USB is NTFS.
How to Format USB drive to NTFS Using Disk Management
1. Right-click on This PC and then Manage and select "Disk Management".
2. Locate and right-click on your USB flash drive or external hard drive, and then select "Format".
3. Set the USB file system to NTFS, tick "Quick Format" and click "OK" to confirm.

How to Format USB to Fat32 Using Windows Method 2:-

Type and search [This PC] in the Windows search bar①, then click [Open]②.
 Right-click your USB flash drive③, then select [Format] ④.

Select File system to [FAT32]⑤, then select [Start]⑥.

A notice appeared to remind that all data on the USB flash drive will be
deleted. Select [OK] ⑦ to start formatting your USB flash drive.
Note: Please back up your data before proceeding with Format.

The format process is completed and your USB flash drive has been converted
to FAT32. Click [OK]⑧ to close the window.