SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES SCHEMES OF WORK

THIRD TERM
WEEK 1.- Welcome Test/Application Areas of ICT. - Slide Shows.
- Graphics.
WEEK 2.- ICT BASED GADGETS AND THEIR OPERATION.  Organizational Chart and other charts, etc.
 Computer, Mobile phone, Fax Machine, Automated Teller Machine
(ATM), Dispensing Machine (Vending Machine), Point of Sales (POS), WEEK 10.- PYTHON WHILE LOOPS.
Automated Cash Register (ACR), Radio Set, Television, etc.  Examples.
 Infinite loops.
WEEK 3.- BASIC COMPUTER OPERATION.  The break statement.
 Description of Booting Process.  The else statement.
 Types of booting: Cold and Warm booting.  The guessing game more nicely done.
 Differences between Cold and Warm booting.
 Components/Features of Windows Desktop: Icons, Taskbar, WEEK 11.- PYTHON STRINGS.
Background, etc.  String Literals.
 Running an Application Program e.g., MS – Word.  Assign String to a Variable.
 Process of shutting down the computer.  Multiline Strings.
 Strings are Arrays.
WEEK 4.- MEMORY UNIT.
 Types of Memory. WEEK 12.- REVISION.
 Description of Primary memory.
 Types of Primary memory. WEEK 13 – 14.- EXAMINATION.
- RAM: SDRAM, DRAM.
- ROM: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, etc.
Cache Virtual.

WEEK 5.- DESCRIPTION OF SECONDARY MEMORY.

 Types.
- Comparison of auxiliary storage devices in terms of (i) Speed (ii) Size (iii)
Technology.
 Differences between Primary and Secondary memory.

WEEK 6.- CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU).

 Definition of CPU.
 Components of the CPU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit
(CU), Register.
 State the function of: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit
(CU).

WEEK 7.- PROJECT/MIDTERM BREAK.

WEEK 8.- WORD PROCESSING.

 Definition of Word Processing.
 Definition of Word Processor.
 Examples of Word Processor: MS – Word, Word Star, Corel Word
Perfect, WordPad, etc.
 Features of Word Processors.
 Word Processing Environment.
 Using Word Processor to: Create, Edit, Format, Save, Retrieve, Print, etc.

WEEK 9.- PRESENTATION PACKAGES.

 Definition of Presentation Package.
 Examples of Presentation Package e.g., MS PowerPoint, Adobe Reader,
Corel Presentation, Google Slide, etc.
 Features of Presentation Packages: Creation of Slide, Insertion of
Pictures, video and Audio, etc.
PRESENTATION PACKAGES (Cont’d).
 Using PowerPoint to create:
- Animation.
- Transition of Slides.

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 WEEK 1
3RD TERM
SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: APPLICATION AREAS OF ICT
There are numerous applications of ICT. Some of the 7. Information search/retrieval/Archival: Internet
applications are: search engines can be used to search and retrieve
1. Teleconferencing: is a telephone meeting among two information from the Internet. Example is Google.
or more people using ICT. The message can be audio or AREAS WHERE SOME OF THE APPLICATION OF ICT CAN
video. It can be in form of live-voice communication or BE USED FOR:
voice messages or data and graphics over a telephone. Videoconferencing:
Terms such as audio conferencing, telephone (i) Holding routine meetings.
conferencing and phone conferencing are also (ii) Negotiating business needs.
sometimes used to refer to teleconferencing. (iii) Interviewing job candidates.
BENEFITS: The advantage of using teleconference for Teleconferencing:
businesses include: (i) Holding business meetings.
(i) Saving in travel time and cost to get all participants to (ii) Conducting training sessions.
one location. (iii) Holding online conferences.
(ii) It is quicker to organize than arranging a meeting. (iv) Connecting with friends and family.
2. Videoconferencing or video teleconference: is the set Telepresence:
of interactive telecommunication technologies which (i) Pervasive gaming.
allow two or more people in different locations to (ii) Communications
interact via two-way video and audio transmissions (iii) Tour guides.
simultaneously. This is a technology whereby two or (iv) Night watchmen.
more people at different locations can see and hear each (v) Factory inspectors.
other at the same time, as if they were in the same room (vi) Telerobotic.
and there is possibility of sharing computer applications (vii) Medicine.
for collaboration. Telephone is not the same as a video Telecommuting:
call. A video conferencing system requires the audio- (i) Web designing.
visual equipment, which includes a monitor, camera, (ii) Teaching or tutor.
microphone, and speaker as a means of transmission. (iii) Travel agent.
BENEFITS: (iv) Medical transcriptionists.
(i) Meetings can be arranged at short notices. (v) Administrative assistant.
(ii) Personnel reports can be made with less disruption
to everyday activities.
(iii) An individual can exchange information and
communicate with one another either in same building
or around the world.
(iv) An individual can collaborate on a research paper
with one another making use of video conferencing.
3. Telepresence: is a technology that offers almost exact
experience as a face- to- face meeting, it allows you to
hear and also see the other people. Participants are
invited using a calendar system for example. During the
meeting clear, echo free sound, and life size images are
transmitted just as if they were all together in the same
room.
4. Telecommunication and networking: It use ICT
technologies such as Internet, networking, databases
and many others to establish connection, control
information flow, store information and so on.
5. Telecomputing: is the use of computers for
communication. They use ICT technologies such as
Internet or Intranet for communicating with computers.
6. Messaging: A message is an object of communication
using ICT. The message can be in form of e-mail, SMS,
audio, video etc.

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 WEEK 2
3RD TERM
SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: ICT BASED GADGETS AND THEIR OPERATIONS.
ICT BASED GADGETS: ICT Based Gadgets are devices that involves the technologies and applications that are used in
creating communications, transmission and storage devices. Gadgets are tools or machines or instruments that help to
do something. ICT gadgets or tools are information and communication equipment. These include computer hardware
(i.e., printer, PCs, network storage/ network devices, scanner etc.) technology for broadcasting voice and sound images
i.e., microphone, camera, loudspeaker, telephone to cellular phone, MP3, MP4, iPod, etc. the gadgets or devices used in
ICT are too numerous and inexhaustible. Some of these tools are:
(a) Mobile Phone or Global System for Mobile (GSM): Mobile phones are electronic hand – held devices with built in
antennas used to make mobile telephone calls across a wide geographical area.
(b) Fax Machine (FACSIMILE): This is a device that can sends or receives texts and pictures (graphics) over a radio
broadcast or a telephone line. Also known as Tele – copying.
(c) Computer: A computer is an electronic device for storing and processing to make new information.
(d) Automated Teller Machine (ATM): Commonly called a cash point. It is a computerized device that provides the
clients of financial institutions access to financial transactions in a public space without the need of a cashier, human
clerk or bank teller. Or an electronic banking outlet where individual customer with ATM card and pin number can
complete basic transactions. It also known as Automated Banking Machine (ABM).
(e) Dispensing Machine or Vending Machine: This is a machine that gives items such as beverages, snacks, drinks to
customers automatically after the customer inserts currency or credit into the machine.
(f) Point of Sales (POS): This is a machine used for payment and to conduct retail transactions whenever a credit card
is swiped through it.
(g) Automated Cash Register (ACR): This is a machine that is used to carry out retail transactions or a mechanical or
electronic device for registering and calculating transactions. Also known as Till. It can provide many services such as
credit card processing, cash transaction etc.
(h) Radio Set: An electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable
and audio form. It is an effective way of transmitting video or audio information broadcast on radio reaches out to
thousands of audiences at the same time in a different geographical location.
(i) Television Set: It is a device that is used to view television broadcast or is a telecommunication system for
broadcasting and receiving pictures and sound over long distances. Modern television consists of a display, antenna or
radio frequency, input and a tuner.
(j) Pager: A pager is a small telecommunication device that receives and sends alert signals or short messages.
(k) Telex: Telex is a communication system consisting of small typewriters connected to a telephone network to send
and receive signals or messages.
(l) Satellite: This is an information transmission method through cable or wireless by the use of a satellite dishes.
(m) VSAT: This is advance telecommunication equipment for receiving digital broadcast. It stands for Very Small Aperture
Terminal.

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 WEEK 3
3RD TERM
SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS
DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF BOOTING (vii) Control Buttons: This allows you to minimize, maximize, restore,
i. Booting is the process by which the computer loads the operating or close a window.
system and prepares the system for use when turned on. (viii) Notification Area, etc.
ii. Booting is a process of switching on the computer and starting the RUNNING AN APPLICATION
operating system. Running an application is by double - clicking on the associated icon or
iii. Booting refers to all processes that takes place from the moment a choosing a menu from the start button.
computer is switched on till when it is finally ready to be used. Steps:
DESCRIPTION OF THE BOOTING PROCESS (i) Click on START BUTTON.
When the computer’s power is first turned on, the BIOS (BASIC (ii)Move the SCREEN POINTER over the menu until you get to ALL
INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM) will test the entire HARDWARE PROGRAMS.
COMPONENTS (internal) to ensure that they are in working condition. (iii)Select any program of your choice.
The test or check is known as POWER ON SELF-TEST (POST). If booting (iv)Click on the Program.
is successful, the operating system is loaded from the disk into RAM. NOTE: In windows 10, Step 2 will be skipped.
The screen shows icons such as the “My computer” or “My PC”, THE PROCESS OF SHUTTING DOWN/TURNING OFF A COMPUTER
“Recycling Bin”, “Internet Explorer” or “Microsoft Edge”, etc. At this SYSTEM
point computer is ready for use. Therefore, for a computer to Shutting Down the Computer system is the process of closing a file that
successfully boot, its BIOS, Operating System and Hardware are opened for operation, and finally turn off the system.
components must all be working properly; failure of any one of these Steps:
three elements will likely result in a failed boot sequence. (i) Click on Start BUTTON.
STEPS IN BOOTING A COMPUTER (ii) Move the SCREEN POINTER to SHUT DOWN and click. OR click on
i. Put on the switch on the main socket to supply power to the POWER found in WINDOWS 10.
system. (iii)Wait for the computer to Shut Down or Turn Off. Also, pressing
ii. Switch on monitor. Alternate Key and F4 i.e., ALT + F4 can be used as a shortcut to Shut
iii. Switch on the system unit. Down a system.
iv. Wait for system check until you see start up screen, icons etc. SHUT DOWN HAS THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS
TYPES OF BOOTING (i) SHUT DOWN: Option to turn the computer all the way or totally
1. Cold or Hard Booting: This is the process of turning the computer off.
system ON by pressing the power button of the system unit and the (ii) RESTART OR REBOOT: Option that briefly shut off the computer
monitor. and then instantly restarts itself automatically.
2. Warm or Soft Booting: This is the process of re - starting the (iii) HIBERNATE: Option that put the computer into minimal power
computer after it has been switched on and it is currently working. consumption state, the computer will restart, and the desktop will look
Warm Booting is done by pressing the Control (CTRL), Alternate (ALT), exactly as you left it. Documents and applications are saved to a
and Delete (DEL) keys simultaneously, i.e., CTRL + ALT + DEL. Warm temporary file on the hard drive and will take a little longer that
Boot is performed when a computer system freezes or a system crash. standby to power on.
UNDERSTANDING WINDOWS DESKTOP: (iv) STANDBY OR SLEEP: Option that put the computer into a minimal
Windows desktop is the area of the computer screen where icons, or lower power consumption state but does not save current settings.
taskbar, and background are shown after booting the computer Documents and applications are saved in the RAM, allowing the
system. Examples are Windows 10 desktop and computer to power on quickly.
Windows 8.1 desktop. Any of these options can be selected to shut down a computer.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COLD AND WARM BOOTING
COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS OF WINDOWS DESKTOP COLD BOOTING WARM BOOTING
(i) Icon: This is the diagrammatic representation of a program, (i) Process of turning Process of restarting
folder, file, etc. placed on the windows desktop. They are the shortcut ON the power or rebooting a
folders, files, programs and other items. Examples are My Computer button/switch off the computer that is
Icon, Recycle Bin Icon. computer. already turned ON.
(a) My Computer or My PC: Shortcut to having access to the entire (ii) Completely resets Kept the memory
content of a computer. the hardware and intact even after
(b) Recycle Bin: This is the Icon on the desktop where all deleted or clears the system off reboot.
unwanted files and information are stored or kept. the temporary
(ii) Background: This is the background of the windows desktop that memory.
takes any color and design e.g., pictures. (iii) Includes Power Does not include
(iii) Taskbar: A bar located at the bottom of the screen that shows on Self – Test (POST). POST.
which programs or applications are running on the computer. (iv) Performed by Performed by
(iv) Mouse Pointer (White Arrow Shape): This indicates the current simply pressing CTRL + ALT
position of the mouse and used to select an item on the computer pressing/turning on + DEL.
screen. the power
(v)Start Button: The start button provides access to applications, button/switching off
accessories, documents, help options, and system tools. the computer.
(vi) System Tray: The tray shows the time and the status of system (v) Cold Booting is Warm Booting is
components. slower. faster.

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 WEEK 4
3RD TERM SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: MEMORY UNIT.
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER MEMORY
1. Memory unit is that part of the computer that holds data for processing.
2. Computer memory is the storage locations where data, programs and information are stored.
TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY
1.MAIN MEMORY/PRIMARY MEMORY/INTERNAL MEMORY: Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on
which computer is currently working. It is the internal storage areas of the computer system where information and programs
are stored for Immediate Access Storage (IAS). Main memory is divided into two:
(a) ROM (Read Only Memory): This is a permanent/non – volatile memory from which we can only read but cannot write
on it. It retains data stored on it if there is a power failure.
TYPES OF ROM
(i) PROM (Programmable Read – Only Memory): PROM is read only memory that can be modified only by a user through
the uses of a special device called a PROM programmer. Generally, a PROM can only be changed/updated once.
(ii) Erasable Programmable Read – Only Memory (EPROM): This is a memory in which the contents are erased by ultraviolet
light and then reprogrammed by an EPROM programmer. The procedure can be carried out many times.
(iii) Electrically Erasable Programmable Read – Only Memory (EEPROM): The EEPROM is programmed and erased
electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times without removing it from the computer system. It
stores computer system’s BIOS.
(iv) Electrically Alterable Read – Only Memory (EAROM): Must be removed.
(v) Electrically Erasable Read – Only Memory (EEROM): Same as EAROM.
(b) RAM (Random Access Memory): This is the temporary/volatile memory that stores data and instruction currently being
used by the computer. Data is lost if there is a power failure. It is also known as read/write memory.
TYPES OF RAM
(i) Dynamic RAM (DRAM): It has short data lifetime, needs to be refreshed continuously, slower as compared to SRAM,
used as RAM, lesser in size, less expensive and less in power consumption.
(ii) Static RAM (SRAM): It has long data lifetime, no need of refreshing, faster, used as cache memory, larger in size and
expensive.
Note: Cache Memory is a temporary holding area for data which is currently subjected to repeated access.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RAM AND ROM
S/N RAM ROM
1 It is volatile (It loses data when power is turned off) It is non-volatile (retains data even when power is off).
2 RAM is fast ROM memory is extremely fast compared to RAM.
3 Data in RAM can be changed or deleted ROM is fixed or data cannot be modified.
4 Cheaper More Expensive
2. SECONDARY MEMORY/AUXILIARY MEMORY/EXTERNAL MEMORY: Secondary memory or storage is the non – volatile
memory that stored externally from the computer. A secondary – storage medium is usually used for the storage of large
amount of data or for permanent or long – time storage of data or programs. It is also used for storing backups.
TYPES OF SECONDARY MEMORY: Secondary memory/storage devices include:
(i) Magnetic disk: Examples are:
(a) Hard disk/Local disk: Types are internal and external hard disk.
(b) Floppy disks or Diskette: Types are 3.5 or 3½ inches diskette and 5.25 or 5¼ inches diskette
(c) Magnetic tape.
(d) Zip disk.
(ii) Optical Disks: Examples are:
(a) Compact Disks (CD): Types are CD-ROM, CD-R (CD Recordable), CD-RW (CD Rewriteable).
(b) Digital Video Disks (DVD): Types are DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW.
(c) Combo Drives.
(iii) Electronic. E.g., Flash Memory.
(iv) Others. E.g., Punch card.

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 WEEK 5
3RD TERM SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: DESCRIPTION OF SECONDARY MEMORY.
SECONDARY MEMORY/AUXILIARY MEMORY/EXTERNAL MEMORY
(i) Secondary memory or storage is the non – volatile memory that stored data and information externally from the computer.
(ii) A secondary – storage medium is usually used for the storage of large amount of data/for permanent or long – time storage of data or programs.
(iii)The secondary memory/storage is any device that is used to store data, information and programs outside the primary memory.
They are used for storing backups and can sometimes be called “offline storage media”.
TYPES OF SECONDARY MEMORY
Secondary memory/storage devices include:
(i) Hard/Fixed disk drives/Local disk: A hard disk drive is a mass storage device found in all PCs that is used to store permanent data such as the
operating system, programs and user files. It is used for storing and retrieving digital information using one or more rigid (“hard”) rapidly rotating
(platters) coated with magnetic materials. They are fixed permanently in the computer, but in the recent times there are external hard disk of high
capacity. They can hold up to 800GB and above data. The two types of Hard disk are “internal and external hard disk”.
(ii) Floppy disks or Diskette: Floppy disk are the old storage device that are used to make backups or duplication of files. They are removable, portable
thin, round, flexible plastic storage disk with a magnetic coating enclosed in a square shape plastic shell used to store and transport word processing,
spreadsheet, and other types of files. A new diskette must be formatted before it can be used. The first diskettes were introduced in 1971. Types are:
(a) 3.5 or 3½ inches diskette with a size of 1.44MB.
(b) 5.25 or 5¼ inches diskette with a size of 720KB or 1.2MB.
(iii) Magnetic tape: Magnetic tape provide fast, direct and sequential access such as alphabetically, to making a backup or duplicate copy of a
program and data. Computer uses similar cassettes to the ones used for musical tapes.
(iv) Zip disk: These are widely used to store multimedia, database, large text, and spreadsheet files. Zip disks are produced by Omega and have 100
MB capacity compared to floppy disk. Example is 3.5 inches Zip disk.
(v) Optical Disks: An Optical disk is an electronic data storage medium that can be written to and read from using a low – powered laser beam. They
can store massive amount of data such as text, pictures, sound, and video in highly compact form. The two (2) main types of optical disk are:
(a) Compact Disks (CD): This is a small portable round medium made of molded polymer for electrically recording, storing, and playing back audio,
video, text and other information in digital form. Basic examples or types are CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory), CD-R (Compact Disk
Recordable) or WORM (Write Once, Read Many), CD-RW (Compact Disk Rewriteable/Erasable Optical Disks). Compact disk can hold up to 650MB
to 700MB.
(b) Digital Video Discs or Digital Versatile Disc (DVD): DVD is an optical disc storage device of the same size as the CD but of higher capacity. They
can store 4.7GB to 17.08GB of data. Examples or types are DVD-ROM (Digital Video Disc – Read Only Memory), DVD-R (Digital Video Disc –
Recordable), DVD-RW (Digital Video Disc – Rewritable).
(c) Combo Drive: A Combo drive is a type of optical drive that combines CD-R/CD-RW recording capability with an ability to read DVD media.
(vi) Flash Drives: Flash drives are NAND – type flash memory data storage devices integrated with a USB (Universal Serial Bus) connector. They are
typically small, lightweight, removable and rewritable data storage devices. They are more compact, faster, hold more data, are more reliable for lack
of moving parts, and have a more durable design. The data storage capacity ranges from 128MB to 64GB and above.
(vii) Secure Digital Memory Card: A family of compatible and very popular flash memory cards used primarily for storage in cameras, cell phones
and other portable size device.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEMORY
S/N PRIMARY MEMORY SECONDARY MEMORY
1 These devices are temporary (Volatile) These devices are permanent (Non-volatile)
2 These devices are expensive These devices are cheaper
3 They have less storage capacity They have high storage capacity.
4 They are usually faster They are slower
5 Directly accessed by the CPU Not directly accessed by the CPU
6 Internal memory External Memory
7 Connected directly to the CPU and integrated onto it Connected to the CPU via cables.
COMPARISON OF AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES
S/N Devices Size Storage Speed Technology Cost
space
1 Floppy disk/ZIP Portable Small storage space Slow Magnetic Low
2 Hard disk Not portable Very large storage capacity Very high speed Magnetic High
3 Flash disk Portable Large Very high speed Flash memory High
4 CD Portable Large High speed Optical Moderate
5 DVD Portable Large High speed Optical disk Moderate

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 WEEK 6
3RD TERM SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU).
DEFINITION OF CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU):
(i) A central processing unit (CPU) is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer
program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, control, and input/output operations of the system.
(ii) The central processing unit (CPU) is the computing part of the computer that interprets and executes program instructions.
(iii) The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that executes the instructions of a computer
program and is the primary element carrying out the functions of the computer or other processing device.
DESCRIPTION OF CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT:
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the part of a computer that thinks, calculates and carries out instruction. CPU has different
names including processor, microprocessor or the “brain/heart of the computer”. Most operations, calculations and processes
take place in the CPU. All sorts of devices using a CPU includes desktop computer, laptop, tablet, and smartphones and even
some flat-screen television sets are now using CPU.
Intel and AMD are the two most popular CPU manufacturers for desktops, laptops, and servers, while NVIDIA and Qualcomm
are big smartphone and tablet CPU makers.

FUNCTIONS OF CPU
The main functions that a Central Processing Unit performs are:
(i) It accepts instructions and data from the input unit.
(ii) It stores the instructions and data into memory unit that are entered from the input unit.
(iii) It retrieves the relevant instructions and data from memory unit as and when required for processing.
(iv) It interprets and executes the – instruction one by one and sends commands (signals) to relevant unit.
(v) It performs all the Arithmetic and logical operations in the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).
(vi) It controls and coordinates the activities of all other units.
(vii) It sends the results to the output unit when required.
COMPONENTS OF THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
Two main components of a CPU are the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and the Control Unit (CU).
NOTE: Memory unit is the third but is not among the main component.
1. Control Units (CU): The control unit is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs operation
of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a
program's instructions.
The Control Unit performs the following basic functions on instruction:
(i) It fetches instruction from the main memory.
(ii) Decodes instruction: It interprets the instructions that were fetched to determine the operation it will perform.
(iii) Execution: It controls the execution of instruction.
(iv) Storing Results: The process of writing result to the memory is called storing. The control unit ensures that the output(s)
gotten from the execution of an instruction are stored in the memory.
NOTE: The collection of these four functions together is referred to as Machine Cycle or Instruction Cycle of the CPU.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a
fundamental building block of the CPU of a computer.
ALU performs the following functions:
(i) The ALU performs basic such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and so on.
(ii) The logic unit of the ALU is concerned with logical operations such as comparison (Greater than (>), less than (<), equal
to (=) etc.), bitwise logic operations like AND, OR, XOR etc.
(iii) ALU consists of output registers that store results of processed data.
3. Memory or storage unit: This is storage location where data, programs and information are stored.
4. Registers:
(i) The registers are the memory of the processor.
(ii) All the data transfer is done through the registers in the processor to accelerate the process.
ASSIGNMENT:
(i) Give THREE reasons why a CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

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 3RD TERM WEEK 8
SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: WORD PROCESSING
DEFINITION OF WORD PROCESSING: The word window is made up of many (iii) In the drop-down menu, move your
1) Word processing means using the components that are displayed onscreen at the mouse pointer over the different font face, and
computer to create, edit and print start of the program such as: the live preview feature of the MS-Word will
document. (i) Title bar: The title bar is the top part of the show you how each look. Pick any font of your
2) Word processing is the preparation of window displaying MS Word. It displays the choice.
documents such as letters, reports, memos, name of the active document. (iv) In the same way you can change the size of
books or any type of correspondence on a (ii) Menu bar: The menu bar contains your text when you click in the menu for the
computer. commands for word operation. E.g., File, font size, located just before the font face.
3) Word processing is the creation, formatting, Home, Insert, Design, Layout, Reference, etc. (v) You can bolden the selected text, italicize
production and printing of texts using the (iii) File/Office Button: This is located in the left or underline when you click on ‘B’, ‘I’ and ‘U’
computer. corner of MS – Word containing commands respectively.
DEFINITION OF WORD PROCESSOR: such as OPEN, SAVE AS, CLOSE, etc. 4) Save a document: Saving a document on a
1) A word processor is an electronic device or (iv) Quick Access Button: This appears in the back-up storage device makes it available for
computer software application, which top left corner of the window and contains MS editing and printing at a later date. To save a
performs the task of composition, editing, – Office button which opens the File menu and document in MS-Word, you can use the File
formatting, and printing of documents. the Save, Undo and Redo Icon. menu or the Save icon on the Quick Access
2) A word processor is an application package (v) Window Controls: They are used to toolbar.
that allows you to do word processing. minimize, resize or close a window. This feature Saving a File Using the File Menu:
3) It is a software package that enables a is in every program that you open in window. (i) Pull down the ‘File’ menu.
computer user to create, edit, print, and (vi) Workspace or Text Area: The large area (ii) Select Save. The ‘Save As’ dialogue box
save documents for future retrieval and below ‘ruler’ where you type your document. appears.
reference. (vii)Scroll Bar: This is used to scroll up and down (iii) Type in a name for the document in the
4) By default, document created by Microsoft the page. There are two types of scroll bar box labelled ‘File name’.
Word has a name “document1” and namely vertical and horizontal. (iv) Select a storage location from the drop-
extension “.doc”. Microsoft Word version (viii) Status bar: This is the bottom of the down list provided in the ‘Save in’ box.
2007 and above has an extension “.docx”. window that displays the status of the (v) Click on the Save button.
EXAMPLES OF WORD PROCESSOR document. (vi) Once your document has been saved as a
WordStar, MS-word, PC Write, Word Pro, Lotus (ix) Ribbons and Tabs: This is a set of toolbars file you can use the same Save function to
Notes, Perfect Writer, Corel WordPerfect, at the top of MS – Office window designed to update your document as you continue typing.
WordPad, Notepad, WPS writer, Apple Pages, help quickly find the commands needed to That is, if you make changes to your document,
Microsoft Word, Open office, Ability Write, complete a task. you do not have to use the ‘Save As’ dialogue
AmiPro, KingSoft, WordToGo, (x) Vertical and Horizontal rulers. box again. The changes to your work will be
QuickOfficeWord etc. (xi) Zooming bar, etc. saved in the same location using the same file
FEATURES OF WORD PROCESSORS Steps Involved in Loading Microsoft Word: name.
Most word processors available today allow There are two ways of loading Microsoft word: 5) To Retrieve a Document:
more than just creating and editing documents. (a) If the icon of the package is on desktop, (i) Pull down the ‘File’ menu and select ‘Open’
They wide range of other tools and functions, double click on it for it to open. or from the toolbar click the ‘Open’ button.
which are used in formatting the documents. (b) If the icon is not on the desktop, (ii) The ‘Open’ dialogue box, appears. Using
The following are the main features of a word follow the step below: the ‘Look in’ box, select the location where the
processor: i. Click the Start Button. file is stored.
1) Word-wrap: automatic arrangement of ii. Click on all program. (iii) When the list of files/folders is displayed,
text in lines of specified length without the iii. Select and click Microsoft office. you either:
necessity of touching the return key. iv. Select and click Microsoft Word. (a) Type the name of the file you want to open
2) Justification: automatic alignment of text USING WORD PROCESSOR TO in the ‘File Name’ box and click ‘Open’ or double
both the left and right margins. 1) Creating a Document: click on the name of the desired file.
3) Indents: the setting of temporary margins Steps: 6) Print a Document: After you have finished
within a document differing from the (i) Click the File tab. working on your document, you may want to
primary margins used. (ii) Select New. have the document as a hardcopy. Printing
4) Insertion: the entry of new text within (iii) Select Blank document. involves the following steps:
previously typed material without erasing (iv) Click Create. (i) Click the ‘File’ menu.
the existing materials. 2) Edit document: This is the ability to change (ii) In the display menu, click ‘Print’.
5) Overwriting: the substitution of new text text by adding, deleting and rearranging letters, (iii) In the print dialog box that pops up, choose
for old by typing over the old text. words, sentences and paragraph. Once you the available printer from the printer’s name
6) Deletion: erase of text from the screen, or of have finished typing your document, you can text box.
whole document from the disk. then use WORD basic editing techniques. (iv) Then click ‘Ok’ to print.
7) Search and Replace: moving directly to These include inserting text, deleting text, 7) Close MS-Word Document: In the case,
specified words or parts of words within a moving paragraphs from one position to you may want to close the present document
document and replacing them with another, etc. you are working with, but do not want to close
different words or word portion. 3) Format Document: means arranging the MS-Word program, take the following steps:
8) Copying and Cutting: the duplication or content in your document in order to make the (i) Click the office button.
moving of blocks of text within and without document more appealing. This involves (ii) In the displayed menu choose the last
document(s). changing the font size, font size, font color, font option in the left pane – ‘CLOSE’. Note that to
9) Pagination: automatic division of a alignment etc. This is changing the appearance close the program you should click on ‘Exit
document into pages of specified numbers of the text in the word document. Steps: Word’ on the bottom right pane of the menu
of lines. (i) Select the text you wish to format. displayed.
10) Page Numbering: automatic sequential (ii) In the ribbon, make sure that the ‘Home
numbering of pages. tab’ is selected. Move your mouse pointer to
MS-WORD PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT the menu for changing the font style. Note that
font style is the same as font face.

8
 3RD TERM WEEK 8
SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: WORD PROCESSING
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS/COMMANDS IN MICROSOFT WORD 2007 AND ABOVE
S/N OPERATIONS KEYBOARD
SHORTCUTS
1 NEW CTRL + N
DOCUMENT
2 OPENING CTRL + O
EXISTING
DOCUMENT
3 SAVE AS F12
4 TO SAVE A CTRL + S
DOCUMENT
5 TO CLOSE A CTRL + W
DOCUMENT
6 BOLD CTRL + B
7 ITALIC CTRL + I
8 UNDERLINE CTRL + U
9 FIND CTRL + F
10 REPLACE CTRL + R
11 GOTO CTRL + G
12 UNDO CTRL + Z
13 REDO CTRL + Y
14 CUT CTRL + X
15 COPY CTRL + C
16 PASTE CTRL + V
17 PRINTING A CTRL + P
DOCUMENT
18 LEFT CTRL + L
ALIGNMENT
19 RIGHT CTRL + R
ALIGNMENT
21 CENTER CTRL + E
ALIGNMENT
22 JUSTIFY CTRL + J
23 INCREASE FONT CTRL + ]
SIZE
24 DECREASE CTRL + [
FONT SIZE
25 USING SHIFT + F7
THESAURUS
26 SPELLING & F7
GRAMMAR
27 TOP OF CTRL + HOME
DOCUMENT
28 END OF CTRL + END
DOCUMENT
29 SELECT ALL CTRL + A

9
 3RD TERM WEEK 9
SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: PRESENTATION PACKAGES
DEFINITION OF PRESENTATION PACKAGE: iii. In the display list of all the programs in the (a) Text: Text are inserted using Textbox or
1) A presentation program is a software computer, scroll down to Microsoft Office Placeholder.
package used to display information in the folder. Click it and it will show you the list of all (b)Graphics or Pictures:
form of a slide show. Microsoft package installed in your system. In 1)Click on ‘ClipArt button’ or ‘Picture button’
2) A presentation package is a software windows 10, just locate PowerPoint. from the ‘Insert Tab’.
program that contains a text editor and the iv. Then click Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2)Select the type of graphics or pictures
ability to add charts and graphic images, such 2007 OR any available version installed, the options from ClipArt, Shapes or Pictures
as photographs, clip art, or other objects so as program opens. button.
to make a slide show for the purpose of POWERPOINT OPERATIONS: The following (C) ANIMATING CONTENTS: PowerPoint
communicating visually to an audience. operations can be performed in MS provides four (4) types of animations:
EXAMPLES OF PRESENTATION PACKAGE: PowerPoint. (i) Entrance Animation: This determines the
MS PowerPoint, Adobe PDF, OpenOffice.org (i) Create new presentation manner in which an object appears on a slide
Impress, Lotus’s Freelance Graphics, Adobe (ii) insert text, pictures and graphs e.g., an object can move onto a slide.
Persuasion, Corel Presentations, Harvard (iii) Animate contents (ii) Emphasis Animation: The animation
Graphics, Macromedia flash, Windows movie (iv) Add new slide determines or does something to draw an
maker, oSlideWiki, Audience (software), Ease, (v) Save presentation attention to an object e.g., the object can
Emaze, CustomShow, Kingsoft presentation, (vi) Run slide show become larger.
Corel presentations, Audience, LibreOffice (vii) Print presentation (iii) Exit Animation: This determines the
Impress, SlideRocket, SlideSlider, Google slides, (viii) Close presentation manner in which an object leaves a slide, e.g.,
Harvard graphic, HP-iDraw etc. UNDERSTANDING A PRESENTATION: an object can move out of a slide.
FEATURES OF POWERPOINT PACKAGES PowerPoint presentations consists of one or (iv) Motion Paths Animation: Determines
A presentation package has certain features more slides. Each slide (a building block of a how an object moves around a slide e.g., an
such as: presentation) can contain text, images, tables, object can move from left to right.
1)Creation of Slides: The term SLIDES refer to illustrations, symbols and media (Video or STEPS TO APPLY ANIMATION EFFECT:
the individual pages of a presentation. A SLIDE audio). A presentation is to PowerPoint what a 1) Highlight the object or text you want to
is like a frame in a presentation that represents document is to MS Word or a worksheet is to animate.
data. Presentation packages contain slides, so MS Excel. In other word, a presentation is a file 2) Choose the ‘Animation Tab’.
creating a presentation, a group of slides are that you create with PowerPoint. It is defined 3) Click on ‘Add Animation’ OR select any
created. as a collection of slides. Versions of PowerPoint ‘Animation effects’ of your choice from the
2)Insertion of pictures: Presentation packages before 2007 saved presentation with the Tab.
sometimes contains embedded pictures or extension .ppt and 2007 above with .pptx ANIMATING CONTENT BY ADDING
pictures from external sources. USING PRESENTATION PACKAGE TO: TRANSITIONS: Transitions determine how
3)Insertion of video and audio: Presentation 1. (A) CREATING A NEW PRESENTATION WITH your presentations move from one side to the
packages allow the insertion of videos and A BLANK SLIDE: A New Blank presentation is next, that is the manner in which slides appear
audios or music files that can be played when there are no templates or slides one after the other during slide show.
throughout the entire presentation. included, an empty slide will be displayed and STEPS TO APPLY TRANSITION
4)Animation: This is the movement of objects appear on the window. 1) Click on ‘Transitions Tab’.
or text within the presentation. It determines Steps: 2) Choose any Transition effects of your
the way the text or pictures appears on the 1) Activate MS – PowerPoint. choice.
slides during slide show. Animation is used to 2) Click on the ‘Blank presentation’. A new 3) Adjust the speed of the transition, add
create motion effects on slide(s). It allows a presentation is displayed with default name sound effects and choose whether the
user to design a presentation to run like a “presentation1” and with a default “Title Slide transition should be manual or automatic.
movie. “. 4) Click the ‘Apply to All’ button.
5)Transitions: This is how the presentation 2. CREATING A NEW PRESENTATION FROM A 5) Review the slide show by pressing the F5
software “moves” the display of one slide to TEMPLATE: A template is a PowerPoint key or locate the slide show icon.
another. Transitions usually include dissolving presentation that defines how your text and (D)ADDING NEW SLIDE:
from one slide to the next or the current slide slide background will look. There are several (i) Choose ‘Home Tab’.
being moved in some way to show the next presentation templates you can choose from: (ii) Click the ‘New Slide’ button in the Slides
slide as though it was underneath. Steps: group.
6)Slide Shows: Slide show is a method of 1) Activate MS – PowerPoint. (iii) Choose the layout you desire. OR just
delivering presentations and to show the slides 2) Click on “New” and select any “Installed Press CTRL + M.
in a different order than originally designed. It Templates” of your choice. (E) DELETING A SLIDE:
displays slide contents to audience during 3) To start work or editing in MS – PowerPoint (i) In the outline pane, select the slide you
presentation activity. one needs to use a TEXTBOX OR want to delete.
7)Creating graphics: Presentation packages PLACEHOLDER. (ii) Press ‘Delete key’. OR
provide user with graphics in form of shapes TEXTBOX/PLACEHOLDER: Placeholders In the Outline pane, Right-click the slide you
that can create an object from the scratch. (Textbox) hold the objects and texts on the want to delete and select Delete slide.
8)Creating organizational and other types of slides. It is used to hold text, ClipArt, chart and (F) OPENING OR RETRIEVING A
charts: Organizational charts and other charts many more. PRESENTATION:
such as pie charts, bar charts, etc. can be (B)INSERTING SLIDE CONTENTS: Click on ‘FILE’ TAB and select ‘OPEN’. An Open
created easily with presentation packages When a PowerPoint program is started, a dialog box appears, locate the presentation file,
instead of having to start from the scratch. default slide is displayed in the slide pane. A then click ‘OPEN’.
LAUNCHING MS – PowerPoint: title or graphics or pictures, even a subtitle can (G)CLOSING A PRESENTATION:
i. At the left corner of the task bar in the be added and inserted on it. Also, when i. Click the ‘FILE’ TAB and select ‘CLOSE’ OR
windows desktop, click the windows start selecting a BLANK PRESENTATION, the ii. Press Ctrl + W
button. contents to be worked on must be added or (H)EXITING POWERPOINT:
ii.In the ‘start menu’, click on PowerPoint OR inserted to suit the user of the program. i. Click on ‘FILE’ TAB and select ‘EXIT’.
click the entry for ‘All Programs’. 3. INSERT TEXT, PICTURES AND GRAPHS:
10
 3RD TERM WEEK 9
SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: PRESENTATION PACKAGES

ii. Click the red-labeled X-shaped button (Close button) on the Title bar. OR
iii. Press Alt + F4.
(I) SAVE PRESENTATION:
When you save a presentation, you have two choices: SAVE or SAVE AS.
To save a presentation:
i. Click the ‘FILE’ TAB.
ii. Click ‘SAVE’.
You may need to use the SAVE AS feature when you need to save a presentation under a different name or to save it for earlier versions of
PowerPoint. To use the Save As feature:
i.Click the ‘FILE’ TAB.
ii. Click ‘SAVE AS’.
iii. Type in the name for the presentation.
iv. In the ‘SAVE AS TYPE BOX’, choose a version of presentation.
v. Click on the ‘SAVE’.
(J) RUNNING SLIDE SHOW (F5): Slides Show is a method of delivering presentations. Slides are displayed one after the other in succession
during Slide Show.
After the creation of the slides, you can run the slide show by doing any one of the following:
Steps:
(i) Press F5. OR
(ii) Choose the ‘SLIDE SHOW’ TAB. Click the ‘From the Beginning button’ in the START SLIDE SHOW GROUP. OR
(iii) Click the SLIDE SHOW ICON in the bottom right corner of your screen. Your SLIDE SHOW appears on your screen.
(K) PRINT PRESENTATION:
(i) Click on the ‘FILE’ TAB.
(ii) Choose ‘PRINT’ and click on ‘PRINT PREVIEW’.
(iii) Do all your desired setting and click the PRINT BUTTON.

11
 3RD TERM WEEK 10 SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: PYTHON WHILE LOOPS
WHILE LOOPS: The WHILE loop is used when a program while True:
needs to loop until a particular condition occurs. A while loop # statements to be repeated go here
repeats an instruction as long as a particular condition is true. THE BREAK STATEMENT: The break statement can be used
The WHILE loop uses a condition to operate. Example of a to break out of a for or while loop before the loop is finished.
python code using while loop is written below: Break can be used to unconditionally jump out of the loop. It
Example 1: terminates the execution of the loop. Break can be used in
countdown = 10 while loop and for loop. Break is mostly required, when
while countdown: because of some external condition, we need to exit from a
print (countdown) loop.
countdown -= 1 Example 5:
print ("blastoff!") for i in range(10):
Explanation of the code: The above example code prints a num = eval(input('Enter number: '))
number as long as the countdown value is greater than zero. if num<0:
It also subtracts 1 from the countdown value each time break
around the loop. This could also be accomplished with a while loop.
Example 2: i=0
"Write a program to print all numbers from 1 to 100 using num=1
while loop in python". while i<10 and num>0:
Solution: num = eval(input('Enter a number: '))
i=0 Explanation of the Code: Either method is ok. In many cases
while i < 100: the break statement can help make your code easier to
i=i+1 understand and less clumsy. This is a program that allows the
print (i) user to enter up to 10 numbers. The user can stop early by
Explanation of the code: The variable i gets set to 0 to start. entering a negative number.
Next, the program tests the condition on the while loop. THE ELSE STATEMENT: There is an optional else that you can
Because i is 0, which is less than 100, the code indented under use with break statements. The code indented under the else
the while statement will get executed. This code prints the gets executed only if the loop completes without a break
current value of i and then executes the statement i=i+1 happening.
which adds 1 to i. Example 4:
Example 3: This program is written with a while loop to create for i in range(10):
a program that allows the user to keep guessing until they get num = eval(input('Enter number: '))
it right. The code will be written as follows: if num<0:
from random import randint print('Stopped early')
secret_num = randint(1,10) break
guess = 0 else:
while guess != secret_num: print('User entered all ten values')
guess = eval(input('Guess the secret number: ')) Explanation: The program allows the user to enter up to 10
print('You finally got it!') numbers. If they enter a negative, then the program prints
Explanation of the code: The condition guess!=secret_num Stopped early and asks for no more numbers. If the user
says that as long as the current guess is not correct, we will enters no negatives, then the program prints User entered all
keep looping. In this case, the loop consists of one statement, ten values.
the input statement, and so the program will keep asking the Example 5: Here are two ways to check if an integer num is
user for a guess until their guess is correct. We require the prime. A prime number is a number whose only divisors are
line guess=0 prior to the while loop so that the first time the 1 and itself. The approach on the left uses a while loop, while
program reaches the loop, there is something in guess for the the approach on the right uses a for/break loop:
program to use in the comparison. The exact value of guess Example 6:
doesn’t really matter at this point. We just want something i=2
that is guaranteed to be different than secret_num. When while i<num and num%i!=0:
the user finally guesses the right answer, the loop ends and i=i+1
program control moves to the print statement after the loop, if i==num:
which prints a congratulatory message to the player. print('Prime')
INFINITE LOOPS: Set of statements is executed again and else:
again without any end is called infinite loop. When your print('Not prime')
condition never becomes false in a WHILE loop, you create an
infinite loop. For example (X), if we are not incrementing “I” for i in range(2, num):
(index) value, then we will get endless (infinite) loop. The if num%i==0:
following is an example of infinite loop. print('Not prime')
break
Example 4: else:
i=0 print('Prime')
while i<10: Code Explanation: The idea behind both approaches is to
print(i) scan through all the integers between 2 and num-1, and if any
Explanation of the code: In this program, the value of i never of them is a divisor, then we know num is not prime. To see
changes and so the condition i<10 is always true. Python will if a value i is a divisor of num, we just have to check to see if
continuously print zeroes. To stop a program caught in a num%i is 0.
never-ending loop, use Restart Shell under the Shell menu. The idea of the while loop version is, we continue looping as
You can use this to stop a Python program before it is finished long as we haven’t found a divisor. If we get all the way
executing. Sometimes a never-ending loop is what you want. through the loop without finding a divisor, then i will equal
A simple way to create one is shown below: num, and in that case the number must be prime.
12
 3RD TERM WEEK 10 SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: PYTHON WHILE LOOPS
The idea of the for/break version is we loop through all the num_guesses = num_guesses + 1
potential divisors, and as soon as we find one, we know the if guess < secret_num:
number is not prime and we print Not prime and stop print('HIGHER.', 5-num_guesses, 'guesses left.\n')
looping. If we get all the way through the loop without elif guess > secret_num:
breaking, then we have not found a divisor. In that case the print('LOWER.', 5-num_guesses, 'guesses left.\n')
else block will execute and print that the number is prime. else:
THE GUESSING GAME, MORE NICELY DONE print('You got it!')
The guessing game program code to be written is to do the if num_guesses==5 and guess != secret_num:
following: print('You lose. The correct number is', secret_num)
• The player only gets five turns. Here is an alternative solution using a for/break loop:
• The program tells the player after each guess if the Example 10:
number is higher or lower. from random import randint
• The program prints appropriate messages for when the secret_num = randint(1,100)
player wins and losses. for num_guesses in range(5):
First, think about what we will need in the program: guess = eval(input('Enter your guess (1-100): '))
• We need random numbers, so there will be an import if guess < secret_num:
statement at the beginning of the program and a randint print('HIGHER.', 5-num_guesses, 'guesses left.\n')
function somewhere else. elif guess > secret_num:
• To allow the user to guess until they either guess right or print('LOWER.', 5-num_guesses, 'guesses left.\n')
run out of turns, one solution is to use while loop with a else:
condition that takes care of both of these possibilities. print('You got it!')
• There will be an input statement to get the user’s guess. As break
this is something that is repeatedly done, it will go inside the else:
loop. print('You lose. The correct number is', secret_num)
• There will be an if statement to take care of the
higher/lower thing. As this comparison will be done
repeatedly and will depend on the user’s guesses, it will go in
the loop after the input statement.
• There will be a counting variable to keep track of how many
turns the player has taken. Each time the user makes a guess,
the count will go up by one, so this statement will also go
inside the loop.
Next start coding those things that are easy to do:
Example 7:
from random import randint
secret_num = randint(1,100)
num_guesses = 0
while #some condition goes here#
guess = eval(input('Enter your guess (1-100): '))
num_guesses = num_guesses + 1
# higher/lower if statement goes here
For the while loop, we want to continue looping as long as
the user has not guessed the secret number and as long as
the player has not used up all of their guesses:
while guess != secret_num and num_guesses <= 4:
The higher/lower if statement can be done like this:
Example 8:
if guess < secret_num:
print('HIGHER.', 5-num_guesses, 'guesses left.\n')
elif guess > secret_num:
print('LOWER.', 5-num_guesses, 'guesses left.\n')
else:
print('You got it!')
Finally, it would be nice to have a message for the player if
they run out of turns. When they run out of turns, the while
loop will stop looping and program control will shift to
whatever comes outside of the loop. At this point we can
print the message, but we only want to do so if the reason
that the loop stopped is because of the player running out of
turns and not because they guessed correctly. We can
accomplish this with an if statement after the loop. This is
shown below along with the rest of the completed program.
Example 9:
from random import randint
secret_num = randint(1,100)
num_guesses = 0
guess = 0
while guess != secret_num and num_guesses <= 4:
guess = eval(input('Enter your guess (1-100): '))
13
 3RD TERM WEEK 11
SS1 COMPUTER STUDIES
TOPIC: PYTHON STRINGS
PYTHON STRING: is an ordered sequence of a = "Hello, World!"
letters/characters. They are enclosed in single quotes (‘ ‘) or
double (“ “). The quotes are not part of string. They only tell print(len(a))
the computer where the string constant begins and ends.
They can have any character or sign, including space in them. CHECK STRING
BASICS To check if a certain phrase or character is present in a
Creating a string: A string is created by enclosing text in string, we can use the keyword in.
quotes. You can use either single quote, Example 8: Check if "free" is present in the following text:
', or double quotes, ". A triple-quote can be used for multi- txt = "The best things in life are free!"
line strings. print("free" in txt)
Here are some examples: Use it in an if statement:
s = 'Hello' Example 9: Print only if "free" is present:
t = "Hello" txt = "The best things in life are free!"
m = """This is a long string that is if "free" in txt:
spread across two lines.""" print("Yes, 'free' is present.")
Examples 1:
#You can use double or single quotes: CHECK IF NOT
print("Hello") To check if a certain phrase or character is NOT present in a
print('Hello')
'hello' is the same as "hello". string, we can use the keyword not in.
You can display a string literal with the print() function: Example 10: Check if "expensive" is NOT present in the
ASSIGN STRING TO A VARIABLE following text:
Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable txt = "The best things in life are free!"
name followed by an equal sign and the string: print("expensive" not in txt)
Examples 2:
a = "Hello" Use it in an if statement:
print(a) Example 11: print only if "expensive" is NOT present:
MULTILINE STRINGS txt = "The best things in life are free!"
You can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three if "expensive" not in txt:
quotes: print("No, 'expensive' is NOT present.")
Example 3:
You can use three double quotes:
a = """This is Ifako Ijaiye Senior Comprehensive High
School."""
print(a)
Or three single quotes:
Example 4:
a = '''This is Ifako Ijaiye Senior Comprehensive High School.'''
print(a)
Note: In the result, the line breaks are inserted at the same
position as in the code.
STRINGS ARE ARRAYS
Like many other popular programming languages, strings in
Python are arrays of bytes representing Unicode characters.
However, Python does not have a character data type, a
single character is simply a string with a length of 1. Square
brackets can be used to access elements of the string.
Example 5: Get the character at position 1 (remember that
the first character has the position 0):
a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[1])
LOOPING THROUGH A STRING
Since strings are arrays, we can loop through the characters
in a string, with a for loop.
Example 6: Loop through the letters in the word "banana":
for x in "banana":
print(x)
STRING LENGTH
To get the length of a string, use the len() function.
Example 7: The len() function returns the length of a string:
14