A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON HERBAL FACE WASH WITH

SCRUBBER

A Dissertation
Submitted to Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy, Sultanpur, Gurgaon.
Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of

Degree of

Bachelor of Pharmacy

by
ANUJ
(Regn. No.: 18-RGC-50)

Under the Supervision of

Mrs. Antim Ahlawat
Assistant Professor in Pharmacognosy

RAM GOPAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SULTANPUR, GURGAON

PT. B. D. SHARMA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
ROHTAK-124001 (HARYANA)
(A GRADE UNIVERSITY ACCREDITED BY NAAC)
 RAM GOPAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SULTANPUR, GURGAON

PT. B. D. SHARMA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

ROHTAK-124001 (HARYANA)

(A GRADE UNIVERSITY ACCREDITED BY NAAC)

CERTIFICATE
This is certified that the investigations described in this report entitled “A COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW ON HERBAL FACE WASH ” in partial fulfilment of the requirement of degree of
Bachelor of Pharmacy were carried out in the Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy, Sultanpur,
Gurgaon affiliation from Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana by Mr.
ANUJ under my direct guidance and supervision.

Under Supervision of
Mrs. Antim Ahlawat
Assistant Professor

Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy

Forwarded by
Dr. Renu Kadian

Principal
Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy
 RAM GOPAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SULTANPUR, GURGAON

PT. B. D. SHARMA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

ROHTAK-124001 (HARYANA)

(A GRADE UNIVERSITY ACCREDITED BY NAAC)

DECLARATION

The present dissertation entitled “A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON HERBAL FACE

WASH WITH SCRUBBER ” was Carried out by me in the Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy,
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, affiliation from Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak,
Haryana. Further, I declare that no part of this dissertation has been submitted either in part or
wholly for any degree to Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy, Sultanpur, Gurgaon or any other
College.

ANUJ
Regn. No.: 18-RGC-50

Date: 8th July 2022

Place: Gurgaon
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This dissertation was carried out in the period during Jan 2022 to June 20212 at the Ram Gopal College of
Pharmacy, Sultanpur, Gurgaon under the supervision of Mrs. Antim Ahlawat at Ram Gopal College of
Pharmacy, Sultanpur, Gurgaon.
Words should be inadequate to convey my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor Mr. Antim Ahlawat
Assistant Professor, Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy, Sultanpur, Gurgaon for her outstanding
contribution, valuable advice, support, caring, kindness and encouragement. I will always remember and
admire the combination of a high professional career and humility that characterizes your personality.
My sincere thanks to Dr. Renu Kadian, Principal, Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy, Sultanpur, Gurgaon
for their support throughout my study.
I owe my pious duty to express my gratitude to my Father Mr. MANOJ KUMAR and my Mother Mrs.
LALITA DEVI without whose blessing, I could not have completed my dissertation work. It is my pleasure
to thank my mother for always being there and believing in me. I would not be where I am if it is not for you.
Thank you, mom, for being my greatest supporter during the hardest times of my life. Thank you for working
so hard because of me for all these years.
Last but not the least, I would like to thanks all my well-wishers in my life for making my life so beautiful
and easy, you all are the key of my happiness.

ANUJ
Date: 8th July 2022
Place: Gurgaon
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Sr. No. Description Page no.

1 Abstract
2 Introduction
3 Rationale of study
4 Aim and objective
5 Plan of work
6 Definition of cosmetics
7 Herbal cosmetics
8 Cosmetics for skin
9 Human skin
10 Skin function
11 Herbal cosmetic for various type of skin
12 Acne vulgaris a major teenage problem
13 Date palm
14 Neem
15 Rose
16 Lemon
17 Orange
18 Turmeric
19 Xanthum gum
20 Grapes
21 Sandal wood
22 Aloe vera
23 Liquorice
24 Green tea leaves
25 Wheat cover powder
26 Tulsi
27 Multani mitti
28 Honey
29 Vitamin E
30 Carrot
31 Walnut
32 Khus khus
33 Jojoba
34 Scrub advantage and disadvantage
35 Homemade remedies for herbal scrub
36 Gentle oat scrub
37 Honey and brown sugar scrub
38 Baking soda add in
39 Coffee and oil scrub
40 Rice & Egg White Exfoliating Facial Scrub
41 Aloe vera gel and sugar facial scrub
Sr.no. Description Page no.
42 Almond jojoba scrub
43 Flax seed scrub
44 Evaluation of formulation
45 Conclusion
46 Reference

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure no. Title Page no.

1 Structure of skin
2 Date palm
3 Neem leaves
4 Rose petals powder
5 Lemon
6 Orange
7 Turmeric
8 Xanthum gum
9 Grapes
10 Sandal wood
11 Aloe vera
12 Liquorice
13 Green tea leaves
14 Wheat cover powder
15 Tulsi leaves
16 Multani mitti
17 Honey
18 Vitamin E
19 Carrot
20 Walnut
21 Khus Khus
22 Jojoba
 REVIEW ON HERBAL FACE WASH WITH SCRUBBER

ABSTRACT

Cosmetics play a vital role for everyone to have a joy full and sanguine life .in present scenario Herbal
cosmeceuticals have more demand because they have no side effect. People having oily Skin suffer from
acne, white heads and black heads quite often so scrubbing become more Essential. Many of the
marketed products when applied on the skin cause dryness of skin after its long-term use which results
less life of skin problems of acne and redness. Solution for this problem is use of scrub which consist all
herbal ingredients which increases cleansing, softening, moisturizing, fairness of skin. The use of natural
ingredients to fight against acne, wrinkle and also to control secretion of oil is known as natural or herbal
cosmetics. Herbal cosmeceuticals usually contain the plant parts which possess antimicrobial, antioxidant
and anti-aging properties. Herbal cosmetics are the safest product to use routine with no side effects and
cosmeceuticals are the product which influences the biological function of skin.[1]

Natural remedies are more acceptable in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effects than the
synthetic ones. Herbal formulations have growing demand in the world market. The present review work
deals with the development & evaluation of the herbal anti-acne face wash containing aqueous extract of
neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), turmeric (Curcuma longa), liquorice root, shahi jeera, orange peel &
hydro alcoholic extract of fruit of nutmeg (Myristica fragrance). Although various topical herbal
formulations for acne are available in the market, we propose to make pure herbal formulation without
using any synthetic ingredient. The plants have been reported in literature having good anti-microbial,
anti-oxidant & anti-inflammatory activity.[2]

Key words- cosmetics, herbal cosmeceuticals, herbal formulation, skin, Herbal scrub, exfoliants, Phyto
ingredients, antioxidant, acne, skin
 INTRODUCTION

The word cosmetic was obtained from the Greek word “kosm tikos” meaning having the power, order,
ability in decorating. The birth of beauty care products forms a continuous narrative throughout the
history of man as they created. The man in old times 3000BC used colors for the enrichment to charm the
creatures that he wished to chase additionally the man survived assault from the equal by coloring his
skin and embellished his body for assurance to incite fear in an enemy (whether man or animal). The
wellbeing, habits, schedule work, climatic conditions and upkeep were capable for people skin and hair
beauty. The skin due to excessive exposure to heat will dehydrate during summer and causes wrinkle,
spots, blemishes, pigmentation and sunburns. The skin and hair beauty of individuals depends on the
health, habits, routine job, climatic conditions and maintenance. The extreme winter cause harms to the
skin and hairs within the form of cracks, cuts, maceration, contaminations and hair fall. The skin diseases
are common among all age groups and can be due to exposure towards organisms, chemical agents,
biological toxin present within the environment, additionally to a few amplify due to malnutrition. The
only factor they had to rely on was the information and data of nature assemble within the ayurveda. The
science of ayurveda had utilized numerous herbs and floras to form beauty care products for
beautification and protection from outside affects. The beauty care products, according to the Drug and
Cosmetics Act is characterized as articles intended to be rubbed, poured, powdered or sprayed on,
presents into or other various products.

Herbal Cosmetics, here referred as Items, are formulated, using different permissible cosmetic ingredients
to form the base in which one or more herbal ingredients are utilized to supply characterized corrective
preferences as it were, might be called as "Herbal Cosmetics" or these are the makeup which are prepared
utilizing plant products having cosmetic actions. Recently the utilize of botanicals in beauty care products
have expanded primarily due to the mild action and nontoxic nature. In cosmetics, both natural and Phyto-
ingredients are utilized. Natural products Include oils, extracts, secretions etc. Phyto-ingredients include
unadulterated constituents obtained by different process. Starting 1990's cosmetic manufacturer update
a term 'cosmeceuticals' to describe the OTC skin care items that claims therapeutic advantage by addition
of plant based active ingredient such as alpha-hydroxy acid, retinoic acid, ascorbic acid and coenzyme
These active ingredients serves numerous purposes viz. increase in skin flexibility, delay in skin aging by
decreasing the wrinkles, protection against UV radiation by antioxidant property and to check degradation
of collagen respectively. Now-a-days the usefulness of herbs in the cosmeceutical production has been
extensively increased in personal care system and there is a great demand for the herbal cosmetics.
 RATIONALE OF STUDY

Dermatologic diseases are numerous and also frequently occurring health problem that affect all groups
of population from the neonates to the elderly and cause harm due to impurities germs, dirt and makeup
that can irritate skin. Maintaining healthy skin is important for a healthy body. These skin diseases affect
the skin, including acne vulgaris, black heads and white heads, blocked skin follicle, herpes and cellulitis.
Traditionally, some wild plants and their parts are frequently used to treat these diseases.

On the basis of literature review common drug interactions and the side effects of herbal medicines may
be seen. But still natural treatment is cheap and claimed to be safe. It is also suitable raw material for
production of new synthetic agents. A review of some plants for the treatment of skin diseases is found
that summarizes the recent technical advancements that have taken place in this area during the past
some years.

in this review of herbal face wash with scrub preparations, we are studying those medications that show
scientific evidence for clinical efficacy, as well as the more common herbs found to be useful in the
treatment of dermatologic disorders. Information regarding the safety of each herb is also included in this
article to better enable consumers which herbal therapies they may want to use
 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

The use of plants is as old as the mankind. Herbals have great potential to cure different kinds of skin
diseases. More than 80% of people in India depend on traditional health care and use different plant-
based products for curing skin related problems. Herbals are a rich source of active ingredients. Hence,
the objective of the study is to-

● Review the need of herbal dermatologic preparations as compared with the conventional allopathic
drugs, they have relatively low cost and can be of great benefit to the population of India in general and
poor people in particular.

● review the safer and cost-effective treatment for skin diseases such as acne, black heads. More than
50% of plant species useful for treatment of skin diseases appear to be restricted to forests, so activities
such as deforestation, habitat destruction, urbanization etc., may pose a serious threat to these species.

● Review the need of conservation of these plants with the help of local participation and carrying out of
extensive study of different articles in this respect to broaden the prospects of herbal drugs in skin disease
treatment is the need of the hour.

● To study the herbal formulation how it helps in different skin diseases.

PLAN OF WORK

− Review Articles Related to herbal face wash has been collected.

− Literature study has done from different internet resources and data bases such as Google Scholars, Sci.
hub, Pub Med, Science direct, Web of Science etc.

− Literature studied from library resources also

DEFINITION OF COSMETICS

The word “cosmetics” arises from a Greek word “kosmeticos” which means to adorn. Since that time any
material used for beautification or improvement of appearance is known as cosmetic. The urge to adorn
one’s own body and look beautiful has been an urge in the human race since the tribal days. Earlier both
males and females were equal competitors for improvement of appearance. Males decorated themselves
with animal parts vegetable leaves etc., while women did by wearing any colored stones or flowers round
their neck and the wrists.[3] At the later stage they employed colored earth for faces and bodies and stroll
later colored ointments. Bangles and neck less made of baked earth also became common in the early
civilization as well as shells of various kinds obtained from nature. In digging up the ancient Egyptian
tombs much light has fallen on the ancient practices of beautification. Pharaoh a tomb has revealed that
colored earths were like malachite green. The copper ore was used as eye shadows. Lamp black was
common too for eyes. For dyeing of hairs red was also practiced. The dancing ladies applied ointments
perfumed with materials like myrrh to head so that when they danced the perfumed ointment would flow
down their bodies emitting pleasant smell all over. The history also records that when Jehu went to the
town of jezebel, she painted her face and looked out from window. The use of cosmetics in ancient Egypt
reached heights with the famous queen Cleopatra who tried to beguile Caesar and Anatomy the Romans
when they visited Egypt. Shakespeare has summarized it by this line, “had Cleopatra’s nose been longer,
the shape of the world would have been different”. The women of the world feel inspired when they have
mental feeling that they are looking good.[4] Hence, the practice of adornment or improvement of
appearance continuous unabated across the centuries. Various kinds of natural materials were used for
the purpose. The practice of use of cosmetics must have grown to an appreciable extent because the
British parliament enacted a law in 1770, which still stands unrevealed and is as follows:- “that all women
of whatever age, rank, profession or degree whether virgins, maids or widows that shall from and after
such act impose upon, seduce betray into matrimony any his majesty’s subjects by the scent, paints,
cosmetics, washes, artificial teeth, false hair, Spanish wool, iron stays, hoops, high heeled shoes, bolstered
hips, shall incur the penalty of law in force against witchcraft and like misdemeanors and that such
marriage upon conviction shall stand null and void”[5]

It is interesting to note that even materials like high heeled shoes, artificial denture etc. are classed as
materials of adornment. One wonders how any females were so prosecuted and their marriages nullified.
It was an act of distinction between male female subjects. Maybe the circumstances prevailing then were
such that law was considered essential.[6]

In modern days cosmetics are the range and are considered to be essential commodities of life. The role
of cosmetics in everyday life met greater acceptability after World War II. It was realized al and medical
scientists that cosmetics not only adore but they exercise psychological effect on users and especially on
the skin. They keep the skin supple delaying the onset of wrinkling prevents from infections and sunburns.
[7]

In last 3-4 decades the use of cosmetics has increases exponentially not only among in females but the
male population also indulges in their use. Hair dyes, powder, creams are as popular with males as with
females. Most countries have now laws to control, manufacture, labeling, sale etc. of cosmetics in such a
way that use of cosmetics harmful to health is prevented. In Indian drugs act has been renamed as drugs
and cosmetics act and contains some sections to exercise over cosmetics.[8]
The cosmetics, according to the Drugs and Cosmetics Act is characterized as articles intended to be
rubbed, poured, sprinkled or sprayed on, introduced into or otherwise applied to the human body or any
part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, advancing attractiveness or modifying the appearance. The
cosmetic does not come beneath the preview of drug license”. Cosmetics are an extremely various and
diversified set of products including creams, powders, perfumes, lotions, washing products, and the wide
sector of decorative cosmetics or makeup. cosmetics in general are external preparations In other words
they may be applied to skin, hairs, nails, for the purposes of covering, coloring, softening, cleansing,
nourishing, waving, setting, mollification, preservation, removal and protection. The cosmetics may be
classified into 4 main groups namely

1) Cosmetics for skin

2) Cosmetics for hair

3) Cosmetics for nails

4) Cosmetics for hygiene (dental, bathing, etc.)

HERBAL COSMETICS

Cosmeceuticals are future generation of skin care. They are the advances made within the world of
dermatological products and the new backbone in skincare. Cosmeceutical are typically cosmetic
pharmaceutical hybrids intended to enhance the health and beauty of skin. Some cosmeceuticals are
naturally-derived while others are synthetic, but all contain functional ingredients with therapeutic,
disease-fighting or healing properties [9] Raymond Reed, Founder of U.S. Society of cosmetic chemist,
created the concept of “cosmeceutical” was popularized by American dermatologist. The synthetic beauty
products can irritate your skin, and cause pimples. They might block your pores and make your skin dry
or oily. With natural cosmetics, one need not worry about these. The natural ingredients used assure no
side effects; one can apply them anytime, anywhere. For example, herbal cosmetics are free from
parabens that are the most widely used preservative in cosmetics and can penetrate the skin.

Herbal Cosmetics, here referred as Items, are formulated, using different permissible cosmetic ingredients
to form the base in which one or more herbal ingredients are utilized to supply characterized corrective
preferences as it were, might be called as "Herbal Cosmetics" or these are the makeup which are prepared
utilizing plant products having cosmetic actions. origin of cosmetics was associated with hunting, fighting,
religion and superstition and later associated with medicine. Various synthetic compounds, chemicals,
dye are proved to cause various skin diseases having numerous side effects. Thus, we are using herbal
cosmetics as much as possible. The basic idea of skin care cosmetic lies deep in the, Ayurveda and unani
and Homeopathic system of medicine. The herbs should have variety of properties like anti-oxidant, anti-
inflammatory, antiseptic, emollient, anti-seborrhatic, anti-kerolytic activity and anti-bacterial etc.
Cosmetics are developed to reduce wrinkles, fight acne and to control oil secretion. for various types of
skin ailments formulations like skin protective, sunscreen, anti-acne, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging are
designed using varieties of materials, either natural or synthetic. The demand of herbal medicines is
increasing rapidly due to their skin friendliness and lack of side effects. The best thing of the herbal
cosmetics is that it is purely made by the herbs and shrubs and thus is side-effects free. The natural
content in the herbs does not have any side effects on the human body instead provide the body with
nutrients and other useful minerals. Compared to other beauty products, natural cosmetics are safe to
use. They are hypo-allergenic and tested and proven by dermatologists to be safe to use anytime,
anywhere. Since they are made of natural ingredients, people don’t have to worry about getting skin
rashes or experience skin itchiness. In the 21st century natural cosmetic is about developing “New skin
care concept based on the perfect synergy between nature and technology, between the purest bioactive
ingredients and premium performance innovation.” Natural cosmetic philosophy is “Believe in the synergy
of nature, in its simplest form, along with the most complex technology.” Modern natural cosmetic
products are free from potentially harmful substances and help promote our looks without damaging our
skin. The present study collects the details of herbal plants were used in different cosmetics discusses the
constituents and its activities in cosmetics preparations.

COSMETICS FOR THE SKIN [10,11,12]

The skin covers vast area of body and cosmetics are applied to many parts, the most important part being
the face. The skin cosmetics are formulated in the form of solids, semi- solids and liquids. The solids consist
of powders with different degrees of flow and angle of repose or of compacts. The semi-solids may be
emulsions or simple admixtures and liquids are both monophasic and biphasic. The solid products consist
of face powders, body powders, compacts and moulded products like lipsticks. Face powders which are
applied to the face consist of many ingredients besides covering agents like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide.
They remove oily appearance and give the face a smooth, dry and peach-like finish. The face powder as
per their covering power is classified as light, medium or heavy powders. Some face powers are slightly
tinted on the pink side. Face powders are packed in elegant plastic boxes with lids.

1. The origin of cosmetics forms a continuous narrative throughout the history of man as they developed.
The man in prehistoric times 3000BC used colors for decoration to attract the animals that he wished to
hunt and also the man survived attack from the enemy by coloring his skin and adorned his body for
protection to provoke fear in an enemy (whether man or animal)

2. The origin of cosmetics were associated with hunting, fighting, religion and superstition and later
associated with medicine

3. Herbal Cosmetics, here in after referred as Products, are formulated, using various permissible cosmetic
ingredients to form the base in which one or more herbal ingredients are used to provide defined cosmetic
benefits only, shall be called as "Herbal Cosmetics”.

4. Beginning 1990's cosmetic manufacturer adapted a term ‘cosmeceuticals' to describe the OTC skin care
products that claims therapeutic benefit by addition of plant based active ingredient such as alpha-
hydroxyl acid, retinoic acid, ascorbic acid and coenzyme Q10

5. These active ingredients serves many purposes viz. increase in skin elasticity, delay in skin aging by
reducing the wrinkles, protection against UV radiation by antioxidant property and to check degradation
of collagen respectively

6. The skin and hair beauty of individuals depends on the health, habits, routine job, climatic conditions
and maintenance

7. The skin due to excessive exposure to heat will dehydrate during summer and causes wrinkle, freckles,
blemishes, pigmentation and sunburns. The extreme winter cause damages to the skin in the form of
cracks, cuts, maceration and infections
8. The skin diseases are common among all age groups and can be due to exposure towards microbes,
chemical agents, biological toxin present in the environment, and also to some extend due to malnutrition

9. The only factor they had to rely on was the knowledge of nature compiled in the ayurveda. The science
of ayurveda had utilized many herbs and floras to make cosmetics for beautification and protection from
external affects

10. The natural content in the botanicals does not cause any side effects on the human body; instead
enrich the body with nutrients and other useful minerals

11. The cosmetics, according to the Drugs and Cosmetics Act is defined as articles intended to be rubbed,
poured, sprinkled or sprayed on, introduced into or otherwise applied to the human body or any part
thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance

12. The cosmetic does not come under the preview of drug license. The herbal cosmetics are the
preparations containing phytochemical from a variety of botanical sources, which influences the functions
of skin and provide nutrients necessary for the healthy skin or hair

13. The natural herbs and their products when used for their aromatic value in cosmetic preparation are
termed as herbal cosmetics

14. There is common belief that chemical based cosmetics are harmful to the skin and an increased
awareness among consumers for herbal products triggered the demand for natural products and natural
extracts in cosmetics preparations

15. The increased demand for the natural product has created new avenues in cosmeceutical market. The
Drug and Cosmetics Act specify that herbs and essential oils used in cosmetics must not claim to penetrate
beyond the surface layers of the skin nor should have any therapeutic effect

16. The legal requirement and the regulatory procedures for herbal cosmetics are same as that for other
chemical ingredients used in cosmetic formulations

17. The requirements for the basic skin care: - Cleansing agent: which remove the dust, dead cells and dirt
that chokes the pores on the skin. Some of the common cleansers include vegetable oils like coconut,
sesame and palm oil.

18. Toners: - The toners help to tighten the skin and keep it from being exposed to many of the toxins that
are floating in the air or other environmental pollutants. Some of the herbs used as toners are witch hazel,
geranium, sage, lemon, ivy burdock and essential oils.

19. Moisturizing: - The moisturizing helps the skin to become soft and supple

a) HUMAN SKIN

The human skin is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary
system. The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones,
ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is similar to most of the other mammal’s skin, and it is very
similar to pig skin. Though nearly all human skin is covered with hair follicles, it can appear hairless. There
are two general types of skin, hairy and glabrous skin (hairless). The adjective cutaneous literally means
"of the skin" (from Latin cutis, skin).

Because it interfaces with the environment, skin plays an important immunity role in protecting the body
against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation,
sensation, synthesis of vitamin D, and the protection of vitamin B folates. Severely damaged skin will try
to heal by forming scar tissue. This is often discolored and depigmented. In humans, skin pigmentation
varies among populations, and skin type can range from dry to oily. Such skin variety provides a rich and
diverse habitat for bacteria that number roughly 1000 species from 19 phyla, present on the human skin.

Structure: - Skin has mesodermal cells, pigmentation, such as melanin provided by melanocytes, which
absorb some of the potentially dangerous ultraviolet radiation (UV)in sunlight. It also contains DNA repair
enzymes that help reverse UV damage, such that people lacking the genes for these enzymes suffer high
rates of skin cancer. One form predominantly produced by UV light, malignant melanoma, is particularly
invasive, causing it to spread quickly, and can often be deadly. Human skin pigmentation varies among
populations in a striking manner. This has led to the classification of people(s) on the basis of skin color.

In terms of surface area, the skin is the second largest organ in the human body (the inside of the small
intestine is 15 to 20 times larger). For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of between
1.5-2.0 square meters (16.1-21.5 sq ft.). The thickness of the skin varies considerably over all parts of the
body, and between men and women and the young and the old. An example is the skin on the forearm
which is on average 1.3 mm in the male and 1.26 mm in the female. The average square inch (6.5 cm²) of
skin holds 650 sweat glands, 20 blood vessels, 60,000 melanocytes, and more than 1,000 nerve endings.
The average human skin cell is about 30 micrometers in diameter, but there are variants. A skin cell usually
ranges from 25-40 micrometers (squared), depending on a variety of factors.

Skin is composed of three primary layers: the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis.

Epidermis

The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished almost exclusively
by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air and to a far lesser degree by blood capillaries extending to
the outer layers of the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are Merkel cells,
keratinocytes, with melanocytes and Langerhans cells also present. The epidermis can be further
subdivided into the following strata (beginning with the outermost layer): corneum, lucidum (only in
palms of hands and bottoms of feet), granulosum, spinosum, Basale. Cells are formed through mitosis at
the Basale layer. The daughter cells (see cell division) move up the strata changing shape and composition
as they die due to isolation from their blood source. The cytoplasm is released and the protein keratin is
inserted. They eventually reach the corneum and slough off (desquamation). This process is called
"keratinization". This keratinized layer of skin is responsible for keeping water in the body and keeping
other harmful chemicals and pathogens out, making skin a natural barrier to infection.
 Figure no. 1

Components [13,14]

The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and is nourished by diffusion from the dermis. The main type of
cells which make up the epidermis are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. The
epidermis helps the skin to regulate body temperature.

Layers [15,16]

Epidermis is divided into several layers where cells are formed through mitosis at the innermost layers.
They move up the strata changing shape and composition as they differentiate and become filled with
keratin. They eventually reach the top layer called stratum corneum and are sloughed off, or
desquamated. This process is called keratinization and takes place within weeks. The outermost layer of
the epidermis consists of 25 to 30layers of dead cells.

Sub layers

Epidermis is divided into the following 5 sub layers or strata:

❖ Stratum corneum
❖ Stratum lucidum
❖ Stratum granulosum
❖ Stratum spinosum
❖ Stratum germinativum (also called "stratum Basale").

Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis, and are linked to an arteriole and a venule. Arterial
shunt vessels may bypass the network in ears, the nose and fingertips.
Genes and proteins expressed in the epidermis

About 70% of all human protein-coding genes are expressed in the skin. Almost 500 genes have an
elevated pattern of expression in the skin. There are less than 100 genes that are specific for the skin and
these are expressed in the epidermis. An analysis of the corresponding proteins shows that these are
mainly expressed in keratinocytes and have functions related to squamous differentiation and
cornification.

Dermis [17]

The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the
body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by basement membrane. It
also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the hair follicles,
sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels
in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum
Basale of the epidermis.

The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis,
called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region.

Papillary region

The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. It is named for its fingerlike
projections called papillae that extend toward the epidermis. The papillae provide the dermis with a
"bumpy" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two
layers of skin.

In the palms, fingers, soles, and toes, the influence of the papillae projecting into the epidermis forms
contours in the skin's surface. These epidermal ridges occur in patterns (see: fingerprint) that are
genetically and epigenetically determined and are therefore unique to the individual, making it possible
to use fingerprints or footprints as a means of identification.

Reticular region

The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense
irregular connective tissue, and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic,
and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of
strength, extensibility, and elasticity.

Also located within the reticular region are the roots of the hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands,
receptors, nails, and blood vessels.

Tattoo ink is held in the dermis. Stretch marks often from pregnancy and obesity are also located in the
dermis.

Subcutaneous tissue [18]

The subcutaneous tissue (also hypodermis and subcutis) is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis
of the cutis. Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with
blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and elastin. The main cell
types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat). Fat
serves as padding and insulation for the body.

Functions: - [19,20,21]

Skin performs the following functions:

1. Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external
environment in bodily defense; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system.
Perspiration contains lysozyme that break the bonds within the cell walls of bacteria.

2. Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration,
and tissue injury; see somatosensory system and haptics.

3. Heat regulation: the skin contains a blood supply far greater than its requirements which allows precise
control of energy loss by radiation, convection and conduction. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion
and heat loss, while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat.

4. Control of evaporation: the skin provides a relatively dry and semi-impermeable barrier to fluid loss.
Loss of this function contributes to the massive fluid loss in burns.

5. Aesthetics and communication: others see our skin and can assess our mood, physical state and
attractiveness.

6. Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water, as well as a means of synthesis of
vitamin D by action of UV on certain parts of the skin.

7. Excretion: sweat contains urea; however, its concentration is 1/130th that of urine, hence excretion by
sweating is at most a secondary function to temperature regulation.

8. Absorption: the cells comprising the outermost 0.25–0.40 mm of the skin is "almost exclusively supplied
by external oxygen", although the "contribution to total respiration is negligible". In addition, medicine
can be administered through the skin, by ointments or by means of adhesive patch, such as the nicotine
patch or iontophoresis. The skin is an important site of transport in many other organisms.

9. Water resistance: The skin acts as a water-resistant barrier so essential nutrients are not washed out
of the body.

Herbal Cosmetics for Various Types of Skin [22]

1. For Dry Skin :-Rubia Cardi Folia (Manjista), Triphla, Tulsi, Glycyrrhiza glabra in sesame oil. Fruit face
mask Banana or avocado pulp.

2. For Sensitive Skin: - Usheero, Curcuma longa, Triphala, Azadircta indica mustaka, Nimba in coconut oil.
Fruit face mask Banana or pineapple pulp.

3. For Oily Skin: - Tulsi, Idhora, Nimba, Curcuma longa. Fruit face mask Strawberry or papaya pulp.

Feature of face wash [23]

1. Removing the dead cells.

2. Rejuvenating the skin cells elevate stress

3. Removes oil, dirt and impurities.

4. Reduces microbial flora of skin

5. Leave skin fresh and breathing.

Acne vulgaris: - a major teenage problem

Acne vulgaris is an extremely common disorder of skin (pilocebaceous unit) that affects virtually all
individuals at least once during life. The incidence of acne peaks at teenage, but substantial numbers of
men & women between 20-30 years of age are also affected by the disorder [24].

Acne may be classified as comedonal, popular, pustular, cystic & nodular. Comedonal acne is non-
inflammatory & divided into two types: whiteheads & blackheads. White heads (closed comedo) present
as fresh or white coloured, raised bumps whereas blackhead (open comedo) present as open pores
containing dark coloured skin roughage consisting of melanin, sebum & follicular cells. Papules appear as
red, solid, elevated lesions often less than 5mm in diameter. Puastules are circumscribed skin elevations
containing purulent material. Cysts & nodules are solid, elevated lesions involving deeper dermal &
subcutaneous tissue. Cysts are less than 5 mm in diameter whereas nodules exceed 5mm.

The pathogenesis of acne involves multiple physiological factors. These include follicular hyper-
proliferation, increased sebum production due to higher androgen levels & colonization of organism,
Propionibacterium acnes & staphylococcus epidermidis.[25] Novel concept have emerged to help better
understand its pathogenesis, these includes variation in target cell sensitivity, biological markers, neuro-
endocrine, genetic, & environmental factors. Plenty of herbal as well as synthetic ingredients are reported
to have remarkable beneficial effect on acne vulgaris. [26,27] They may have different mechanism like,

a) Control sebum secretion.

b) Antibiotics which inhibits Propionibacterium acne & Staphylococcus epidermidis, the main causative
organism of acne.

c) Keratolytic which removes the keratin layer & prevents the trapping of sebum under the skin.

d) Anti-inflammatory which prevents the worsening of condition due to inflammation or redness etc.

Numbers of formulations are available in the market with variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients for
the treatment of acne. Topical formulations, available in the market are as follows: Gel, Cream, Lotion,
Face wash or cleanser, Face pack or mask. Neem (Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae), turmeric (Curcuma
longa) & nutmeg (Myristica fragrance, Myristicaceae) are reported to have very beneficial effect on acne
due to anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory & anti-oxidant activities of different chemical constituents.[24]

DRUG PROFILE (MAIN INGREDIENT USED IN FACE WASH [28,29,30,31,32]

Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as date or date palm, family arecaceae, is cultivated for sweet
edible fruit.

Uses and nutritional value- basically used as sweeting agent, in syrup, candies, edible baby powder, fruit
syrup, as substitute of honey, thick syrup used for coating tablets or gutikas and also for leather prevent
from leaking. Dates provide a wide range of essential nutrients, and are a very good source of dietary
potassium. The sugar content of ripe dates is about 80%; the remainder consists of protein, fiber, and
trace elements including boron, cobalt, copper, fluorine, magnesium, manganese, selenium, and zinc. The
glycemic index for three different varieties of dates is 35.5 (khalas), 49.7(Barhi). The caffeic acid glycoside
3-O-caffeoylshikimic acid (also known as dactylifric acid) and its isomers, are enzymic browning substrates
found in dates.

Dates are also high in antioxidants, which may contribute to many of their health benefits. Dates contain
several vitamins and minerals, in addition to fiber and antioxidants. However, they are high in calories
since they are a dried fruit.

Dates are a source of antioxidants. All dates, fresh or dried, contain different types of antioxidants. Dates
can be good for blood sugar balance, Diabetes researchers have shown that dates have a low glycemic
impact, help reduce blood pressure, contain a brain booster, help maintain bone mass

Figure no. 2

NEEM LEAVES [33]- Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, Nim tree or Indian Lilac, is a tree in
the mahogany

Family Meliaceae. It is one of two species in the genus Azadirachta, and is native to the Indian
subcontinent, i.e., India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Maldives.

Its fruits and seeds are the source of neem oil

Chief chemical constituents: -Neem contains a bitter fixed oil, nimbidin, nimbinin nimbin, and nimbidol,
tannin, quercetin

Uses- Skin toner, lightens skin blemishes, remove blackheads, Anti-inflammatory, Antiarthritic,
hypoglycemic, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, diuretic, anti-gastric ulcer, eye problems such as night blindness
and conjunctivitis, eczema. leprosy, bloody nose, intestinal worms, stomach upset, loss of appetite, skin
ulcers, diseases of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease), fever, diabetes, gum disease
(gingivitis), and liver problems. The leaf is also used for birth control and to cause abortions.
 Figure no. 3

ROSE-[34]

A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it
bears. There are over three hundred species and thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that
can be erect Shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers
vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colors ranging from white through yellows and
reds.

Many scientists believe that free radicals contribute to the aging process as well as the development of a
number of health problems. Polyphenols present in green tea helps in anti-ageing. Makes your skin looks
younger and better and give even skin tone.

Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwestern
Africa Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses
have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature
roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has
been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.

Uses - Rose perfumes are made from rose oil (also called attar of roses), which is a mixture of volatile
essential oils obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is rose water
which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and religious practices.

Figure no. 4

LEMON- The lemon, Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant
Family Rutaceae, native to South Asia, primarily North eastern India. The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is
used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both
culinary and cleaning uses. The pulp and rind (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. The juice of the
lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a pH of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. The distinctive sour
taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue
pie.

Uses - Lemon peel contains a list of vitamin, mineral and fiber like calcium, potassium and Vitamin C, which
gives your body a nutritional boost. Lemon peels also have some healthy enzymes, which help us to live a
healthier life.

Figure no. 5

ORANGE PEEL: - It consists of dried fruits of Citrus Sinesis belonging to family Rutaceae.

Chief chemical constituents Terpenes, Carotenoids, Flavonoids

Uses - Oranges have a high content of citric acid which aids in skin exfoliation and helps to dry out acne,
improving the overall look of your skin. Orange peel has a higher content of Vitamin C than the orange
itself, so grind orange peel and use as a body scrub in your daily beauty regime

figure no.6

TURMERIC- It consists of dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa belonging to family Zingiberaceae.

Chief chemical constituents - Curcumin, Curcuminoids.

Uses- its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial benefits, turmeric can work wonders on condition-riddled
skin. It can also help reduce redness from blemishes and calm skin conditions like eczema and rosacea.
Turmeric is excellent for acne because it is a natural antiseptic and helps to keep bacteria from spreading
 Figure no. 7

XANTHUM GUM- It is a polysaccharide with many industrial uses, including as a common food additive.
It is an effective thickening agent and stabilizer to prevent ingredients from separating. It can be produced
from simple sugars using a fermentation process, and derives its name from the species of bacteria used,
Xanthomonas campestris.

Uses- Xanthan gum, 1%, can produce a significant increase in the viscosity of liquid. In foods, xanthum
gum is common in salad dressings and sauces. It helps to prevent oil separation by stabilizing the emulsion,
although it is not an emulsifier. Xanthan gum also helps suspend solid particles, such as spices. Xanthan
gum helps create the desired texture in many ice creams. Toothpaste often contains xanthan gum as a
binder to keep the product uniform.

Figure no. 8

GRAPES- A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus
Vitis Grapes can be eaten fresh as table grapes or they can be used for making wine, jam, juice, jelly, grape
seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Grapes are a non- climacteric type of fruit, generally
occurring in clusters

Uses - Rejuvenates the Skin. Filled with Vitamin C and antioxidants, grapes can help to revitalize your skin.
In fact, they can even protect your skin from cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation and free radicals that
can, on a lesser scale, cause wrinkles and dark spots.
 Figure no. 9

SANDALWOOD- It consists of dried bark of Santalum album belonging to family Santalaceae.

Chief chemical constituents Santalol, Cedrol, Esters

Uses - Sandalwood powder has long been used for skin problems and with good reason. Regular use of
this antibacterial powder can fight acne-causing bacteria, exfoliate the skin, soothe sunburn, remove
suntan, and reduce signs of aging like dry skin and wrinkles.

Figure no. 10

ALOEVERA- dried latex of leaves of aloe barbadenseis miller belong to the family-Liliaceae

Chemical constituents- aloe emodin Uses- heals burns and clears acne

Moisturizing agent, delivers smoothing property to the skin. Aloe vera gel contains two hormones: Auxin
and Gibberellins. These two hormones provide wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties that
reduce skin inflammation. Additionally, in Ayurvedic medicine, Aloe is used to effectively heal chronic skin
problems, such as psoriasis, acne and eczema.

USES-It provides a protective layer to the skin which helps retain moisture. Aloe is also rich in antioxidants
and minerals which can help speed healing. In one study, it was found that Aloe Vera gel displayed some
anti-inflammatory effects superior to those of 1% hydrocortisone when applied over a 48-hour period
 Figure no. 11

LIQUORICE-the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra from which a sweet flavor can be extracted. The liquorice plant
is a herbaceous perennial legume native to the Middle East, southern Europe, and parts of Asia, such as
India. It is not botanically related to anise, star anise, or fennel, which are sources of similar flavoring
compounds. Liquorice flavors are used as candies or sweeteners, particularly in some European and
Middle Eastern countries.

USES-may also help diminish the appearance of dark under-eye circles, discoloration and age spots. The
extract also has powerful antioxidants that help protect the skin from environmental stressors, as well as
“licochalcone,” which helps balance oil

Figure no. 12

Green Tea leaves Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Family Theaceae

Many scientists believe that free radicals contribute to the aging process as well as the development of a
number of health problems. Polyphenols present in green tea helps in anti-ageing. Makes your skin looks
younger and better and give even skin tone.
 figure no. 13

Wheat cover powder[35] It consists of dried seed covers of Triticum aestivum belonging to family
Poaceae.

Chief chemical constituents Bran fiber, Cellulose and pentosans

Uses - Provides Nourishment, Protects Against Sun Damage, Fights Acne

Figure no.14

Tulsi leaves powder It consists of dried leaves of Ocimum sanctum L belonging to family Lamiaceae.

Chief Chemical constituents -oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid

Uses Prevents acne and pimples, Improve skin texture, Cleanser

Figure no. 15
Multani mitti:- It consists of hydrous aluminum silicates (clay minerals).

Chief chemical constituents Montmorillonite, Kaolinite, Attapulgite

Uses- Nourishes skin, reduce oiliness, Remove blackheads

Figure no. 16

Honey: -It consists of saccharine liquid prepared from the nectar of the flowers by the Honey-bee Apis
mellifica belonging to family Apadae.

Chief chemical constituents Dextrose and laevulose (70-80%) Dextrin (0.06-1.25%) Proteins

Uses Good for wrinkles and aging Prevent acne Remove dirt from pores

Figure no. 17

Vitamin E [34] Vitamin E oil works to block free radicals from the body, which play a large part in the aging
process. If we can fight off free radicals, then we can reduce wrinkles and keep the skin youthful-looking.”
It has basic antioxidant properties that everyone needs.
 Figure no.18

Carrot: It is obtained from the plant Daucus carota belonging to the Family Apiaceae.

It is a valuable herb since ages as due to its richness in Vitamin A along with other essential vitamins.
Carrot seed oil is used as anti-aging, revitalizing and rejuvenating agent. The carrot gets its characteristic
and bright orange color from β-carotene, and lesser amounts of α-carotene and Γ-carotene. α and β-
carotenes are partly metabolized into vitamin A in humans [36]

Figure no. 19

No. Common name Botanical family Plant part Ethnobotanical use

name used
1. Haldi Curcuma Zingiberaceae Root To treat acne
longa
2. senna Cassia Caesalpiniacea leaves Paste of the dried leaves of
angustifolia e Cassia angustifolia in vinegar
is used for acne, eczema and
pimples. Saussurea lappa
and Caessia angustifolia are
boiled in vinegar and used
for treatment of fungal
infections
3. Neem Azadirachta Meliaceae Leaves Skin toner, lightens skin
indica blemishes, Remove
blackheads, acne treatment.
4. Nightshade Datura Solanaceae Leaves Leaves are gently heated on
Metel L. flame and applied on the
face once in a day for a
week to treat pimples and
other infections.
5. Date palm Phoenix arecaceae fruit Antioxidant
dactylifera
6. Rose Rosa Rosaceae Petals Gentle antiseptic and anti-
inflammatory, cleanse skin
and blemishes, soothe
irritation and redness
7. Lemon Citrus limon Rutaceae peel it reduces blemishes, lighten
(L.) skin color, marks, acne,
naturally skin ph. balance,
8. Orange Citrus Rutaceae peel Reduce skin marks, skin
Sinesis spots, help to skin
whitening, Treat pimples,
acne
9. Turmeric Curcuma Zingiberaceae rhizomes Reduce acne, Glowing skin,
longa Lightens skin
10. Sandalwood Santalum Santalaceae Dried bark Soothe sunburn, remove
album suntan, Reduce signs of
aging skin
11. Aloe vera Aloe Liliaceae dried latex heals burns and clears acne
barbadensis of leaves
miller
12. Liquorice Glycyrrhiza legumes root Blackhead and dead skin cell
glabra removal
13. Wheat cover Triticum Poaceae dried seed Provides Nourishment,
powder aestivum covers Protects Against Sun
Damage, Fights Acne
14. Tulsi powder Ocimum Lamiaceae Dried leaves Prevents acne and pimples,
sanctum L Improve skin texture,
Cleanser
15. Multani mitti hydrous Clay Nourishes skin, reduce
aluminum minerals oiliness, Remove blackheads
silicates
(clay
minerals)
16. Honey Honey-bee Apadae saccharine antiaging, exfoliant,
Apis liquid
prepared
from the
nectar of
the flowers
17. Jojoba Simmondsia simmondsiace Beads, oil Antiaging, sunburn, eczema,
chinensis a wrinkles
 18. Khus khus chrysopogon grasses Seed oil Inflammation, insect
zizanioides repelling, burns, emotional
traumas
19. walnut Juglans Juglandaceae oil Wrinkle, antioxidant,
antiaging
20. Xanthum gum Xanthomonu xanthomonadaFermenting Naturally occurring non-
scompestre ceae carbs with toxic stabilizer and thickener
xanthomas
campestris
bacteria
Scrub is a beauty product or treatment which cleanses and exfoliates the skin of the face
Ideal Properties of Scrub An ideal scrub is accepted to possess the following properties [1]

1. It should be Non toxic

2. Possess small gritty particles
3. Mild abrasive
4. Non irritating
5. Non sticky Able to remove dead skin cell

Walnut [1] Consuming walnuts are an excellent option for skin and body. Even several cosmetics and skin
care product manufacturer include walnuts in their material because they are full of nutrition which is
necessary for our skin. Besides skin care, walnuts are very popular for hair color too

Figure no.20

Khus Khus [1]

Khus Khus is an oilseed obtained from the poppy flower. Poppy seeds (Khus Khus) have strong anti-
inflammatory ability, and thus actively used in Ayurvedic preparations for treating inflammation. This
magical seed treats sleep disorders like insomnia. If insomnia occurs due to emotional issues such as anger
or distress, these can also be treated with Khus Khus. It scores high on several accounts like dietary fiber,
minerals (calcium and iron), vitamins, and omega-6 fatty acids. This herb has medicinal properties and
thus used in bath soaps for external application
 Figure no.21

JOJOBA BEADS [1]

As Exfoliator jojoba allows the replacement of skin cells and this is also a way to protect and assist the skin
in the antiaging process. One way of exfoliating that can be done is by using cleaning particles. Jojoba
beads were early onto the market and remain popular, with many manufacturers now offering exfoliant
consists of natural hydrogenated jojoba oil. Jojoba beads is a small spherically shaped beads, insoluble in
water and has a faint odor. Jojoba bead guarantees effective but gentle exfoliation without abrasiveness,
provides comfort in use, and not occlusive

figure no.22

ADVANTAGES OF FACE SCRUB

1. Healthy, glowing skin, minimize spore, reduces breakout and acne, Hides wrinkles
2. Allows absorption of the products, improve your tan, Maintain body pH.
3. Scrubbing is the removal of dry/ dead skin cells on the surface of the skin and is one of the most
important of skincare routine for face.
4. Scrubbing not only helps many skin problems, it also increases blood circulation, which in turn
helps you to achieve healthy and glowing skin.
5. Abrasive scrub cleansers are used for mechanical exfoliation.

Disadvantages of scrub

• Hard scrubbing motions and hard scrubbing chemicals may cause skin irritation including redness,
inflammation. If you have a sensitive skin one can also have allergic reactions to the chemicals
present in the synthetic scrubs as well.
 • Over scrubbing can result in open pores which are exposed to pollution and UV rays at the same
time. It also leaves your skin more prone to infections and tanning.

Herbal scrub Synthetic scrub

Herbal products are completely free from all the Synthetic product are maybe slightly harmful
harmful chemicals as they are naturally derived. chemicals as they are Synthetically derived
Herbal refer to products that are prepared from Synthetic refer to product that are prepared from
plants for their medicinal value chemicals
safe to use as compared to chemical-based They may be harmful for sensitive skin
cosmetics.
Synthetic refer to product that are prepared from More side effect than herbal product
chemicals
E.g., Plum Green Tea gentle revival face scrub E.g., Cetaphil Extra gentle daily scrub
Objective –

• The objective of the study is to formulate an herbal gel face wash with scrub using natural
ingredients.
• The skin care products are basic need to maintain beauty which improves individuals confident
rapidly.
• Skin acts as the reflection as health of an individual and its being a important part of whole body,
as skin can be affected by various environmental and other physiological factor such as-climatic
changes, UV rays, pollution, dust, hormonal disturbances, stress, medication therapy, upset
stomach, lifestyles, habitat, food habits etc.

Why the herbal scrub? [1,38,39]

Herbal medicine has prolonged history of use and better patient tolerance as well as acceptance.
Medicinal plants have a renewable source, which is our only hope for sustainable supplies of in- expensive
medicines for the world growing population. Herbal face scrub will not only be safe to use but it will also
exfoliate your skin, making it look healthier and more glowing. You can buy these instead of chemical ones
because Face scrubs that contain natural ingredients have no side effects and are absolutely safe to use.
However, you must avoid exfoliating your skin with a face scrub on a daily basis. This is because when the
skin gets exfoliated on a daily basis with scrubs, the cells can get damaged and that will result in rough
skin. So, you should know how to use it and what things you need to prevent. By using an herbal Face
scrub through an exfoliation method, you can stimulate the collagen production on your skin and that will
help your skin look smoother and give a radiant look to your skin. You can also save your skin from
breakouts by using an herbal face scrub. You should make sure that your skin is not coming into contact
with harmful chemical scrubs, so it’s better to go with herbal face scrubs than chemical ones.

OTHERS- HOME-MADE REMEDIES FOR HERBAL SCRUB

1. Gentle Oat Scrub Soothing and anti-inflammatory oats are ideal for sensitive skin. Ground oats gently
unclog pores while their natural saponins cleanse and absorb dirt and oil.

• ½ cup old-fashioned oats (uncooked)

• Water
 In a blender, pulse the dry oats until finely ground. Place a pinch of the ground oats into the palm of
your hand, then add water until a paste forms. Gently massage into your face and neck. Store the ground
oats in an airtight container for later use.

Bonus: Instead of water, you can use milk or yogurt, both of which have lactic acid as a chemical
exfoliant. Or add apple cider vinegar that contains malic acid for brightening properties.

2.Honey & Brown Sugar Scrub Honey and sugar are natural humectants (moisture preservers) that make
a gentle scrub to buff away flakes, clear out pores, and lock in moisture.

• 1 tablespoon brown sugar (the finer, the better)

• 1 tablespoon honey, preferably raw

Mix the brown sugar and honey together. Then with clean fingertips, very gently apply the scrub to
your face in small circular motions to aid in the exfoliation process without damaging the skin. Rinse with
warm water and use a washcloth to remove any residual honey, if needed.

3. Baking Soda Add-In With its superfine texture, baking soda acts like an at-home microdermabrasion
for all skin types. This inexpensive ingredient also absorbs excess oil, so it’s especially helpful for oily skin.

• 1 teaspoon baking soda

• Your regular liquid skin cleanser

Possibly the easiest scrub to make, just add 1 teaspoon of baking soda into a small amount of your
regular cleanser, and you’ve just made your product work double duty as an exfoliating cleanser.

4.Coffee & Oil Scrub Leftover coffee grounds are mild enough to use all over the body—even on sensitive
areas like the face. Plus, the used grounds are still chock full of caffeine and antioxidants [ source] that
leave the skin looking perky and toned.

• 1 tablespoon used coffee grounds

• 1 tablespoon oil (jojoba, olive, or rosehip)

Talk about reduce, reuse, and recycle! Don’t throw away the used coffee grounds after making your
morning brew. Just add 1 tablespoon of oil to them, and you’ve got a gentle, collagen- boosting scrub
ready to go. Coffee scrubs (with added essential oil) are also great for cellulite- prone areas of the body
[source].

5.Rice & Egg White Exfoliating Facial Scrub Ground rice powder makes an excellent cleanser for
brightening complexions and lightening skin discolorations. Brown rice flour has oil-absorbing and anti-
inflammatory benefits that help treat oily and sensitive skin. Combine with a tablespoon of ground
almonds if you’re battling aging.

• 2 tablespoons brown rice

• 1 egg white

Using a coffee grinder, grind brown rice grains until fine. Add an egg white and whip to create a paste.
Then gently massage the scrub into the skin in small circular motions to exfoliate dead cells. Rinse with
warm water to remove.
6.Aloe Vera Gel & Sugar Facial Scrub Superfine sugar is a great kitchen ingredient to add to your scrub,
the finer in grit, the better for your skin. Aloe vera is known to be soothing and healing [source] for all skin
types.

Combine the two ingredients, and after gently massaging them into your skin, leave the mixture on
for a few extra minutes and then rinse well to remove.

• 1 tablespoon aloe vera gel

• a sprinkle of superfine sugar

7.Almond Jojoba Scrub Another easy to find kitchen ingredient is raw almonds. While you will need to
grind them very finely in a coffee grinder or food processor, the end result will be skin smoother than
when you started. Jojoba oil is non-comedogenic and great to use on skin prone to breakouts.

• 12 raw almonds
• 1–2 tablespoons jojoba oil

After grinding the raw almonds to a fine powder, add in the jojoba oil and gently exfoliate in circular
motions. Remove with a warm washcloth.

8.Flax Seed Scrub Flax seeds are both anti-inflammatory internally and externally [source]. You can add a
number of options to a handful of flax seeds and create a scrub so simple and effective.

• 1 teaspoon ground flax seeds or flaxseed meal

• 1 tablespoon carrier ingredient (aloe vera gel, yogurt, honey, jojoba oil, rosehip oil) Mix well with
a mortar and pestle and then remove with warm water

EVALUATION OF FORMULATION

PHYSICAL EVALUATION

Irritability Small amount of the scrub can be applied on the skin and kept for few minutes and found to
be non-irritant

Washability: Formulations can be applied on the skin easily remove by washing with water is checked
manually Grittiness The product can checked for the presence of any gritty particles by applying it on the
skin

Stability studies the stability of the formulation can be tested by filling the scrub in plastic containers and
placing it in humidity chamber at 45°C and 75% relative humidity. The stability of the formulation can be
inspected for 3 months at interval of one month each

Color: The color of the face scrub can be checked visually

Oduor: The odor of the scrub is checked by smelling it.

pH: The PH of formulations need to determined using digital pH meter. One gram of face wash was
dissolved in 100 ml of demineralized water and stored for two hours. The measurements of pH of each
formulation were done in triplicate. Instrument will need calibration before use with standard buffer
solutions at pH 4, 7 and 9.[40]
Consistency: Consistency can be determined manually.

Homogeneity: The test was done by physical touch with hands

Spread ability: Spread ability denotes the extent of area to which the gel readily spread on application to
skin or the affected part. The bioavailability efficiency of a gel formulation also depends on its spreading
value [41]. The spread ability is expressed in terms of time in seconds taken by two slides to slip off from
the gel, placed in between the slides, under certain load. Lesser the time taken for separation of two
slides, better the spread ability. Two sets of glass slides of standard dimensions were taken. The herbal
gel formulation was placed over one of the slides. The other slide was placed on the top of the gel, such
that the gel was sandwich between the two slides in an area occupied by a distance of 6 cm along the
slide. 100gm weight was placed upon the upper slide so that the gel between the two slides was pressed
uniformly to from a thin layer. The weight was removed & the excess of the gel adhering to the slides was
scrapped off. The two slides in position were fixed to stand without slightest disturbance & in such a way
that only the upper slide to slip off freely by the force of weight tied to it. A 20gm weight was tied to the
upper slide carefully. The time taken for the upper slide to travel the distance of 6 cm7 separated away
from the lower slide under the influence of the weight was noted. The experiment was repeated three
times both formulated gels & marketed gel & the mean time taken for calculation [41,42].

S=m× l/t

S=Spread ability m=Weight placed on slide l=Length of the glass slide t= Time taken in seconds

Accelerated Stability Studies

The Face wash gel formulation was subjected to stability testing for 2 months as per ICH Guidelines at a
temperature of 40oC ± 2oC and RH 75%. The Gel formulation was analyzed for the change in appearance,
pH and phytochemicals.

❖ CONCLUSION

Herbal have great potential to cure different kinds of skin diseases. More than 80% of people in India
depend on traditional health care and use different plant based products for curing skin related problems.
Compared with the conventional allopathic drugs, they have relatively low cost and can be of great
benefit to the population of India in general and poor people in particular. Herbal are a rich source of
active ingredients and can be safer and cost-effective treatment for skin diseases ranging from rashes to
dreadful skin cancer. More than 50% of plant species useful for treatment of skin diseases appear to be
restricted to forests, so activities such as deforestation, habitat destruction, urbanization etc. may pose a
serious threat to these species. Conservation of these plant with the help of local participation and
carrying out of extensive research in this respect to broaden the prospects of herbal drugs in skin disease
treatment is the need of the hour.
In this review of herbal medications have clinical efficacy, as well as the more common herbs found to
be useful in the treatment of dermatologic disorders. Information regarding the safety of each herb is
also included in this review to better enable consumers to decide which herbal therapies they may want
to use in practice. Common drug interactions and the side effects of herbal medicines that may be seen
but still herbal formulations demand is increasing with time due to their good efficacy and most
important less toxicity and also their easy approach.

Based on literature study, it is also important to know what common herbal alternatives exist and
which potential adverse effects or interactions can occur to permit more effective counseling of
patients
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