I SO

I N TE RN ATI ON AL S TAN D AR D 78844

Fi rst e d i ti o n

1 987-1 2-1 5

I N TE R N ATI ON AL OR G AN I ZATI ON FOR S TAN D AR D I ZATI ON

OR G AN I S ATI ON I N TE R N ATI ON ALE DE N OR M ALI S ATI ON

M E XAYH AP Ofl H Afl O P rAH M 3 A~ M fl fl 0 C TAH ~ AP TM 3 AL&l M

G l as s - Vkco s i ty an d vi sco m e tri c fi xed P o i n ts -

P art 1 :

P ri n ci pl es for d eterm i n i n g vi s co si ty an d vi s co m e tri c fi xed

P o i n ts

R e fe re n ce n u m b e r

I SO 7884-1 : 1 987 (E)

Fo reword

I SO ( th e I n te rn ati o n al O rg an i z ati o n fo r S tan d ard i z ati o n ) is a wo rl d wi d e fe d e rati o n of

n ati o n al S tan d ard s bo d i e s (I SO m em ber bed i es) . Th e wo rk of p re pari n g I n te rn ati o n al

S tan d ard s is n o rm al l y carri e d ou t th ro u g h I SO te ch n i cal co m m i tte es . E s ch m em ber

bo d y i n te re s te d in a s u bj e ct fo r wh i ch a te ch n i cal co m m i ttee h as been e s tabl i s h e d h as

th e ri g h t to be re p re s e n te d on th at co m m i ttee . I n te rn ati o n al o rg an i z ati o n s , g o ve rn -

m e n tal an d n o n - g o ve rn m e n tal , in l i ai so n wi th I S O, al s o take p art in th e wo rk.

D raft I n te rn ati o n al S tan d ard s ad o p te d by th e te ch n i cal co m m i ttee s are ci rcu l ate d to

th e m em ber bo d i e s fo r ap pro val b e fo re th e i r acce ptan ce as I n te rn ati o n al S tan d ard s by

th e I SO C o u n ci l . Th ey are app ro ve d in acco rd an ce wi th I SO p ro ce d u re s re q u i ri n g at

l e as t 75 % app ro val by th e m e m be r bo d i e s vo ti n g .

I n te rn ati o n al S tan d ard I SO 7 8 8 4- 1 was p re p are d by Te ch n i cal C o m m i tte e I S O/TC 48 ,

Labo rsto ry g l assware an d re l a ted appara tu s.

U s e rs sh ou l d n o te th at al l I n te rn ati o n al S tan d ard s u n d e rg o re vi s i o n fro m ti m e to ti m e

an d th at an y re fe re n ce m ad e h e re i n to an y o th e r I n te rn ati o n al S tan d ard i m pl i es i ts

l ate s t e d i ti o n , u n l ess o th e rwi s e s tate d .

0 I n tern ati on al Org an kati on for Stan d ard kati on , 1 987

P ri n te d in S wi tze rl an d
I N TE RN ATI ON AL STAN D ARD I SO 7884-1 : 1 9 87 (E )

G l as s - Vi sco s i ty an d vi sco m e tri c fi xe d P o i n ts -

P art 1 :

P ri n ci pl es fo r d eterm i n i n g vi s co s i ty an d vi sco m e tri c fi xe d ’

P o i n ts

0 I n trod u cti o n 3 D efi n i ti o n s

I n te rn ati o n al S tan d ard I SO 7 8 8 4, G l as s - Vi s co s i ty an d

Fo r th e p u rp o s e s of th i s p art of I SO 78 8 4 , th e fo l l o wi n g d e fi n i -

co n s i s ts of th e fo l l o wi n g s e parate ti o n s ap pl y.
vi sco m e tri c fi xed P o i n ts,

P arts :

31 vi s co s i ty : Th e p ro p e rty of re s i s tan ce to fl o w u n d er

P art 7: P ri n ci pl e s fo r d e te rm i n i n g vi s co s i ty an d vi s co m e tri c ske s s . In th e cas e of N e wto n i an be h avi o u r, th e rate of d e fo r-

fi xe d p oi n ts. m ati o n i s p ro p o rti o n al to th e s tre s s .

Fo l l o wi n g i n te rn ati o n al l y u sed co n ve n ti o n , th e p re fe rre d unit

P art 2 : D eterm i n ati on of vi s co si ty b y ro ta ti o n vi sco m e te rs.

fo r th e vi sco si ty of g l as s is th e SI su b-u n i t d e ci pas cal s e co n d

P art 3: D ete rm i n ati o n of vi s co s i ty b y fi bre el on g a ti on ( d P as ) *.

vi s co m e te r.

3. 2 R an g e s of vi s co s i ty

P art 4: D e term i n ati o n of vi s co s i ty b y beam ben d i n g .

Wi th re s pe ct to practi cal appl i cati o n , th re e ran g e s of vi s co s i ty

m e as u re m e n t tan be d i s ti n g u i s h e d :
P art 5: D e te rm i n ati o n of wo rki n g Poi n t by s i n ki n g bar

vi sco m e ter.
a) m el ti n g ran g e : up to 1 0 3 d P as

P art 6: D eterm i n ati on of soften i n g P o i n t.

b) wo rki n g ran g e : ab o u t 1 0 3 to I O* d P as

P art 7: D eterm i n ati on of an n eal i n g Poi n t an d strai n Poi n t by c) an n e al i n g ran g e : ab o u t 1 0 1 3 to 1 0 1 5 d P as

beam ben d i n g .

3. 3 Vi s co m e tri c fi xe d P o i n ts

P art 8: D eterm i n ati on of (d i l a to m e tri cl tran sform a ti on

tem pe ra tu re. lt is co n ve n i e n t to s pe ci fy th e fo l l o wi n g fi ve te m pe ratu re s to

ch aracte ri z e th e vi s co s i ty- te m pe ratu re be h avi o u r of a g l as s .

N OTE - Th e expre ssi on “fi xe d P o i n t” does not d e n o te an y re l ati o n -

1 Scope an d fi el d of appl i cati on

sh i p to th e rm o d yn am i cal fi xe d P o i n ts.

Th i s p art of I SO 7884 g i ve s ru l e s fo r ch aracte ri z i n g g l as s as a

3. 3. 1 wo rki n g Poi n t & : Th e te m p e ratu re co rre s p o n d i n g to
liquid (or l i q u i d - an al o g u e d e fo rm abl e ) m ateri al wi th re s pe ct to
a vi s co s i ty
i ts d yn am i c vi s co s i ty q an d vi s co s i ty- te m pe ratu re re l ati o n s h i p,

if it be h ave s as a N e wto n i an fl u i d .
1 0 4 d P a= s
Vfl =

N OTE - N o n - N e wto n i an be h avi o u r m ay be o bserved so m e ti m e s in to be d e te rm i n e d by on e of th e m e th o d s d e s cri b e d in

o paq u e g l asses, vi treo u s e n am e l s or highly crystal l i z i n g g l asse s (g l ass I SO 7884- 2 or I SO 7 8 8 4- 5 .

ce ram i cs) .

3. 3. 2 s o fte n i n g Poi n t 1 9, : Th e te m pe ratu re d e te rm i n e d by

th e m e th o d d e s cri be d in I SO 7884-6. Th e co rre s p o n d i n g

2 Referen ce vi s co s i ty i s e s ti m ated by th e fo l l o wi n g e q u ati o n :

I EC P u bl i cati o n 584- 1 , Th e rm o co u pl es - P art 7: Referen ce

q f2 = 2, l x 1 07 x Q - & . . . (1 )
tabl es.
( 1

d N *s
*
1 d pa- s = 1 ,2 = 1 P

(P is th e S ym bo l for P o i se )
 I SO 7884- 1 : 1 987 (E )

N OTE - Th e Ord er of m ag n i tu d e of th e co n stan ts for te ch n i cai g l asses

is as fo l l o ws :

e i s th e d e n s i ty of th e g l as s in g ram s p e r cu bi c ce n ti m e tre ; A= - 1 00 (d e cad i c l o g ari th m of vi scosi ty in d e ci pascal secon d s)

B= 1 0 3 OC
0 is th e s u rface te n s i o n in m i l l i n e wto n s per m e tre .

c = 1 02 OC

Fo r ,Q = 2, 5 g /cm 3 an d c7 = 300 m N /m th e vi sco si ty is

4. 2 D e te rm i n ati o n of th e co n s tan ts

= 1 0 7, 6 d P as
Vf2

Th re e pai rs of m e as u re d te m pe ratu re s an d e q u i l i bri u m

In m o st cas e s rf2 l i es cl o s e to th at val u e ; it s h al l be u sed if th e

vi s co s i ti e s i = 1 , 2, 3, co ve ri n g th e ran g e of th e m e as u re m e n t

val u e s of Q an d 0 are u n kn o wn . In e xtre m e cas e s rf2 ran g e s

an d s e p arate d s u ffi ci e n tl y fro m e ach o th e r, are Ch osen to

fro m 1 0 7, s to 1 0 8 d P as .
cal cu l ate th e co n s tan ts of th e VFT- e q u ati o n by m e an s of e q u a-

ti o n s (3) to (5) :

Th e s o fte n i n g Poi n t tan al s o be d e te rm i n e d by th e m e th o d

d e s cri b ed in I SO 78 8 4 - 2 .
w, - 8, ) l w, - 8, ) l (I g q3 - lg (9)
C = V, +

($2 - 81 ) - (l g 73 - Ig q1 ) - ($3 - 8, ) = (I g q2 - Ig q, )

3. 3. 3 an n e al i n g Poi n t ti f3 : Th e te m p e ratu re d e te rm i n e d in
. . . (3 )
acco rd an ce wi th th e m e th o d d e s cri be d in I SO 7884-7.

b 1 1 2
m(8, - Cl - I g 1 1 1. ( I - 9 , - C)
N OTE - Fro m th e be am be n d i n g m e th o d a n o n - e q u i l i bri u m vi scosi ty A= . . . (4)
of 1 0 1 3 , 2 d pa. s is assi g n e d to th e an n e al i n g P o i n t. r9 2 - 81

Fro m vari o u s m e asu re m e n t te ch n i q u e s, a n o n - e q u i l i bri u m vi sco si ty of

B = ( 8, - C) n (I g ql - A) . . . (5)
1 01 3 to 1 01 3J d P as h as be e n fo u n d to appro xi m ate to th e vi scosi ty at

th e an n e al i n g P o i n t.

As a pro o f of th e e val u ati o n , cal cu l ate co n s tan t B o n ce

m o re u si n g i = 2 or 3.

3. 3. 4 s trai n Poi n t ti f, : Th e te m pe ratu re d e te rm i n e d in acco r-

d an ce wi th th e m e th o d d e s cri be d in I SO 7884-7.
.
43 Te m pe ratu re co e ffi ci e n t of vi sco si ty

N OTE - Fro m th e be am be n d i n g m e th o d a n o n - e q u i l i bri u m vi scosi ty

Th e te m pe ratu re co e ffi ci e n t of th e vi s co s i ty of a g l as s i s d e fi n e d

of 1 0’ 4J d P as is ass i g n e d to th e strai n P o i n t.
by e q u ati o n (6) :

Fro m vari o u s m e asu re m e n t tech n i q u e s , a n o n - e q u i l i bri u m vi scosi ty of

1 0 1 4#5 to 1 0 t4r7 d P as h as be e n fo u n d to appro xi m ate to th e vi scosi ty at 1 dv

qy --- . . . (6)
th e strai n P o i n t.

r d fl

U si n g th e VFT- e q u ati o n , th e te m pe ratu re co e ffi ci e n t U,, is

3. 3. 5 tran s fo rm ati o n te m p e ratu re t, : Th e te m pe ratu re

g i ve n by e q u ati o n (7) :
d e te rm i n e d in acco rd an ce wi th th e m e th o d d e s cri b e d in

I SO 78 8 4- 8 .
2, 3 03 B
UV = . . . (7)
N OTE - From th e d i l ato m e tri c m e th o d a n o n - e q u i l i bri u m vi scosi ty of (V - CP

abo u t 1 01 3 J d P as is assi g n ed to th e tran sfo rm ati o n te m pe ratu re .

An e xact re l ati o n to th e an n e al i n g Poi n t 4, d oe s n ot e xi st.

4. 4 E rro r ch aracte ri z ati o n

Th e d e vi ati o n of a m e as u re d Poi n t fro m a fi tte d te m p e ratu re -

vi s co s i ty cu rve (e. g . fo u n d by a re g re s s i o n an al ys i s ) tan be

4 Vi sco si ty- tem peratu re rel ati o n sh i p

e xp re s s e d e i th e r by a vi s co s i ty d i ffe re n te Al g q or by a

te m pe ratu re d i ffe re n te AC? Th e se d i ffe re n te s are re l ate d to on e

4. 1 Th e Vo g el , Fu l ch e r an d Tarn m an n e q u ati o n
an o th e r by e q u ati o n (8) :

Fo r th e pu rp o s e of i n te rp o l ati o n th e vi s co s i ty- te m pe ratu re re l a- Al g q = -0 , 43 3 U V At9 . . . (8)

ti o n s h i p is co n ve n i e n tl y d e s cri b e d by th e e q u ati o n of Vo g e l ,

Fu l ch e r an d Tarn m an n ( th e VFT- eq u ati o n ) : wh e re U V i s th e m e an te m pe ratu re co e ffi ci e n t of vi sco s i ty i n th e

co rre s p o n d i n g ran g e of te m p e ratu re .

= A+B . . .
b 1 ? (2 )
An n e x A co n tai n s val u e s fo r es ti m ati n g th e i n fl u e n ce of e rro rs
V- C

in vi s co s i ty or te m pe ratu re d e te rm i n ati o n .

Th e n u m e ri cal val u e of th e d yn am i c vi s co s i ty 7 1s h al l b e i n s e rte d

in d e ci pas cal s e co n d s ( d P as ) , an d th e te m p e ratu re 1 9 in 4. 5 Vi s co s i ty- te m pe ratu re pl o t

d e g re e s Cel si u s (OC) .

Th e g raph i cal re p re s e n tati o n of th e vi s co s i ty- te m pe ratu re re l a-

Th e co n s tan ts A, B an d C are ch aracte ri s ti c fo r th e g l as s u n d er ti o n s h i p is u s u al l y pe rfo rm e d by pl o tti n g th e l o g ari th m of

te s t ( s e c 4. 2 ) . vi s co si tyas O rd i n ate ag ai n s t th e te m pe ratu re as abs ci s s a ( l i n e ar) .

2
 I SO 78844 : 1 987 (E )

5 P ri n ci pl es of m easu rem en t an d cal i brati o n 6 Apparatu s

6. 1 Vi sco m e tri c d e vi ce s
5. 1 M e as u re m e n t of th e vi sco si ty

Th e vi s co m e tri c d e vi ce s are s pe ci fi e d in I SO 7884-2 to

Th e P e rfo rm an ce of th e app aratu s , th e m e as u re m e n t p ro -
I SO 78 8 4- 8 .
ce d u re an d th e e val u ati o n of vi s co s i ty d epen d h e avi l y on th e

type of m e th o d u sed . Th e m e th o d s are d e s cri be d in I SO 7884-2

to I SO 7884-8. 6. 2 Fu rn ace s

Th e d i ffe re n t ran g e s of vi s co s i ty sh ou l d p re fe rabl y b e d e te rm i n - In som e cas e s (sec I SO 78 8 4 - 6 1 , s pe ci al fu rn ace d e vi ce s are

ed u si n g th e fo l l o wi n g m e th o d s of m e as u re m e n t : p re s cri be d in d e tai l .

a) ro tati o n (see I SO 7884-2) : 1 0 to 1 0 8 d P as G e n e ral l y, a we i l - i n s u l ate d fu rn ace , el e ctri cal l y h e ate d , s h al l

h ave a co n s tan cy of te m pe ratu re wi th re s p e ct to ti m e of & 1 OC

b) fi bre e l o n g ati o n (see I SO 7 8 8 4- 3 ) : 1 0 8 to 1 0 1 3 d P as wi th i n th at p art of i ts h ot re g i o n wh i ch is re l e van t fo r th e

m e as u re m e n t of vi sco si ty.

c) be am be n d i n g (see I SO 7 8 8 4 - 4) : 1 0 9 to 1 0 1 5 d P as

In som e cas e s th e fu rn ace an d i ts co n tro l sh al l be capab l e of

ach i e vi n g re q u i re d rate s of i n cre as e o r d e cre as e i n te m pe ratu re .

5. 2 Vi s co m etri c cal i brati o n

6. 3 M ate ri al s of th e app aratu s

In so m e cas e s th e cal cu l ati o n of th e vi sco si ty fro m th e s h ap e

an d d i m en si on of th e fl o w fi e l d an d fro m th e m e as u re d fo rce s

Th e m ateri al s in th e h ot re g i o n of th e fu rn ace , th e h e ate rs , th e

an d rate s of d e fo rm ati o n is po s s i bl e . In practi ce , h o we ve r, it is

cru ci bl e s , s o cke ts , an d m e as u ri n g d e vi ce s s h al l be ab l e to
co n ve n i e n t to cal i brate o r to ch e ck th e te s t d e vi ce s by m ean s of

wi th s tan d th e re l e van t te m pe ratu re s an d m e ch an i cal fo rce s

ap p ro p ri ate vi s co m e tri c ce rti fi e d re fe re n ce g l as s e s ( s e e an n e x B

wi th o u t fractu re o r e s s e n ti al d e fo rm ati o n . Th e m ate ri al s in co n -

fo r fu rth e r i n fo rm ati o n ) .

tact wi th th e g l as s m el t s h al l be s u ffi ci en tl y re s i s tan t to

C h em i cal attack by th i s m el t. Th i s p ro pe rty sh ou l d be ch e cke d

5. 3 M e as u rem e n t of te m p e ratu re b e fo re th e m e as u re m e n t is pe rfo rm e d , if th e typ e of g l as s is

u n kn o wn .

Th e te m p e ratu re is d e te rm i n e d m ai n l y by ap pro pri ate th e r-

m o co u pl e s acco rd i n g to I EC 584-1 . Fo r te m pe ratu re s ab o ve Fo r te m pe ratu re s ab o ve 800 OC , pl ati n u m - rh o d i u m al l o ys an d

1 200 OC th e rm o co u pl e s s u ch as pl ati n u m - 3 0 % rh o d i u m / AI 2 0 3 ce ram i cs are ap p ro p ri ate m ate ri al s fo r co n tact wi th th e

pl ati n u m - 6 % rh o d i u m ( typ e B) acco rd i n g to I E C 5 8 4- 1 sh ou l d g l as s S am pl e . Som e o th e r s peci al h i g h - te m pe ratu re ceram i cs 1 )

p re fe ra bl y be u sed . m ay be u sed , if no co n tact wi th th e g l as s S am pl e is pro vi d e d .

Fo r m i n i m i zi n g s ys te m ati c e rro rs in te m p e ratu re m e as u re m e n t,

th e g e n e ral ru l e s fo r th e u se of th e rm o co u pl e s s h al l b e o be ye d .
7 G l ass u n d er test
Th e l e ad s of th e th e rm o co u pl e wi th i n th e h ot re g i o n of wh i ch

th e te m pe ratu re is m e as u re d s h al l be s u ffi ci e n tl y l on g .

7. 1 S am pl e

Th e e l e ctro m o ti ve fo rte s h al l be m e as u re d by a P o te n ti o m e te r

U n l es s o th e r p ro ce d u re s are s pe ci fi e d , th e vi s co s i ty of a typi cal

or by an e l e ctro n i e Vo l tm e te r h avi n g a s u ffi ci e n tl y high i n pu t

S am pl e h as to be d e te rm i n e d in th e s tate of d e l i ve ry; th e re fo re ,
re s i s tan ce .

an y C h an g e i n co m po s i ti o n o f th e g l as s sh ou l d b e avo i d e d as far

as po s s i bl e , in parti cu l ar by taki n g th e fo l l o wi n g p re cau ti o n s :

5. 4 C al i brati o n of th e rm o co u p l e s

- do not g ri n d to p o wd e r ( to avo i d wate r ad s o rp ti o n ) ;

Th e th e rm o co u pl e s s h al l be cal i brate d wi th th e ai d of th e

th e rm o m e tri c fi xe d P o i n ts of th e I n te rn ati o n al P racti cal - do not h e at ab o ve th e m e as u ri n g te m pe ratu re s if po s s i -

Te m p e ratu re S cal e of 1 968. Th e i n stru m e n ts u sed fo r th e bl e , or h e at on l y fo r as s h o rt a ti m e as po s s i bl e ( to avo i d l oss

m e as u re m e n t of th e e l ectri cal o u tp u t of th e th e rm o co u pl e s of vo l ati l e co m po n e n ts ) ;

s h al l al s o be cal i brate d .

- do not h e at fo r a l on g ti m e wi th i n th e te m p e ratu re re g i o n

Th e co n s tan cy o f th e re l ati o n s h i ps be twe e n e l e ctro m o ti ve fo rte of m axi m u m rate of crys tal l i z ati o n ;

an d te m p e ratu re of fre q u e n tl y u sed th e rm o co u pl e s s h al l be

- se l e ct pi e ce s wi th o u t i n h o m o g e n e i ti e s , i n cl u s i o n s or bu b-
ch e cke d fro m ti m e to ti m e by a th e rm o co u pl e wh i ch is not

o th e rwi s e u sed . bl e s .

P i ch e l swe rd e r S traß e 1 2,
1 ) P yth ag o ras0 is an e xam pl e of a s u i tabl e prod u ct s u ppl i e d by W. H al d e n wan g e r Tech n i sch e Ke ram i k G m bH & Co. KG ,

D-l 000 B e rl i n 20.

Th i s i n fo rm ati o n is g i ve n for th e co n ve n i e n ce of u sers of th i s part of I SO 78 8 4 an d does n ot co n sti tu te an e n d o rs e m e n t by I SO of th e prod u ct n am e d .

E q u i val e n t prod u cts m ay be u se d if th ey tan be sh o wn to l e ad to th e sam e resu l ts.

3
I SO 7884-1 : 1 987 (E )

7. 2 P re p arati o n of te s t s pe ci m e n s b) C h e ck th e g l as s fo r d e vi tri fi cati o n or d e m i xi n g e ffe cts

by re p e ate d m e asu re m e n ts u si n g co rre s po n d i n g l y vari abl e

Th e p re p arati o n of th e te s t s pe ci m e n s d epen d s on th e te s ti n g te m pe ratu re - ti m e pro g ram m e s .

m e th o d to be Ch osen an d is s pe ci fi e d in I SO 78 8 4 - 2 to

I SO 7884-8. N OTE - Th e pro te cti o n of th e m el t by an appro pri ate i n e rt g as at-

m o sph e re m ay be u se fu l in so m e s pe ci al cases.

7. 3 Tre atm e n t of m el ts

U n l es s s pe ci al p ro ce d u re s are pre s cri be d , th e fo l l o wi n g pri n - 8 Test repo rt

ci pl e s sh ou l d be o bs e rve d .

I SO 7 8 8 4- 2 to I SO 7884-8 s pe ci fy wh at p arti cu l ars th e te s t

a) A m el ted S am pl e sh ou l d be h e ate d to , bu t n ot h i g h er re po rt sh al l i n cl u d e .

th an , th e te m pe ratu re at wh i ch h o m o g e n i z ati o n an d

re m o val of bu bbl e s o ccu rs , an d sh ou l d be m e as u re d at th at G e n e ral l y, al l facts an d ci rcu m s tan ce s wh i ch co u l d b e e s s e n ti al

te m pe ratu re an d at th e l o we r te m pe ratu re s d e s i re d fo r th e fo r th e j u d g em en t or a po s s i bl e l ate r re - e xam i n ati o n s h al l be

te s t. Vi sco s i ty m e asu re m e n ts at h i g h er te m pe ratu re s sh ou l d re g i s te re d . Th e re s u l ts sh ou l d be e xpre s s e d acco rd i n g to

fo l l o w, if n eed ed , as th e fi n al p ro ce d u re in th e te s t s e ri e s . cl au s e 4 of th i s p art of I SO 7 8 8 4.
 I SO 7884-1 : 1 987 (E )

An n ex A

Tabl es fo r esti m ati n g th e i n fl u en ce of erro rs in vi s co s i ty

or tem peratu re d eterm i n ati on

( Th i s an n e x d oes n ot fo rm an i n te g ral p art of th e S tan d ard . )

D u ri n g th e m e as u re m e n t, it is not po s s i bl e to cal cu l ate th e vi s co s i ty- te m pe ratu re b e h avi o u r, th e re l ate d te m p e ratu re co e ffi ci e n t an d

th e e rro r ch aracte ri z ati o n fo l l o wi n g 4. 2 to 4. 4.

As a S u rve y an d pre l i m i n ary es ti m ati on of th e re l ati o n s h i p be twe e n th e d i ffe re n te s of te m pe ratu re , A8, an d of vi sco si ty, Aq /q , tabl e 1

m ay be u sed if it is kn o wn wh e th e r th e g l as s is “l o n g ”, “m ed i u m ”, or “s h o rt”.

Tabl e 1 - Rel ati ve Ch an g e Aq l q an d Al g 1 ; 1i n th e vi scosi ty co rrespon d i n g to a Ch an g e

in tem peratu re of -1 OC

Ab fl
Ao -
Tem peratu r- e - x 1 00
Au l
@ fl - 8, b i? = 0 , 43 43 x -
rl
fl

OC OC %

1 40 0 3, 37 1 ’0 0, 004 4

1 200 4, 33 l, 3 0, 005 7

450 1 000 5, l O I A3 0, 008 0

“l an g ” 800 7, 8 2 3, 7 0, 01 6 0

70 0 9’ 68 5, l 0, 022 0

600 1 1 , 96 CO 0, 026 0

1 40 0 2, 02 0’ 9 0, 004 0

1 200 u 34 1 ’1 0, 004 8

286
286 1 000 3, 97 l t6 0, 007 0

“m e d i u m ” 800 6, 06 3, 5 0, 01 5 0

700 7, 80 4, 6 0, 020 0

600 I O, 74 8, 3 0, 036 0

950 1 , 86 Z6 0, 01 1 2

850 338 4’ 1 0, 01 7 6

1 03 750 5, 55 7, 4 0, 032 0

“sh ort” 700 7 , 78 1 2, 6 0, 054 8

650 1 0, 66 1 3, 4 0, 0 58 0

600 1 39 1 3, 4 0, 058 0
I SO 7884- 1 : 1 987 (E I

As an exam pl e fo r a typi cal te ch n i cal g l as s ( re fe re n ce g l as s DGG 1 , s e e tab l e 3 1 , tabl e 2 g i ve s a S u rve y on th e i n fl u e n ce of th e erro r in

vi s co s i ty i n tro d u ce d by ro u n d i n g th e co n s tan ts of th e VFT- eq u ati o n .

Tabl e 2 - I n fl u e n ce on e rro r i n tro d u ce d by ro u n d i n g co n s tan ts A, B an d C

Rou n d i n g of con stan ts A,

A, B, C Tem peratu re Rel ati ve e rror ( Aq l q ) x 1 00 % in th e case of con stan t

to
to . . . si g n i fi can t to th e n eare st . . . t9 A B C

f i g u re s u n i t(s) in th e l ast digit OC m axi m u m m axi m u m m axi m u m

1
1 4
4000 0, 02 0 , Ol

5 2 800 0, 02 0, 04 0, 03

550 0, 08 OJ I

1 400 0, 05 0, 02

5 5 800 0, 06 0, l O 0, 08

550 0, 1 9 0, 28

1 400 O, l 0, 04

4 1 800 kl 02 02

550 04 01 6

1 40 0 02 Ol l

4. 2 800 02 0, 4 0, 3

550 W3 IJ

1 40 0 0, 5 02

4 5 800 05 LO W3

550 1 1 9 23

1 400 l t0 0, 4

3 1 800 1 2 Tl l t6

I 3 I 1 I 50
8
5 50
5 0 I 31 9 5, 5
 I SO 7884-1 : 1 987 (E )

An n ex B

E xam pl e s of ce rti fi ed referen ce g l asses fo r vi s co m e tri c cal i brati o n

( Th i s an n e x d oes n ot fo rm an i n te g ral p art of th e S tan d ard . )

Th e tab u l ate d ce rti fi e d re fe re n ce g l as s e s (CRG ) N BS 70 9 to N BS 71 7 are avai l abl e fro m th e N ati o n al B u re au of S tan d ard s ,

Was h i n g to n (see N BS S peci al P u bl i cati o n 260) an d th e ce rti fi e d re fe re n ce g l as s (CRG ) DGG I fro m th e D e u ts ch e G l as te ch n i s ch e

G e s e l l s ch aft (DG G ) , M e n d e l s s o h n s traß 7 5 - 7 7, D -6000 Fran kfu rt/M . 1 , G e rm an y, F. R .

Th e ce rti fi e d re fe re n ce g l as s e s (CRG ) N BS 71 0, 71 1 an d 71 7 are s u ppl i e d as re ctan g u l ar- s h ap e d bars , an d are ce rti fi e d fo r vi s co s i ty

val u e s be twe e n 1 0 2 an d 1 0 1 2 d p a- s . Th ey are s u ppl i e d to ch e ck th e P e rfo rm an ce of h i g h - te m p e ratu re vi s co s i ty e q u i pm e n t ( ro tati n g

cyl i n d e rs ) an d I o w- te m pe ratu re vi s cos i ty e q u i pm e n t ( fi b re e l o n g ati o n , beam ben d i n g , paral l e l - pl ate s , e tc. ) .

Th e re fe re n ce g l as s e s are bas e d on th e I n te rn ati o n al P racti cal Te m pe ratu re S cal e ( U P TS) as fo l l o ws :

N BS 709 on I P TS - 6 8;

N BS 71 0 to N BS 71 7 on I P TS - 48;

DGG 1 on I P TS - 68 .

Tabl e 3 - C e rti fi e d re fe re n ce g l as s e s fo r g l as s vi s co s i ty

Tem pe ratu re s in d eg re es C e l si u s

C e rti f i ed Tem pe ratu res ( be st- fi t val u e s) at vi sco si ti e s, in d eci pascal seco n d s, of

referen ce Type of g l ass

g l ass (C RG ) 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 06 1 07 1 0s 1 09 1 0’ 0 I O” 1 0’ 2

S o d a- l i m e - s i l i cate 1 43 4 , 3 1 1 81 , 7 1 01 9, o 90 5, 3 821 , 5 7 5 7, l 70 6 , l 6 6 4, 7 630 , 4 60 1 , 5 5 76 , 9

Le ad - s i l i cate 1 327, l 1 0 72 , 8 909, o 79 4, 7 71 0 , 4 6 45 , 6 594, 3 552, 7 51 8, 2 48 9 , 2 46 4 , 5

Bo ro si l i cate 1 545, l 1 2 48 , 8 1 059, 4 9 2 7, 9 831 , 2 7 5 7, l 698, 6 651 , l 61 1 , 9 579, 0 550 , 9

S o d a- l i m e - s i l i cate 1 45 3 , 4 1 1 93, 5 1 023, 7 9 0 4, 8 81 7, 8 751 , 7 699, 8 6 5 7, 8 622, 9 593, 0 566, 9

Tabl e 4 - C e rti fi e d re fe re n ce g l as s e s fo r g l as s vi sco m etri c fi xe d P o i n ts

Tem pe ratu re s in d e g ree s Cel si u s

C erti f i ed

referen ce Type of g l ass Soften i n g Poi n t An n eal i n g Poi n t Strai n P oi n t

g l as s ( C RG )

N BS 70 9 E xtra d e n se l e ad 384 328 31 1

N BS 71 0 S o d a- l i m e - s i l i cate 72 4 5 46 50 4

N BS 71 1 Le ad - s i l i cate 60 2 432 392

N BS 71 2 Al kal i l e ad si l i cate 528 3 86 352

N BS 71 3 D e n se bari u m crown 73 8 631 599

N BS 71 4 Al kal i n e e arth al u m i n a s i l i cate 908 71 0 662

N BS 71 5 Al kal i - fre e al u m i n i u m si l i cate 961 764 71 4

N BS 71 6 N e u tral (bo ro si l i cate ) g l ass 79 4 5 74 530

N BS 71 7 Bo ro si l i cate g l ass 72 0 51 6 47 1
I SO78841 : 1 9 87 (E I

An n ex C

Bi bl i o g raph y

( Th i s an n e x d oes n ot fo rm an i n te g ral part of th e S tan d ard . )

VOG E L, H. D as Te m pe ratu rabh än g i g ke i ts g e s e tz d er Vi sko si tät vo n Fl ü s s i g kei ten [Th e l aw of te m pe ratu re d e pe n d e n ce of th e vi s co si ty

of l i q u i d s] . ph y&a/Z. , 1 921 ( Vo l . 221 , pp . 6 4 5 - 6 46 .

TAM M AN N , G. an d H ESSE, W. D i e Abh än g i g ke i t d er Vi sko s i tät vo n d er Te m pe ratu r be i u n te rkü h l te n Fl ü ss i g ke i te n [Th e d e p e n d e n ce of

th e vi sco si ty on th e te m peratu re of u n d e rco o l e d l i q u i d sl . Z an org . ai /g . Ch em i e, 1 926 ( Vo l . 1 5 6 1 , pp . 245-257.

FU LCH E R, G . S . An al ys i s of re ce n t m e as u re m e n ts of th e vi sco si ty of g l as s e s . J. Am e r. C eram . S e c. , 1 925 ( Vo l . 81 , pp . 339-355 an d

789-794.

R OS T, U. D as Vi s co s i tät- Te m pe ratu r- Ve rh al te n vo n Fl ü ss i g ke i te n [Th e vi s co s i ty te m pe ratu re re l ati o n s h i p of l i q u i d s] . Ko //o i d -

Ze i tsch ri ft, 1 955 ( Vo l . 1 4 2 1 , pp . 1 32-1 50.

LI LLI E , H . R. Vi sco s i ty m e as u re m e n ts in g l as s . J. Am e r. Ce ram . Se c. , 1 929 ( Vo l . 1 2 1 , p p. 51 6- 529.

N AP OLI TAN O, A. an d H AWKI N S, E. G . Vi sco s i ty of a S tan d ard so d a- l i m e - s i l i ca g l as s . J. Res. N BS , 1 964 ( Vo l . 6 4A) , p p. 439-448.

N AP OLI TAN O, A. an d H AWKI N S , E. G. Vi s co si ty of a S tan d ard l e ad - s i l i ca- g l as s . N BS M i s t. P u h /. 2 6 0 - 7 7 , Was h i n g to n , 1 966.

N AP OLI TAN O, A. an d H AWKI N S , E. G. Vi s co si ty of S tan d ard bo ro s i l i cate g l as s . N BS S pe c. P u h /. 260-23, D e ce m be r 1 970.

N AP OLI TAN O, A. , SI M M ON S, J.H., BLAC KB U RN , D. H . an d C H I D E STE R, R . H . An al ys i s of th e l ow te m pe ratu re vi s co s i ty d ata fo r th re e N BS

S tan d ard g l as s e s . J. Res. N BS, 1 974 ( Vo l . 78 A) , pp . 323-329.

M E E RLE N D E R, G . Vi s co s i täts - Te m pe ratu r- Ve rh al te n d es S tan d ard g l as e s I d er DGG [Vi sco s i ty te m p e ratu re re l ati o n s h i p of th e re fe re n ce

g l as s I of th e DG G ]. G l astech n . Be ri ch te, 1 9 74 ( Vo l . 47 1 , p p. l -3.

VAN WAZE R, J . R . , LYON S , J . W. , KI M , K. V. an d C OLWE LL, R. E. Ws co s i ty an d fl o w m e asu re m en t. N ew Yo rk an d Lo n d o n , 1 963.

M OR E Y, G . W. Th e prope rti es of g l ass. N ew Yo rk, 1 9 5 4.

S TE VE LS , J . M . Th e s tru ctu re an d th e ph ys i cal pro pe rti e s of g l as s . In FLÜ G G E , S . H an d bu ch d er P h ys i k, Vo l . XI //: Th e rm o d yn am i k d er

Fl ü ssi g ke i te n und Festkörpe r [Th erm o d yn am i cs of li qu ids an d sol i d s tate bo d i e s l . B e rl i n , G ö tti n g e n , H e i d e l b e rg , 1 962.

S CH OLZE , H . G l as, N atu r, S tru ktu r und E i g en sch afte n . [G l as s , n atu re , s tru ctu re an d pro pe rti e s l . B e rl i n , G ö tti n g e n , H e i d e l be rg , 1 9 7 7.

KI TAI G ORO D SKI , 1 . 1 . Te ch n o l og i e d es G l ase s [Te ch n o l o g y of g l as s l . M ü n ch e n , B e rl i n , 1 957 [TexH on otu H cm ei tn a, ro cy~ apcTBe H H oe M 3-

QaTWl bC TBO fl kl Te paTypbl n0 C TpOM TWl bH bl M M aTe pP l afl aM , M OC KB a, 1 951 1 .

I N TE R N ATI ON AL C OM M I S S I ON on G LAS S . Vi sco si ty- Te m pe ratu re rel ati on s in g fass; Vi s co s i ty in G l as s M an u factu ri n g P ro ce ss e s; Vi s co s i ty

Referen ce P o i n ts: A Bi bl i o g raph y up to th e en d of 7968. C h arl e ro i , P ari s, 1 970.

Ch i s pag e i n ten ti on al l y l eft bl an k
I SO 7884- 1 : 1 987 (E I

U DC 666. 1 1 . 01 : 53 2. 1 3

D e scri pto rs : g l ass, tests, vi scosi ty m e asu re m e n t, vi s co s i ty.

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