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Ecology Mindmaps

The document discusses key concepts in ecology including environment, habitat, population, community, ecosystem, competition, interdependence, decomposition, and material cycling. It provides examples of how introducing grey squirrels to the UK increased competition for food and spread a pathogen that kills red squirrels. It also gives an example of how climate change is leading to more dissolved CO2 in oceans, lowering the pH of water and affecting organisms living there.

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Temi Balogun
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (1 vote)
153 views3 pages

Ecology Mindmaps

The document discusses key concepts in ecology including environment, habitat, population, community, ecosystem, competition, interdependence, decomposition, and material cycling. It provides examples of how introducing grey squirrels to the UK increased competition for food and spread a pathogen that kills red squirrels. It also gives an example of how climate change is leading to more dissolved CO2 in oceans, lowering the pH of water and affecting organisms living there.

Uploaded by

Temi Balogun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Environment The 

conditions surrounding an organism; abiotic and biotic. Plants in a community or habitat compete with 


each other for light, space, water and mineral ions.

Ecosystem

Surviving and
Competition

reproducing
Habitat Place where organisms live e.g. woodland, lake.

conditions for making 
Animals compete with each other for food, mates 

compost for use as a 

greys also carry a pathogen 
food for red squirrels. The 
increased competition for 

EXAMPLE: Introduction of 
Farmers optimise 
Population Individuals of a species living in a habitat. and territory.

natural fertiliser.

grey squirrels to UK 
that kills reds.
Community Populations of different species living in a habitat. Species depend on each other for food, shelter, 
Interdependence pollination, seed dispersal etc. Removing a species 
Organisms require a supply of materials from their  can affect the whole community
surroundings and from the other living organisms.
Bacteria respire when breaking down dead  EXAMPLE: climate change is leading to 
organisms releasing CO2. Decomposition and  more dissolved CO2 in oceans lowering 
the pH of the water affecting 
Anaerobic decay in biogas  material cycling organisms living there.
generators produces 
CO2 taken in 
methane gas, used as a fuel. Abiotic Biotic
during 
photosynthesis.
Interdependence 
and competition Non‐living factors 
Living factors that 
that affect a 
affect a community
community

AQA GCSE  Living intensity.

Abiotic and biotic 
Availability of food.
ECOLOGY PART 1 Temperature.
Organisms 
respire 

factors.
releasing 
Moisture levels.
CO2. New predators 
Adaptations Soil pH, mineral 
arriving.
content.

organisation
Organisms 
Wind intensity and 

Levels of 
Dead organisms decayed by bacteria 
adaptations enable  direction. New pathogens.
and fungi releasing carbon. them to survive in 
conditions where  Carbon dioxide 
Materials are recycled to provide the  levels for a plant. One species 
they normally live.
building blocks for future organisms outcompeting so 
Adaptations may  Oxygen levels for  numbers are no 
Photosynthetic organisms are the producers of biomass for life on Earth be structural,  aquatic organisms. longer sufficient to 
behavioural or  breed
Food chains functional.

Feeding relationships in a community Adaptations

Primary Secondary Tertiary  Plants Animals Extremophiles


Producer
consumer consumer consumer Cactus in dry, hot  Polar bear in  Deep sea vent 
desert extreme cold artic bacteria

Factors affecting rate of decay
organisms  releases 
Breakdown of dead 
mineral ions can 

Temperature, water, oxygen
into the soil.

Increase the rate of decay. In  All food chains begin  Populations form in 


Consumers that kill and  In a stable 
enzyme controlled reactions  with a producer e.g.  No leaves to reduce  Hollow hairs to trap 
eat other animals are  community the  thick layers to 
raising the temperature too  grass that is usually a  water loss, wide  layer of heat. Thick 
predators and those  numbers of  protect outer layers 
high will denature the  green plant or  deep roots for  layer of fat for 
eaten are prey. predators and prey  from extreme heat 
enzymes. photosynthetic algae. absorbing water. insulation.
rise and fall in cycles. of vent.
better hope – brighter future
Global warming
Levels of CO2 Decreased land availability from sea  There is a global consensus about global 
and methane level rise, temperature rise damages  warming and climate change based on 

Enough food is needed to feed 
Factors affecting food security Increasing birth rate. systematic reviews of thousands of peer 
in the  delicate habitats, extreme weather 

a changing population
atmosphere  events harm populations of plants  reviewed publications.
Changing diets in developing countries.
are increasing. and animals.
New pests and pathogens affecting farming. Human activity can have a positive 
impact on biodiversity
Environmental changes e.g. famine when rains fail.

Cost of agriculture input. Global 


warming Scientists and concerned citizens
Conflicts (war) affecting water of food availability
Put in place programmes to reduce the 
negative impacts of humans on 
Food  ecosystems and biodiversity
Farming techniques production 
Breeding programmes for endangered 
Increasing efficiency of food  (biology only)
species.
production AQA GCSE ECOLOGY  Maintaining  Protection and regeneration of rare 
Reduce energy waste,  PART 2 biodiversity habitats.
limiting movement, control 
temperature, high protein  Reintroduction of field margins and 
diet to increase growth. hedgerows in agricultural areas where 
Trophic  farmers grow only one type of crop.
levels and  Reduction of deforestation and CO2 
biomass 
Fish stocks in oceans are 

emissions by some governments.
Sustainable fisheries

Maintain/grow fish  (biology only)
stocks to a sustainable  Recycling resources rather than dumping 
waste in landfill.
declining

level where breeding 
continues or certain  Some of the programmes potentially 
species may disappear.  Some people have concerns  conflict with human needs for land use, 
By controlling net size,  about the treatment of animals. food production and high living standards.
fishing quotas.
Trophic levels can be represented by 
numbers and biomass in pyramids.
Transfer of biomass Trophic levels are numbered sequentially 

Apex predators are carnivores 
Biotechnology
according to how far the organisms is 
Biomass is lost between the different trophic levels
Meeting the demands of a growing  along the food chain.

with no predators.
population Producers transfer about 
Plants and 
1% of the incident energy  Level 1 Producers
Fungus Fusarium to produce mycoprotein.  Large amounts of  algae.
from light for 
Requires glucose syrup, aerobic conditions.  glucose is used in 
photosynthesis. Primary 
Biomass is harvested and purified. Decomposers break down  respiration, some  Level 2 Herbivores
consumers.
dead plants and animal matter  material egested as 
GM bacterium produces insulin to treat  by secreting enzymes. Small  Approximately 10% of the  faeces or lost as waste  Secondary 
diabetes. biomass from each trophic  Level 3 Carnivores
soluble food molecules than  e.g. CO2, water and  consumers.
diffuse into the  level is transferred to the  urea in urine.
GM crops to provide more/nutritional food  level above. Tertiary
(golden rice). microorganism. Level 4 Carnivores
consumers.
better hope – brighter future
Ensures the  By reducing the dependence on one  Human activity 
Pollution kills plants 
stability of  species on another for food, shelter,  can have a  and animals which can 
Maintain a  ecosystems maintenance of the physical environment. negative impact  reduce biodiversity.
great  on biodiversity
biodiversity
Future of Many human activities are reduction 
human  biodiversity and only recently measures 
species have been taken to stop it. More resources used and more waste produced.

Waste management
Rapid
growth in 
Biodiversity is the variety of  Biodiversity and the  human 
Pollution in water; sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals.
all different species of  population 
effect of human 
organisms on Earth, or within  and higher  Pollution in air; smoke or acidic gases.
Biodiversity interaction on the 
an ecosystem standard of 
ecosystem living
Pollution on land; landfill and toxic chemicals.
Experimental methods are used to determine 
the distribution and abundance of a species.
AQA GCSE  Land use
Organisms are counted  ECOLOGY PART 3
Quadrats within a randomly  Humans reduce the amount of land  and 
techniques
Sampling 

placed square habitats available for other plants, 
animals and microorganisms.
Organisms are counted 
Transects along a belt (transect) of  Waste, land use and deforestation Building and quarrying.
the ecosystem.

Farming for animals and food crops.
Processing data
Impact of 
Median Middle value in a sample. environmental change  Dumping waste.
(Biology HT only) Destruction of peat bogs to produce cheap 
Mode Most occurring value in a sample.
compost for gardeners/farmers to increase 
food production.
The sum of all the value in a sample 
Mean Large scale deforestation
divided by the sample number.
The decay or burning of peat 
In tropical areas (e.g. rain forest)  release CO2 into the atmosphere.
changes affect the 

has occurred to:
Temperature
Environmental 

distribution of 

These changes might 
species

be seasonal, 
Availability of water Provide land for cattle and rice 
geographic or caused  This conflicts with conserving 
fields, grow crops for biofuels.
by human interaction. peat bogs and peatlands as 
Composition of atmospheric 
gases habitats for biodiversity and 
reduce CO2 emissions.
Example: Several species of bird migrate from cold  Deforestation reduces biodiversity 
winter conditions to warmer conditions closer to the  and removes a sink for increasing 
equator. the amount CO2  in the atmosphere.

better hope – brighter future

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